Research on dynamic characteristics model test scheme for middle pylon of multi pylon multi span suspension bridges

Multi-pylon multi-span suspension bridge is a new type super flexible structure system, and the rigidity design of middle pylon is one of the main difficult technical issues. Due to the requirements of longitudinal rigidity, the structural form and the corresponding foundation type of middle pylon are different from those of the ordinary steel pylon, and the complicated dynamic characteristics make the calculation quite difficult. In this article, exploration has been made in selection of similarity ratio, selection of model materials, section simulation, restriction conditions simulation, fixing of mass blocks, fabrication scheme and testing method by taking into account different construction and working conditions such as restriction conditions and working environment of a 3-pylon suspension bridge, to conduct the test experimental design of the dynamic behavior of the middle pylon, with the purpose to reveal its dynamic characteristics and make comparison and analysis with theoretical assumptions, to provide basis for anti-wind and anti-seismic design and as a reference for the design and research of 3-pylon 2-span suspension bridges in the future.     

Study in the design and manufacture process ofthe elastic cable anchor box in steel box girder of Taizhou Bridge

Taizhou Yangtze River Highway Bridge is a large span suspension bridge with three pylons. The elastic cables are installed to connect the steel tower and the steel box girder. The constraints can increase the safety coefficient of the middle saddle, and improve the stress conditions of the middle pylon and decrease the deflection in the middle of the main girder, as well as the longitudinal displacement of the main girder caused by live loads. The anchorage boxes of the elastic cable are installed in the wind fairing outside the vertical web plate of the box girder. Two anchor boxes form a pair and are arranged parallelly. Eight anchor boxes are installed in the bridge. In this paper, the design scheme and the technical difficulties in manufacturing are briefly discussed with the precision control techniques.     

Study for reasonable value of friction coefficient between main cable and saddle

The value of friction coefficient between the main cable and saddle, not only relates to the anti-slippage stability of three-tower suspension bridge, but also to the reasonable stiffness of the middle tower and the magnitude of rigidity of the whole bridge. First, do some comparative studies about the relevant provisions of international norms, and then, summary the relevant load test results domestic and abroad. Finally, draw the appropriate anti-slippage safety factor for the most unfavorable load in accordance with international load standards, and discuss the friction coefficient of 0.2 between the main cable and saddle is reasonable and feasible.     

Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge—the first kilometer level three-pylon two-span suspension bridge in the world

Taizhou Bridge, located at the middle of Jiangsu Province, connecting Taizhou City and Zhenjiang City, started in Dec. 2007. The bridge is the first kilometer level three-pylon suspension bridge in the world, and it adopts longitudinal herringbone shape steel middle pylon for the first time in the world. The foundation of the middle tower is the deepest underwater caisson in soil on earth. A great many of technical innovations such as the design techniques of three-pylon suspension bridge,precisely locating and bottom-sealing techniques of the large scale caisson foundation, manufacturing, combination techniques of steel and concrete in the middle tower, welding of extra thick steel plate, manufacture and control techniques of abnormal sections of the middle tower and so on were introduced.     

Key technology for construction of connection between steel pylon and concrete pile cap of middle pylon of Taizhou Bridge

Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge is a suspension bridge with three pylons and two 1080m main spans. The middle pylon is a steel frame with longitudinal herringbone shape and lateral gate shape. The connection between steel pylon and concrete pile cap is a key part to transfer the huge inner force from the pylon to the foundation. Its construction quality is a critical factor to the overall structural loading of the whole bridge, therefore the contact ratio between the bearing steel plate of pylon and concrete pile cap is required to be over 75%. The inclined joint surface in two directions, longitudinally at 39/1920 and laterally at 1/4, posted a challenge to the construction works. Technological tests were carried out to find an optimal construction method by comparison, and finally the Post-Injection method was selected as it can meet the requirement of concrete strength and contact ratio at the connection. The successfully application of the Post-Injection method at Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge has provided an example and reference for similar projects in the future.     

Comparison of seismic capacity/demand ratios of two kinds of foundation schemes of Taizhou Bridge

Pile group foundation and caisson foundation are two common foundation schemes of long-span bridges, and the seismic performances of the two kinds of foundations are different. Taking Taizhou Bridge as an example, which is the first kilometer level three-pylon two-span suspension bridge in the world, two foundation schemes are designed for the middle pylon, and two whole bridge models with two different foundation schemes of the middle pylon are established respectively in this paper. The effects of foundation-soil interaction are simulated by equivalent linear soil springs whose stiffnesses are calculated according to m method. Seismic capacity/demand ratios of the two models are calculated. The following conclusions can be drawn: the weak positions of the two schemes are not the same; if caisson foundation is adopted for the middle pylon, the weak position is the bearing capacity of the middle pylon foundation, while if pile group foundation is adopted for the middle pylon, the weak position is the bearing capacity of the side pylon foundation.     

Research on the special lifting devices for steel box girders of Sutong Bridge

Sutong Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge with a steel box girder and a main span of 1 088 m. The steel box girder of main span includes five portions ： back span large unit, large block of pylon, standard girder, back span closure girder and middle span closure girder. Each back span large unit is fabricated by welding several deck segments together in factory, and is erected by floating crane. As navigational clearance of the main bridge is high, the traditional truss lifting device can＇ t satisfy the requirement of domestic lifting cranes for this kind of lifting height and weight. Hence, a kind of lighter lifting device for the erection of back span large units was accepted for this bridge. In this paper, the design and use of this lifting device is introduced. The upper structure used lifting gantry to install the standard girder segment by cantilever method. Because the bridge＇ s navigation clearance is high, and the girder segment is wide and heavy, the meteorology and hydrology condition of the bridge district is abominable, and the requirements of long cable girder side pull-in, structure and performance propose high request to the lifting gantry. In this paper, the design and use key point of long cable pull-in angle adjustment device integrate into lifting gantry, is introduced.     

康济桥的施工控制

描述了金华康济桥施工控制的张拉过程,研究了自锚式悬索桥施工中的力学特性,发现当加劲梁未被张拉脱离支架时,张拉吊杆对非张拉点主缆的位移影响很小,可以忽略不计,因此在前期张拉吊杆时,可以用位移来控制;提出了交替前进张拉法并将其运用在实际施工中,仅通过3轮张拉吊杆就顺利地实现了体系转换,使主缆的线形、加劲梁的线形、索鞍的顶推量和吊杆力都达到了设计的要求.该方法准确、高效,具有广泛的应用前景.     

交叉索布置方式对多塔斜拉桥力学性能的影响

为提高主跨设交叉索的多塔斜拉桥刚度,改善其受力性能,在现有的交叉索布置方式基础上,提出间隔布置、非对称布置两种新的交叉索布置方式。建立主跨设交叉索的三塔至五塔斜拉桥有限元模型,与现有布置方式对比,分析新的交叉索布置方式对活载作用下主梁挠度、中塔塔顶位移、结构竖向基频及中塔内力的影响。结果表明：在拉索用钢量相同的条件下,与原有的交叉索布置方式相比,交叉索间隔2根索布置时,三至五塔斜拉桥的中塔塔顶位移减小3.9%~8.9%,主跨跨中下挠减小0.03%~4.9%,竖向基频增大1.40%~4.3%,中塔塔底弯矩减小2.2%~6.6%;交叉索采用非对称布置时,中塔塔顶位移减小8.2%~9.2%,主跨跨中下挠减小0.01%~6.6%,竖向基频增大0.7%~2.7%,中塔塔底弯矩减小5.6%~7.7%。间隔布置、非对称布置可有效提高交叉索对中塔的约束效果,提高结构刚度、改善桥塔受力。采用非对称布置的结构刚度最大、桥塔受力最小。     

大跨度反吊桥结构性能与计算理论

本文以跨越黄河的刘家峡大桥为工程背景,研究大跨度反吊桥的结构性能与计算理论.模型试验结果表明:大跨度反吊桥具有结构性能好、施工中的事故风险小、能降低建造费用等优点.在一定地质、地形条件下,是一种可取的桥梁结构形式,特别适合于跨越深沟峡谷.文中还研究了地锚、梁端锚、斜腿顶锚同时并存的悬索混合锚固,桥的施工控制与抗震性能,给出了有意义的结果.     

独塔部分地锚式PC斜拉桥经济及设计参数研究

为得到独塔部分地锚式PC斜拉桥的合理设计参数范围,通过对拉索、主塔、锚碇、主梁的材料用量和造价进行计算,建立了全桥总造价及单位桥长造价公式,据此开展了独塔部分地锚式PC斜拉桥合理背索自锚比例、锚碇主跨长度比、边主跨比及塔跨比的研究,并与其他斜拉桥型进行了对比。结果表明:考虑全桥跨越能力时,背索自锚比例宜取0.336~0.487范围内的大值,边主跨比宜取0.487~0.544范围内的小值,考虑单跨跨越能力时反之;当主跨跨度较小时,可取适当小于依据上原则的取值,当主跨跨度较大时反之;塔跨比宜取0.372左右,对应的主跨边索倾角为20.4°左右,跨径较小时取较大值,跨径较大时取较小值,与其他斜拉桥型无明显区别。独塔部分地锚式PC斜拉桥仅在边跨自锚段空间受地形条件限制时经济性能优于独塔常规斜拉桥,在常规地形并无优势。     

自锚式斜拉-悬吊协作体系桥静风响应分析

自锚式斜拉-悬吊协作体系是一种新型桥梁结构形式,存在着抗风稳定性等技术难题.采用计算缆索承重桥静风响应的方法,研究了金州海湾大桥方案桥在静风作用下,主梁初始攻角与附加攻角、桩基础刚度、缆索体系风荷载和拉索分段对主梁和桥塔静风位移的影响.研究结果表明:附加攻角对方案桥的静风位移影响不大;如果不考虑桩基础刚度的影响会严重低估结构的侧向位移;在缆索体系风荷载作用下的侧向位移占总体位移的20%左右.     

超大跨度V塔斜拉桥的经济与力学特性

建立了超大跨度V塔斜拉桥和常规直立索塔斜拉桥的有限元分析模型.通过对比研究,给出了V塔斜拉桥的一些经济、力学特性.和常规直立索塔体系斜拉桥相比,当V塔斜拉桥的塔柱倾角为对应跨最外侧拉索倾角之半时,节省量最优,但此时塔柱材料用量仅节省6%,拉索用量节省1%,总节省量并不大.V塔斜拉桥能够降低塔高,减小拉索悬挂长度,增大拉索倾角,使得结构整体刚度增加,稳定性系数得以提高,算例中塔根弯矩比常规体系小26%左右.另外,V塔体系能更好地抵抗横向风荷载的作用,满足斜拉桥向更大跨度方向发展的需求.     

双缆悬索桥体系的力学特性(Ⅱ)

研究了双主缆悬索桥体系在承受不平衡活载时的力学特性——双缆体系根据荷载在上缆与下缆间的分配情况,可等效为一根虚拟主缆;单跨加载时,加载跨主缆内力增大,非加载跨荷载由下缆向上缆转移,虚拟缆垂度减小,以达到与加载跨主缆的内力平衡.根据加载跨与非加载跨主缆水平力相等的关系,通过求解虚拟缆的垂度,得到了荷载在上缆与下缆间的分配比例,建立了有限元模型进行验证,并与理论值进行了对比.结果表明,双缆体系在承担不平衡活载时,其塔顶位移及跨中挠度远小于传统悬索桥.     

基于高性能材料的大跨径斜拉桥抗风性能分析

为了研究活性粉末混凝土(Reactive Powder Concrete,RPC)和碳纤维复合材料(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer,CFRP)在大跨径斜拉桥中应用的可行性,以主跨1 100m的钢斜拉索、钢主梁、普通混凝土索塔斜拉桥设计方案为基础,构造了一座同等布置形式的CFRP拉索、RPC主梁、RPC索塔斜拉桥方案.采用有限元法对2种方案斜拉桥的动力特性、抗风性能等进行了分析和比较.结果表明:2种方案结构的自振基频相差不大,CFRP索RPC主梁斜拉桥的主梁颤振稳定性有所提高,其抖振响应位移较钢索钢主梁斜拉桥明显降低.CFRP拉索的自振频率达钢斜拉索的2倍;与钢斜拉索相比,CFRP拉索涡振幅值有所增大,但整体而言2种方案斜拉索的涡振幅值均很小,不影响其安全;CFRP拉索的风雨激振振幅不到钢斜拉索的1/2,且前者与风雨激振相关的临界风速较后者有所提高.应用高性能材料RPC与CFRP的大跨径斜拉桥整体抗风性能优于传统的钢斜拉索钢主梁斜拉桥,从抗风性能角度而言,将高性能材料RPC与CFRP应用于大跨径斜拉桥中是可行的.     

Introduction to steel pylon hoisting of Taizhou Yangtze Bridge

Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge is the first three-pylon two-span suspension bridge in the world. The middle pylon adopts deep water caisson foundation. The superstructure of the middle pylon employs herringbone shape along the bridge, and portal shape in the transverse direction for the first time in China. In this paper, the basic construction procedure, equipment, construction steps, the key construction technologies and methods of steel pylon are introduced.     

Design of steel box girder for Taizhou Yangtze River Highway Bridge

Taizhou Yangtze River Highway Bridge is the first three-pylon two-span suspension bridge in China. The main girder adopts flat steamline steel closed box girder which has well wind-resistant capability and is technically mature besides beautiful appearance. Straight web plates of the steel box girder in longitudinal direction are proposed in order to ensure the integrity of the steel box girder, and to keep the stress of the steel box girder continuous in the middle pylon, as well as to reduce the gradient of the middle pylon columns. The cross section of the box girder has one box with three cells. Solid-web diaphragm plate with good integrity and high torsional stiffness is adopted. The lifting lugs are utilized in the anchors of suspender cable. In this paper, selection of the cross section of the steel box girder, the general structure design, local structure design and main structure calculation results of Taizhou Yangtze River Bridge are introduced emphatically.     

基于刚度及经济的CFRP与钢组合拉索设计理论

基于钢斜拉索、碳纤维增强塑料(CFRP)斜拉索适用跨径研究结果,针对1 400~2 800 m主跨斜拉桥整体刚度不足提出一种新型结构方案,即基于刚度及经济性能的CFRP与钢组合拉索方案.该方案将CFRP斜拉索与传统钢斜拉索同时应用于斜拉桥中,将２种材料高强轻质及弹性模量高的优点进行组合,以充分提高斜拉索的等效刚度,进而提高斜拉桥的整体刚度.详细介绍该组合方案设计思路与方法,通过比较等效刚度以及经济性能给出２种材料斜拉索推荐组合比例.最后,通过一座1 400 m主跨CFRP与钢组合拉索斜拉桥试设计说明该方案相对传统方案整体刚度上的优势,证明其工程应用的可行性,是主跨为1 400~2 800 m斜拉桥的优选方案之一.     

大跨径三塔缆索承重桥梁力学参数敏感度分析

建立了主跨为1 400m的三塔悬索桥、三塔斜拉桥和三塔斜拉-悬吊协作体系3种桥型的有限元分析模型.考虑几何非线性效应,利用ANSYS参数化设计语言(APDL)编制了计算程序,分析了主梁的最大挠度、索塔塔顶最大位移及主缆抗滑移系数对主梁刚度、索塔刚度、塔梁约束刚度、矢跨比、中央扣等参数的敏感程度,并进一步确定了主梁刚度和索塔刚度合理取值范围.结果表明:主梁刚度对悬索桥影响较小;主塔刚度是3种桥型的核心参数;塔梁约束可改善3种桥型的力学性能;减小矢跨比或设置中央扣可提高结构刚度,但会降低主缆抗滑性能.     

塔底铰接型独塔斜拉桥施工阶段力学特性分析

为了研究塔底铰接型独塔斜拉桥施工阶段的力学行为,通过有限元软件建立空间梁格的数值模型,研究了该结构在各个施工阶段桥塔、主梁的位移、内力和应力变化情况,并对塔底铰接和固结两种设计方案的整体力学行为进行对比分析。结果表明:桥塔最大弯矩位置随着施工阶段不同斜拉索的张拉而发生改变;张拉主梁拉索时,主梁曲率半径外侧受拉,内侧受压;塔底铰接对结构整体受力更加有利。可见塔底铰接型独塔斜拉桥与常规斜拉桥施工阶段的力学行为不同,研究结论可以为未来类似结构的设计、施工和监控提供参考。