Diapir-induced reorientation of Saturn's moon Enceladus

Enceladus is a small icy satellite of Saturn. Its south polar region consists of young, tectonically deformed terrain and has an anomalously high heat flux. This heat flux is probably due to localized tidal dissipation within either the ice shell or the underlying silicate core. The surface deformation is plausibly due to upwelling of low-density material (diapirism) as a result of this tidal heating. Here we show that the current polar location of the hotspot can be explained by reorientation of the satellite's rotation axis because of the presence of a low-density diapir. If the diapir is in the ice shell, then the shell must be relatively thick and maintain significant rigidity (elastic thickness greater than approximately 0.5 km); if the diapir is in the silicate core, then Enceladus cannot possess a global subsurface ocean, because the core must be coupled to the overlying ice for reorientation to occur. The reorientation generates large (approximately 10 MPa) tectonic stress patterns that are compatible with the observed deformation of the south polar region. We predict that the distribution of impact craters on the surface will not show the usual leading hemisphere-trailing hemisphere asymmetry. A low-density diapir also yields a potentially observable negative gravity anomaly.     

Active formation of 'chaos terrain' over shallow subsurface water on Europa

Europa, the innermost icy satellite of Jupiter, has a tortured young surface and sustains a liquid water ocean below an ice shell of highly debated thickness. Quasi-circular areas of ice disruption called chaos terrains are unique to Europa, and both their formation and the ice-shell thickness depend on Europa's thermal state. No model so far has been able to explain why features such as Conamara Chaos stand above surrounding terrain and contain matrix domes. Melt-through of a thin (few-kilometre) shell is thermodynamically improbable and cannot raise the ice. The buoyancy of material rising as either plumes of warm, pure ice called diapirs or convective cells in a thick (>10 kilometres) shell is insufficient to produce the observed chaos heights, and no single plume can create matrix domes. Here we report an analysis of archival data from Europa, guided by processes observed within Earth's subglacial volcanoes and ice shelves. The data suggest that chaos terrains form above liquid water lenses perched within the ice shell as shallow as 3?kilometres. Our results suggest that ice-water interactions and freeze-out give rise to the diverse morphologies and topography of chaos terrains. The sunken topography of Thera Macula indicates that Europa is actively resurfacing over a lens comparable in volume to the Great Lakes in North America.     

Non-Fourier Heat Conduction Effects During High-Energy Beam Metalworking

Non-Fourier heat conduction induced by ultrafast heating of metals with a high-energy density beam was analyzed. The non-Fourier effects during high heat flux heating were illustrated by comparing the transient temperature response to different heat flux and material relaxation times. Based on the hyperbolic heat conduction equation for the non-Fourier heat conduction law, the equation was solved using a hybridmethod co mbining an analytical solution and numerical inversion of the Laplace transforms for a semiinfinite body with the heat flux boundary. Analysis of the temperature response and distribution led to a criterion for the applicability of the non-Fourier heat conduction law. The results show that at a relatively large heat flux, such as greater than 108 W/cm2, the heat-affected zone in the metal material experiences a strong thermal shock as the non-Fourier effects cause a large step increase in the surface temperature. The results provide a method for analyzing transient heat conduction problems using a high-energy density beam, such as electron beam deep penetration welding.     

Estimation of components of energy balance on drifting ice over Arctic Ocean

Estimation and simulation were carried out for the components of ice-surface energy balance and tur bulent exchange parameters using the flux-profile method and the sinple biosphere model version 2 (SiB2, hereinafter) respectively based on the measured results for the atmosphere in the near-ice-surface layer, which were observed by the First Arctic Scientific Expedition of China in August, 1999 at a joint ice-research station (75°02′N, 160°51′W) on the drifting ice of Arctic Ocean. Evidence suggests that during the melting period of drifting ice the sum of the ice-released sensible heat and effective melting-consumed heat is greater than the net ice-absorbed radiation on the surface, with the excess heat coming via heat conduction from the deep layers of the ice mass. The simulated net radiation is systematical lv 18% greater than the measured results, while the simulated sensible heat flux is systematically 3% lower than the measured ones; and the simulated ice-surface heat flux differs noticeably from its calculation. Hence, we see that al though the measured sequences are short, the simulations of net radiation and sensible heat fluxes by the SiB2 model are comparatively good, the simulation of other forms of fluxes still needs to be improved.     

Albedo of the south pole on Mars determined by topographic forcing of atmosphere dynamics

The nature of the martian south polar cap has remained enigmatic since the first spacecraft observations. In particular, the presence of a perennial carbon dioxide ice cap, the formation of a vast area of black 'slab ice' known as the Cryptic region and the asymmetric springtime retreat of the cap have eluded explanation. Here we present observations and climate modelling that indicate the south pole of Mars is characterized by two distinct regional climates that are the result of dynamical forcing by the largest southern impact basins, Argyre and Hellas. The style of surface frost deposition is controlled by these regional climates. In the cold and stormy conditions that exist poleward of 60 degrees S and extend 180 degrees in longitude west from the Mountains of Mitchel (approximately 30 degrees W), surface frost accumulation is dominated by precipitation. In the opposite hemisphere, the polar atmosphere is relatively warm and clear and frost accumulation is dominated by direct vapour deposition. It is the differences in these deposition styles that determine the cap albedo.     

True polar wander on Europa from global-scale small-circle depressions

The tectonic patterns and stress history of Europa are exceedingly complex and many large-scale features remain unexplained. True polar wander, involving reorientation of Europa's floating outer ice shell about the tidal axis with Jupiter, has been proposed as a possible explanation for some of the features. This mechanism is possible if the icy shell is latitudinally variable in thickness and decoupled from the rocky interior. It would impose high stress levels on the shell, leading to predictable fracture patterns. No satisfactory match to global-scale features has hitherto been found for polar wander stress patterns. Here we describe broad arcuate troughs and depressions on Europa that do not fit other proposed stress mechanisms in their current position. Using imaging from three spacecraft, we have mapped two global-scale organized concentric antipodal sets of arcuate troughs up to hundreds of kilometres long and 300 m to approximately 1.5 km deep. An excellent match to these features is found with stresses caused by an episode of approximately 80 degrees true polar wander. These depressions also appear to be geographically related to other large-scale bright and dark lineaments, suggesting that many of Europa's tectonic patterns may also be related to true polar wander.     

强对流间歇式炉热工特征的研究

针对使用高速燃烧器的间歇式热处理炉,进行了在高速气流循环下的炉内热交换机构与特征的试验研究,得到了传给堆料金属总热流、对流热流以及辐射热流随加热进程的变化规律。根据实验与计算结果,还揭示了金属辐射反向热流是强对流间歇式炉内不可避免的新型传热特征。     

The influence of a chemical boundary layer on the fixity,spacing and lifetime of mantle plumes

Seismological observations provide evidence that the lowermost mantle contains superposed thermal and compositional boundary layers that are laterally heterogeneous. Whereas the thermal boundary layer forms as a consequence of the heat flux from the Earth's outer core, the origin of an (intrinsically dense) chemical boundary layer remains uncertain. Observed zones of 'ultra-low' seismic velocity suggest that this dense layer may contain metals or partial melt, and thus it is reasonable to expect the dense layer to have a relatively low viscosity. Also, it is thought that instabilities in the thermal boundary layer could lead to the intermittent formation and rise of mantle plumes. Flow into ascending plumes can deform the dense layer, leading, in turn, to its gradual entrainment. Here we use analogue experiments to show that the presence of a dense layer at the bottom of the mantle induces lateral variations in temperature and viscosity that, in turn, determine the location and dynamics of mantle plumes. A dense layer causes mantle plumes to become spatially fixed, and the entrainment of low-viscosity fluid enables plumes to persist within the Earth for hundreds of millions of years.     

脉动热管启动过程的实验研究

为了使电子设备在启动过程中具有更好的稳定性,采用控制恒定热流密度和冷凝温度的方法对平板开槽型脉动热管的启动过程进行了系统的实验研究．实验发现:在特定工况下,启动过程中脉动热管管内工质会突然剧烈沸腾,此时脉动热管蒸发段温度突然降低,冷凝段温度突然升高,广义热阻突然降低．针对本实验装置,存在一个使脉动热管启动迅速而且达到稳定运行状态时广义热阻最小的最佳充灌率(50%)、最佳管体倾斜角度(50°)和最佳加热功率(28．5 W)．热管冷却段冷却水流量对脉动热管启动性能影响较小．     

海南岛西岸上升流与暖池的数值研究

【目的】进一步探讨海南岛西岸的上升流与暖池的特征及生成机制。【方法】首先构建更为全面的控制模型(控制实验),包括日平均风场、热通量、侧边界通量、潮汐强迫以及河流径流等强迫场,然后在控制实验基础上,构建无潮汐强迫、无热通量强迫、无季风强迫等3个敏感性实验来分析3种强迫因子对海南岛西岸上升流与暖池的作用。【结果】夏季海南岛西岸存在上升流,该上升流受热通量和潮混合共同控制,缺乏其中任何一项上升流都会消失,而西南季风起反作用。另外,海南岛西岸在冬半年为暖池控制,秋季更为显著。东北季风引起的垂向混合与潜热通量对暖池起相当作用,ENSO事件对暖池的强度也有一定影响。【结论】控制实验结果与"908"调查结果及历史观测数据吻合较好,在流场与水团验证方面效果理想。另外,敏感性实验结果得出了比前人更完善的海南岛西岸上升流与暖池生成机制的观点。     

土壤源热泵供冷供热运行特性的实验研究

在已建成的太阳能-地热能综合利用多功能热泵实验台上,进行了土壤源热泵夏冬季节供冷供热工况的启动与间断运行特性实验.实测结果表明:实验土壤源热泵夏冬季运行的启动时间分别为8～9 h与10 h,其对应的单位长度埋管放热量与吸热量分别为46与24.6 W/m,钻孔平均导热系数分别为3.4与4.95 W/(m·℃).同时,根据建筑负荷特性,采用可控间断运行方式,通过合理调节开停机时间比例,可以在满足建筑负荷要求的前提下,减缓埋管周围土壤温度随时间的变化率,提高单位埋管的换热能力,从而更有利于提高浅层地热能的利用效率.     

On the asymmetric distribution of heat loss from the Earth’s interior

Mean heat flows and heat Josses of the Northern and Southern hemispheres are calculated using degree 12 spherical harmonic representation of the global heat flow field (Pollacket al., 1993). Mean heat flows and heat losses of 0° hemisphere and 180° hemisphere, with median lines being 0° longitude and 180° longitude, are also calculated. The mean heat flow of the Southern Hemisphere is 99.3 mW·m^¨, significantly higher than that of the Northern Hemisphere (74.0 mW·m^¨). The mean heat flow of 0° hemisphere (94. 1 mW·m²) is also higher than the value of 180° hemisphere (79. 3 mW·m²). The mantle heat loss from the Southern Hemisphere is 22.1 × 10¹² W, as twice as that from the Northern Hemisphere (10.8 × 10¹² W). The 16.9 × 10¹² W mantle heat loss from 0° hemisphere is close to 16.0 × 10¹² W from 180° hemisphere. The hemispherical asymmetry of global heat loss is originated by the asymmetry of geographic distribution of continents and oceans. The asymmetric distribution of heat loss is a long-term phenomenon in the geological history.     

用于高温高压剪切流场的Gardon计研制

传统Gardon计一般为薄壁康铜片结构,通常应用于辐射热流的测量。当应用在高压对流环境中,存在承压能力不足、受对流加热不均匀性影响的问题。从Gardon计基本原理出发,以数值仿真分析了康铜箔厚度对传热特性的影响,推导了对流环境测量误差与对流换热系数和灵敏度系数的明确显式关系;并利用数值计算验证了其正确性。根据理论分析,设计并研制了适用于电弧风洞流场的Gardon计和复合型热流传感器,后者集成了Gardon计和水卡计的功能,可同时用两种方法测量表面热流。标定实验结果显示,传感器样件均具有较好的线性度(小于1.5%)和时间常数,水卡计经固定系数修正后与标准热流相对误差小于3.7%,当戈登计受对流换热影响较大时,可为其提供参考。     

汽-液-固三相循环流化床蒸发器的可视化分析

在热模条件下,采用电荷耦合器件图像测量和处理系统,对汽-液-固三相循环流化床蒸发器内固体颗粒的运动、分布及相应的传热特性,进行了可视化研究．热通量的变化范围为3150～5 825 w·m~(-2),固体颗粒含率的变化范围为O％～2％．研究中定性地分析了由启动到正常运行的不同阶段,汽-液-固三相循环流化床蒸发器内的流动和传热特性．结果表明,汽-液-固三相循环流化床蒸发器的启动阶段是一个非稳态过程;在汽-液-固三相循环流化床蒸发器的稳态操作过程中,加热管可分为液-固两相段和汽-液-固三相段;固体颗粒的加入,增加了沸腾段的高度,并且对产生的汽泡有破碎作用;加热管中固体颗粒平均轴向运动速度低于循环管,而固含率高于循环管．     

水火弯板数值模拟中热源模型参数研究

水火弯板热源热流密度模型的选取和定义,是水火弯板数值模拟中一个关键问题．采用高斯分布热流密度模型对水火弯板中的气体火焰热源展开了研究,利用实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,通过在一定范围内调整热流密度模型中的热源半径r和热效率η等参数．使数值计算的温度场分布趋近于实验测量的温度场分布,确定了水火弯板热源热流密度模型．在一定丙烯流量范围内,分析了热源半径和热效率的插值偏差对计算结果的影响,结果表明该模型能够满足水火弯板数值计算的精度要求．算例验证了该热源模型在有限元计算中的可靠性．     

脉冲加热下微尺度表面流动沸腾

利用微机电系统(MEMS)加工技术,在梯形微通道内集成特定形状(60 μm×100 μm)的Pt微加热器,通过改变脉冲加热电压及水的流速,采用高速摄像机观察并记录微加热器表面的流动沸腾现象,根据脉冲宽度2 ms下不同流速及热流时微加热器表面的核态沸腾及膜态沸腾现象得到了沸腾流型图.结果表明：在一定流速条件下,随着微加热器的热流增加,核态沸腾及膜态沸腾相继出现在微加热器表面,且核态沸腾开始向膜态沸腾转变;同时,增加水的流速,可使微加热器上发生核态沸腾及膜态沸腾所需的热流量增大.     

Non-uniform heat transfer behavior during shell solidification in a wide and thick slab continuous casting mold

By employing a two-dimensional transient thermo-mechanical coupled finite element model for simulating shell heat transfer behaviors within a slab continuous casting mold, we predicted the evolution of shell deformation and the thermal behaviors, including the mold flux film dynamical distribution, the air gap formation, as well as the shell temperature field and the growth of carbon steel solidification, in a 2120 mm × 266 mm slab continuous casting mold. The results show that the shell server deformation occurs in the off-corners in the middle and lower parts of the mold and thus causes the thick mold flux film and air gap to distribute primarily in the regions of 0–140 mm and 0–124 mm and 0–18 mm and 0–10 mm, respectively, from the corners of the wide and narrow faces of the shell under typical casting conditions. As a result, the hot spots, which result from the thick mold flux film filling the shell/mold gap, form in the regions of 20–100 mm from the corners of the wide and narrow faces of the shell and tend to expand as the shell moves downward.     

超快速强热流加热半无限体瞬态温度场理论分析

计及超快速加热引起传热过程的非傅立叶效应,建立了第二类边界条件下的半无限体的动态温度场方程组。用拉普拉斯变换法对方程进行求解;结果表明,强热流快速加热在半无限体内产生一个温度波。波面通过之处引起局域温度突然升高。     

圆球壳Stokes渗透流动的一个准确解

本文采用轴对称情形下内外Stokes流动的Sampson级数解求出了有渗入渗出情形下轴对称拉伸流动绕圆球壳流动时壳内壳外流动的准确解。该准确解表达式简单且为有限形式。对该解进行分析表明,渗透对外流几乎不发生作用,但对内流影响显著。文中详细分析了流线谱,流入球壳的总流量以及内流的速度分布及压力分布,揭示了球壳内部的一些流动现象。     

石墨烯复合材料电热除冰实验研究

石墨烯复合材料因其优良的导电性和高导热性,在各个领域均得到了广泛的关注。为研究石墨烯加热膜在电热除冰上的应用,通过实验比较石墨烯和电阻丝作为加热元件时的温升速率;将加热元件制备成可用于电热除冰的加热膜,在相同加热功率下验证两者的发热均匀性;根据自行搭建的电热除冰实验台,研究不同热流密度和结冰温度对石墨烯加热膜除冰效果的影响。实验结果表明：单纯的石墨烯加热元件比电阻丝升温速率快,由石墨烯作为加热元件制备而成的加热膜发热更加均匀;随着热流密度的不断增加,石墨烯加热膜除冰时间越短,效果越好;结冰温度越低,除冰时间越长。验证了石墨烯可以作为一种理想的加热膜材料应用于电热除冰领域。