生物入侵对物种及遗传资源影响的经济评估

外来入侵物种对物种多样性产生的严重影响主要表现为排挤本地动植物，导致局部种群的消亡，造成局部高密度分布的稀有物种绝灭。外来入侵物种对遗传多样性的影响主要体现在：种群破碎化，导致遗传漂变和近亲交配；本地种与外来种杂交，造成遗传污染；局部野生、原始种群消失，导致遗传材料减少。在定性分析生物入侵对我国物种及遗传资源影响的基础上，笔者以政府有关部门统计数据和典型案例报道为主要信息源，评估了2000年生物入侵对物种的潜在保留价值和作物遗传资源造成的直接经济损失。结果表明：生物入侵对我国物种资源和作物遗传资源造成的经济损失分别为7104．14万元和11028．4万元。     

Continental-scale patterns of canopy tree composition and function across Amazonia

The world's greatest terrestrial stores of biodiversity and carbon are found in the forests of northern South America, where large-scale biogeographic patterns and processes have recently begun to be described. Seven of the nine countries with territory in the Amazon basin and the Guiana shield have carried out large-scale forest inventories, but such massive data sets have been little exploited by tropical plant ecologists. Although forest inventories often lack the species-level identifications favoured by tropical plant ecologists, their consistency of measurement and vast spatial coverage make them ideally suited for numerical analyses at large scales, and a valuable resource to describe the still poorly understood spatial variation of biomass, diversity, community composition and forest functioning across the South American tropics. Here we show, by using the seven forest inventories complemented with trait and inventory data collected elsewhere, two dominant gradients in tree composition and function across the Amazon, one paralleling a major gradient in soil fertility and the other paralleling a gradient in dry season length. The data set also indicates that the dominance of Fabaceae in the Guiana shield is not necessarily the result of root adaptations to poor soils (nodulation or ectomycorrhizal associations) but perhaps also the result of their remarkably high seed mass there as a potential adaptation to low rates of disturbance.     

RNA interference screen for human genes associated with West Nile virus infection

West Nile virus (WNV), and related flaviviruses such as tick-borne encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever and dengue viruses, constitute a significant global human health problem. However, our understanding of the molecular interaction of such flaviviruses with mammalian host cells is limited. WNV encodes only 10 proteins, implying that it may use many cellular proteins for infection. WNV enters the cytoplasm through pH-dependent endocytosis, undergoes cycles of translation and replication, assembles progeny virions in association with endoplasmic reticulum, and exits along the secretory pathway. RNA interference (RNAi) presents a powerful forward genetics approach to dissect virus-host cell interactions. Here we report the identification of 305 host proteins that affect WNV infection, using a human-genome-wide RNAi screen. Functional clustering of the genes revealed a complex dependence of this virus on host cell physiology, requiring a wide variety of molecules and cellular pathways for successful infection. We further demonstrate a requirement for the ubiquitin ligase CBLL1 in WNV internalization, a post-entry role for the endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation pathway in viral infection, and the monocarboxylic acid transporter MCT4 as a viral replication resistance factor. By extending this study to dengue virus, we show that flaviviruses have both overlapping and unique interaction strategies with host cells. This study provides a comprehensive molecular portrait of WNV-human cell interactions that forms a model for understanding single plus-stranded RNA virus infection, and reveals potential antiviral targets.     

Predicting distributions of known and unknown reptile species in Madagascar

Despite the importance of tropical biodiversity, informative species distributional data are seldom available for biogeographical study or setting conservation priorities. Modelling ecological niche distributions of species offers a potential solution; however, the utility of old locality data from museums, and of more recent remotely sensed satellite data, remains poorly explored, especially for rapidly changing tropical landscapes. Using 29 modern data sets of environmental land coverage and 621 chameleon occurrence localities from Madagascar (historical and recent), here we demonstrate a significant ability of our niche models in predicting species distribution. At 11 recently inventoried sites, highest predictive success (85.1%) was obtained for models based only on modern occurrence data (74.7% and 82.8% predictive success, respectively, for pre-1978 and all data combined). Notably, these models also identified three intersecting areas of over-prediction that recently yielded seven chameleon species new to science. We conclude that ecological niche modelling using recent locality records and readily available environmental coverage data provides informative biogeographical data for poorly known tropical landscapes, and offers innovative potential for the discovery of unknown distributional areas and unknown species.     

Adaptation varies through space and time in a coevolving host-parasitoid interaction

One of the central challenges of evolutionary biology is to understand how coevolution organizes biodiversity over complex geographic landscapes. Most species are collections of genetically differentiated populations, and these populations have the potential to become adapted to their local environments in different ways. The geographic mosaic theory of coevolution incorporates this idea by proposing that spatial variation in natural selection and gene flow across a landscape can shape local coevolutionary dynamics. These effects may be particularly strong when populations differ across productivity gradients, where gene flow will often be asymmetric among populations. Conclusive empirical tests of this theory have been particularly difficult to perform because they require knowledge of patterns of gene flow, historical population relationships and local selection pressures. We have tested these predictions empirically using a model community of bacteria and bacteriophage (viral parasitoids of bacteria). We show that gene flow across a spatially structured landscape alters coevolution of parasitoids and their hosts and that the resulting patterns of adaptation can fluctuate in both space and time.     

Loss of plant species after chronic low-level nitrogen deposition to prairie grasslands

Rates of atmospheric deposition of biologically active nitrogen (N) are two to seven times the pre-industrial rates in many developed nations because of combustion of fossil fuels and agricultural fertilization. They are expected to increase similarly over the next 50 years in industrializing nations of Asia and South America. Although the environmental impacts of high rates of nitrogen addition have been well studied, this is not so for the lower, chronic rates that characterize much of the globe. Here we present results of the first multi-decadal experiment to examine the impacts of chronic, experimental nitrogen addition as low as 10 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) above ambient atmospheric nitrogen deposition (6 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) at our site). This total input rate is comparable to terrestrial nitrogen deposition in many industrialized nations. We found that this chronic low-level nitrogen addition rate reduced plant species numbers by 17% relative to controls receiving ambient N deposition. Moreover, species numbers were reduced more per unit of added nitrogen at lower addition rates, suggesting that chronic but low-level nitrogen deposition may have a greater impact on diversity than previously thought. A second experiment showed that a decade after cessation of nitrogen addition, relative plant species number, although not species abundances, had recovered, demonstrating that some effects of nitrogen addition are reversible.     

Species interactions can explain Taylor's power law for ecological time series

One of the few generalities in ecology, Taylor's power law, describes the species-specific relationship between the temporal or spatial variance of populations and their mean abundances. For populations experiencing constant per capita environmental variability, the regression of log variance versus log mean abundance gives a line with a slope of 2. Despite this expectation, most species have slopes of less than 2 (refs 2, 3-4), indicating that more abundant populations of a species are relatively less variable than expected on the basis of simple statistical grounds. What causes abundant populations to be less variable has received considerable attention, but an explanation for the generality of this pattern is still lacking. Here we suggest a novel explanation for the scaling of temporal variability in population abundances. Using stochastic simulation and analytical models, we demonstrate how negative interactions among species in a community can produce slopes of Taylor's power law of less than 2, like those observed in real data sets. This result provides an example in which the population dynamics of single species can be understood only in the context of interactions within an ecological community.     

The impact of biofuel plantation on biodiversity: a review

Because plants convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in organisms, biomass production as an energy source can help to reduce the world＇s reliance on fossil energy and mitigate global warming. Biofuel production is a fast-growing industry that represents a new type of large-scale human disturbance on ecosystems. Thus, the benefits of biofuel production bring environmental risks that include its potential impact on biodiversity, which is still an open question. In this review, we start first with a brief overview of the evolution of biofuel concept; second, we review the state of biofuel production across the continents, with a major emphasis on the main species used and their major feedstock. For which, we found significant differences for land use and environmental cultural management of biofuel plantation between tropical and temperate regions. Third, we summarize the impacts of biofuel plantation on biodiversity at multiple scales, based on the case studied with respect to the corresponding issues. At the genetic level, introgression and contamination by aggressive genotypes are a primary risk. At the species level, habitat pollution, degradation, and disturbance caused by intensive management of biofuel plantation significantly raise the risk of habitat fragmentation, native extinction, and bio-invasion. At the ecosystem level, the large-scale homogeneous landscape of biofuel plantation results in simplified community and food web that severely damage ecosystem services, including ecosystem diversity. Finally, we compare the current and potential benefits and risks of biofuel plantations for the practical application of a biofuel industry of China. We emphasize the land use constraint from food security and biodiversity conservation, and the need for scientific research and systematic monitoring as a critical support for the sustainable development of biofuel production in China.     

科学地研究全球暖化对中国水资源和粮食生产的影响——与朴世龙教授等商榷

 朴世龙教授等在2010年9月2日出版的英国Nature杂志上发表的题为“The impacts of climate change on water resources and agriculture in China”的一篇综述里采用不适当的方法处理数据,偏向评估暖化对水资源和粮食生产这一复杂的科学问题,得出的结论与中国的实际情况相差甚远。为了有助于国家的正确决策,有必要研讨全球暖化研究的方法论问题。本文旨在初步澄清关于暖化对中国的水资源和粮食生产影响的一些关键事实和相关的研究方法问题。     

微博社区成员参与动机实证研究

利用逐步多元回归分析法, 探讨成员参与微博社区的动机对参与行为的影响。研究发现, 自我表达、信息价值、娱乐价值和关注名人这些动机对微博社区成员的参与行为存在显著影响。自我表达是成员参与微博社区的频率和层次的最重要动因, 信息价值是成员参与微博社区的时间的最重要动因。理论层面上, 研究结果可为参与动机对参与行为的影响路径研究以及社会公共事件背景下的微博社区参与行为研究提供前提; 实践层面上, 研究结果对微博服务提供者经营和管理微博社区以及政府相关部门管理微博具有现实意义。     

管涔山撂荒地植物群落演替过程中优势种种间关系分析

采用一次性同时调查的方法获得数据,运用X~2-检验、Spearman秩相关指数分析方法对管涔山余庄乡撂荒地植物群落在演替过程中优势种种间关系进行了研究.结果表明:(1)依据TWINSPAN分类,把所取得的39个样方划分为7个群丛,分别属于演替过程中的三个不同阶段--草本群落阶段(包括群丛I1、I2、I3)、灌丛群落阶段(包括群丛II1和II2)和森林群落阶段(包括群丛III1和III2).(2)在X~2-检验的基础上,运用Spearman秩相关分析每个演替阶段种对间的关系,结果显示不同演替阶段种对间的关系不同.如在草本群落阶段,白莲蒿和黄芪呈正相关,而在灌丛群落阶段,二者则表现为负相关,这可能是因为物种适应不同微环境而表现出的差异.但正负关联比呈增加趋势(0.78→0.86→1.09),说明了植物群落是向着群落稳定的方向发展.(3)本研究结果支持随着群落演替进程的发展,正关联比例越高,群落结构越趋于稳定,多物种可以稳定共存,群落达到与环境条件相适应的稳定阶段的观点.     

Ecological responses to recent climate change

There is now ample evidence of the ecological impacts of recent climate change, from polar terrestrial to tropical marine environments. The responses of both flora and fauna span an array of ecosystems and organizational hierarchies, from the species to the community levels. Despite continued uncertainty as to community and ecosystem trajectories under global change, our review exposes a coherent pattern of ecological change across systems. Although we are only at an early stage in the projected trends of global warming, ecological responses to recent climate change are already clearly visible.     

基于SNP标记的广东省松材线虫种群分化研究

【目的】运用SNP标记研究中国广东省松材线虫虫株SNP位点多样性,从分子角度探讨广东省不同地区松材线虫种群的亲缘关系,为松材线虫病的疫源追溯提供基础。【方法】收集来自于广东省各地区松材线虫虫株共30株,提取DNA并进行基因组重测序;利用生物信息学软件分析广东省松材线虫的SNPs位点信息及基因型类型,依据以上信息进行种群聚类分析。【结果】对30株松材线虫虫株SNPs数据进行统计分析,发现GD01、GD09、GD12、GD20、GD22、GD24、GD25这7株虫株的SNP数量、纯合子数量都明显少于其余23株虫株;对基因型类型进行统计分析发现,以上7株虫株出现频率较高的基因型为A->G、C->G、G->C、T->C;其余23株虫株则是A->G、C->T、G->A、T->C这4种基因型出现的频率较高。而通过主成分和聚类分析可将这30株虫株分为3类。【结论】广东省松材线虫种群遗传多样性较高,聚类分析表明其具有不同的传播来源。     

广西防城港滨海过渡带红鳞蒲桃群落多样性研究

以4个红鳞蒲桃（Syzygium hancei）群落调查为基础,从种群特征、不同群落类型、重要值指数、层次的丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数等方面分析广西滨海过渡带红鳞蒲桃群落多样性。广西滨海过渡带红鳞蒲桃种群的平均高度为（11.64±2.51）m,平均胸径为（23.00±10.73）cm。群落植物生长型与群落多样性指数的关系表现为乔木层物种丰富度指数明显低于灌木层,乔木层和灌木层的均匀度指数相近,群落间变异幅度较小,灌木层则变异幅度稍大。物种多样性指数则表现出灌木层〉乔木层的规律。     

丽水市黄村水库水系浮游动物生态特征及影响因子

2016年4月—2017年3月,每月对丽水市黄村水库流域浮游动物(包括轮虫、桡足类和枝角类)进行了调查,分析其群落结构的生态特征、水库与河道中群落时空分布差异性及其关键影响因子.结果显示:该水域共检出浮游动物37种,其中轮虫27种,桡足类5种,枝角类5种.基于浮游动物群落数据进行聚类分析,将所调查的水体区域分为4类:上游河道、大洋水库、(两水库间的)连接河道和黄村水库.4类区域的浮游动物群落在种类、多样性、优势种、生物量及特有种方面特征明显.黄村水库、大洋水库和连接河道均从上游河道处来水,但浮游动物群落结构却出现不同程度的差异性,表明浮游动物群落的构建过程与环境(局域物种分选过程)和空间(扩散限制)有着重要关联.     

千岛湖枝角类的群落结构

研究了一大型深水湖泊——千岛湖枝角类的群落结构,包括种类组成、种群动态、现存量及多样性指数等．在一周年的研究中,共发现26种枝角类,根据年平均密度和生物量,优势种为透明溞(Daphnia,hyalina)、象鼻溞(Bosmina spp．)和短尾秀体溞(Diaphanosoma brachyurum)．相关回归分析表明：采样站之间群体的密度越大,群落的多样性和均匀度显著增加,种类数也明显增多．通过比较8个湖泊、水库枝角类的种类组成发现,枝角类的种类数并不与湖泊面积大小呈明显的正相关关系,这与Dodson通过研究欧洲及北美湖泊中的枝角类得出的结论并不一致．     

厦门滨海湿地鸟类群落多样性研究

秋季对厦门滨海湿地12个样区的鸟类种类和数量进行了调查.结果说明:厦门滨海湿地鸟类共有19科52种.其中,白鹭、环颈、苍鹭、普通鸬鹚和中白鹭为数量优势种,反映出厦门滨海湿地主要作为水鸟的越冬栖息场所.鸟类群落多样性指数以杏林湾水库和湖两个样区较高,分别为3.66和3.35,西堤和高浦的多样性指数较低,分别为1.42和1.17,群落多样性指数的高低主要受物种数量和各物种种群数量均匀度的影响.     

碰撞系统的全局分析方法

基于胞映射的思想,针对碰撞系统的特点,提出了1种碰撞系统全局分析的方法.通过典型的谐和激励下单边约束的Duffing碰撞振子的应用分析,得到了系统的吸引子、吸引域、复杂的边界及边界上的不稳定集,证实了该方法的有效性.     

Ecology: Darwin's naturalization hypothesis challenged

Naturalized plants can have a significant ecological and economic impact, yet they comprise only a fraction ot the plant species introduced by humans. Darwin proposed that introduced plant species will be less likely to establish a self-sustaining wild population in places with congeneric native species because the introduced plants have to compete with their close relatives, or are more likely to be attacked by native herbivores or pathogens, a theory known as Darwin's naturalization hypothesis. Here we analyze a complete list of seed-plant species that have been introduced to New Zealand and find that those with congeneric relatives are significantly more, not less, likely to naturalize--perhaps because they share with their native relatives traits that pre-adapt them to their new environment.     

浙江六十田自然保护小区常绿阔叶林群落特征及优势乔木种的动态

对浙江省磐安县六十田省级自然保护小区常绿阔叶林的群落结构特征及其主要乔木树种的种群动态进行了调查研究.根据各树种的重要值判断,该地区常绿阔叶林的主要乔木组成种为东南石栎(Lithocarpusharlandii)、红楠(Machilus thunbergii)、木荷(Schima superba)、米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsisglauca)、紫楠(Phoebe sheareri)和华东楠(Machilus leptophylla),其中东南石栎和木荷为主要优势种.群落中乔木层、灌木层、草本层及藤本的物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度都偏低,优势度相对较高;其生活型以包括藤本在内的高位芽植物占绝对优势,达85.45%;叶级以中型叶为主(占61.82%),小型叶次之(占29.09%);叶型以单叶占有较大的优势,达到89.09%;叶质以革质叶占优势(56.36%),纸质叶次之(40.00%).生活型及叶的特征表明该群落属于中亚热带常绿阔叶林.群落中主要乔木树种水平结构整体上呈均匀分布状态,说明群落中种内和种间竞争激烈.依据胸径级别频率分布的形状,7个主要组成种的种群结构可以大致归纳为:倒金字塔型、倒“J”型、纺锤型和双峰型.其中,种群结构呈倒金字塔型的东南石栎、米槠、青冈和紫楠及呈纺锤型的华东楠,因为缺乏幼苗和幼树,在演替过程中种群将衰退;而呈双峰型的红楠和呈倒“J”型的木荷,因有较为丰富的幼苗储备而将成为该群落的优势种.