RDX基高聚粘结炸药的冲击压缩行为

采用霍普金森压杆分别对RDX基浇注PBX炸药进行了开放体系和围压体系下的冲击压缩实验,获得了两种实验条件下的动态参量;并计算了围压条件下的动态泊松比及动态杨氏模量。结合高速摄影、电镜扫描(SEM)等宏观、微观视角,分析了试样的破坏机制。结果表明:两种实验条件下,试样均表现出应变率效应,无围压时试样的断裂具有脆性断裂特征;围压条件下的动态泊松比及动态杨氏模量均随应变率的增加而增大,约束条件下试样表现出一定的塑性特征。     

泥页岩动静态弹性力学参数实验研究

为研究不同条件下泥页岩动静态弹性力学参数的变化规律,建立动静态弹性力学参数关系表达式,对三块泥页岩岩样开展动静态弹性力学参数实验,研究了不同围压和温度对泥页岩声波速度、动态杨氏模量、动态泊松比、静态杨氏模量和静态泊松比的影响。研究结果表明:岩样纵、横波波速均随围压增大呈增大,随温度升高呈减小的趋势。温度和围压对泥页岩动静态弹性力学参数均有影响,动态弹性力学参数值大于静态弹性力学参数值,动、静态杨氏模量和动、静态泊松比随不同围压和温度的变化规律呈现出较大差异。由于泥页岩岩样的裂缝发育,非均匀性强,从而造成该批次岩样间的动、静态杨氏模量与动、静态泊松比数据离散无规律。而同一个岩样同一温度条件下动、静态杨氏模量有较好的相关性,并回归得到了该岩样动态杨氏模量和静态杨氏模量关系表达式。     

预压静载下平行双节理类岩石板动态响应试验及数值研究

在深部的岩体工程中，围岩常受到静态载荷和动态扰动的共同作用．此时，岩体中蕴含的成组结构面的破坏往往会影响岩体工程的稳定性．因此，有必要对多节理岩体在静-动态耦合荷载作用下的力学特性和破裂特征开展系统研究．以平行双节理类岩石材料板为研究对象，采用改进的分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)系统开展了4种轴压条件下的动态试验，验证了相应的离散元数值模型的适用性．在此基础上，建立了基于围压柔性加载的静水压的SHPB模型，分析了试样在不同预应力状态下的破裂特征．结果表明：处于一维静动荷载作用时，试样的动态强度及总强度都表现出显著的率相关性；相近加载率下，试样的动态强度随轴压增加逐渐减小，而总强度先增大后减小；在预轴压的作用下，随着加载率的增加，试样的破坏模式由拉剪破坏向剪切破坏转变；在静水压环境下，平行双节理试样的动态强度和总强度同样表现出显著的率效应，且明显高于同等轴压条件下的试样强度；在相近加载率下，试样的动态强度和总强度具有显著的围压增强效应．试样最终均呈“X”状剪切破坏模式，与加载率和静水压大小无明显关联，而且静水压的作用会明显抑制拉伸翼裂纹的产生．裂纹起裂时间受加载率、轴压及静水压的影响．     

恒轴压卸围压条件下粉砂岩应力应变特征与能量演化

为了获得高陡山区地下工程顶部粉砂岩在开挖后的应力应变和能量演化特征,开展了不同围压下粉砂岩恒轴压卸围压三轴试验,分析其应力应变、应变能转化以及能量耗散特征。结果表明,恒轴压卸围压条件下,围压越高,试样围压卸载率越低,且试样破坏越快、变形越大。不同围压下能量转化特征曲线趋势基本一致,与应力应变曲线有较好的相关性。围压恒定轴压升高阶段,除围压产生的应变能密度基本恒定外,其他能量演化曲线具有呈指数升高的特征;主要表现为原生孔隙压密,能量转化率较低。轴压恒定围压卸载至试样破坏阶段,轴向应力与能量曲线两者突变点基本对应;产生较大程度宏观破裂,能量转化率较高。试样破坏后围压恒定和继续施加轴向应变阶段,低围压能量释放更强,试样破坏更为碎裂。能量耗散具有总体上先升高后降低再陡增的特征,围压越低,试样破坏时应变越小、能量耗散比越大,试样破坏更加碎裂;围压越高,对试样能量耗散抑制作用越强,有利于弹性应变聚集,更容易产生岩爆现象。     

辉绿岩单轴及常规三轴压缩下力学特性试验研究

为了分析坚硬脆性岩石在单轴及常规三轴压缩条件下的强度和变形特性,通过在TAW-2000微机控制电液伺服试验机上对辉绿岩进行单轴及常规三轴压缩试验,主要分析辉绿岩在围压为1、3、5、10 MPa时基本物理力学参数的离散程度,其弹性模量的离散程度指标值较小,在0.27%～3.49%波动,能较好地表征辉绿岩的变形特性。试验结果表明:随着围压的增大,岩石峰值应变和残余应变均表现出显著的线性增长关系,可采用一次函数形式拟合,弹性模量、变形模量和泊松比均表现出较明显的非线性增长关系,可采用幂函数形式进行拟合,但并不会随着围压的增大而无限增大,而是趋于一个稳定值,这一规律为实际工程中不同地应力条件下准确选取弹性模量、泊松比等参数提供理论基础;随着围压的增大,岩石的峰值强度和残余强度均呈现出较显著的线性增长关系,可采用一次函数形式拟合,并计算出黏聚力和内摩擦角,为岩石工程设计时强度参数的选择提供参考依据。     

黑云母花岗岩动力学特性与强度准则分析

为了研究黑云母花岗岩动态特性与强度准则的应变率效应,文章采用高压动三轴仪对不同应变率、不同围压下的试样进行动三轴压缩试验。结果表明:相同应变率下,随着围压的增大,岩石破坏模式由轴向劈裂转变为剪切破坏;相同围压下,随着应变率的增大岩石破碎程度加剧;花岗岩的抗压强度随应变率和围压的增大均呈增大趋势,但增长幅度在应变率超过10-3/s和围压大于60 MPa后逐渐减小;弹性模量整体上随应变率的增加而减小,且与围压间变化规律不明确;泊松比与应变率、围压均未见明显关系,其值集中分布在0.33左右。此外,对比分析中等应变率下经典莫尔-库伦强度准则及其2种改进形式的适用性,发现考虑平均主应力修正的莫尔-库伦准则对试验数据的吻合度较高,而直线型莫尔-库伦准则和抛物线型莫尔-库伦准则拟合误差较大,且随应变率的增加,误差有增加趋势。     

土石混合填料大型三轴剪切试验研究

为研究土石混合填料在不同土石混合比情况下的力学响应,以国道316旬阳至安康二级公路改建工程中的填石高路堤工程为依托,利用大型三轴剪切试验仪,在4种不同围压条件下,分别对土石混合质量比为3∶7和3∶2的试样进行固结不排水剪切试验。发现当土石混合比为3∶7时,在低围压(200 kPa)条件下,试样应力-应变曲线为应变硬化型,在高围压(400,600和800kPa)条件下,试样应力-应变曲线在达到峰值应力后有所下降,表现为弱应变软化。在4种围压条件下,试样体应变均表现为随轴向应变先增大后减小,即试样先剪缩后剪胀,且表现为随着围压的增大,剪缩量不断增大,然后达到峰值,随后体应变减小,表现出剪胀趋势,且随着围压的增大,剪胀趋势减弱。当土石混合比为3∶2时,在4种围压条件下,试样应力-应变曲线均表现为应变硬化,无明显的峰值强度。试样体应变均随轴向应变增大而增大,即试样一直表现为剪缩,且围压越大,剪缩趋势越明显,剪缩量越大。体变速率(dεv/dε1)能较好地反映试样变形特性和应力-应变特性。结果表明:土石混合比的变化对土石混合料剪胀性影响很大,对应力-应变特性的影响主要体现在加载后期。     

复合材料层板动态力学性能和温度相关性的实验研究

在不同温度环境下,利用ＭＴＳ材料试验机,采用中等应变速率（１／ｓ）,对玻璃布－环氧层板实施了冲击拉伸实验,测试了该材料在不同温度、不同应变速率下的应力应变曲线,确定了杨氏模量、拉伸强度和泊松比等力学参数。实验结果表明,玻璃布－环氧层板具有明显的应变率、温度效应;在室温以上温度环境下,该层板具有动态韧性。还分析讨论了复合材料拉伸试样设计的一些主要问题,给出哑铃形试样结合粘贴加强片和销钉拉伸的复合材料拉伸试样设计方法。     

循环冲击对围压作用下砂岩特征的影响

利用带围压装置的分离式霍普金森压杆系统对砂岩试样进行不同围压下的循环冲击试验,探讨了冲击应变波的波形特征,并对围压与应力应变、损伤因子等物理量间的关系进行了分析.结果表明:透射波在砂岩试件中传播时存在明显的非线性,并可计算得到砂岩中冲击波的形成距离;砂岩在无围压作用下发生脆性破坏,有围压时表现出明显的弹塑性特征.当围压一定时,应力-应变曲线的上升段斜率随冲击次数增加而减小;当围压增大时,不同冲击次数下的应力-应变曲线差异减小;砂岩损伤因子随平均应变率增大呈幂函数增长,且二者均随围压增加呈现出良好的规律性.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘长8储层岩石力学特征及影响因素

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘中生界长8是进行油气开发的重点层位,针对长8储层砂泥岩交互,低孔低渗的特点,对其岩心样品开展了模拟地层下的岩石力学实验研究。实验研究表明：三轴条件下,岩心样品均随着围压的增大,破坏强度变大,即弹性极限显著增加;随着围压的增大,岩石的抗压强度显著增加;随着围压的增大,岩石的变形显著增大。利用测井资料,计算出了动态岩石力学参数并结合实验结果进行了动静态参数拟合,结果表明在进行GR加权的情况下拟合情况较好,因此构建了较可靠的岩石力学参数剖面。在岩石力学参数剖面的基础上,对岩石力学参数空间分布的影响因素进行分析,表明影响泊松比、杨氏模量和抗压强度空间分布的主要因素为岩性、泥质含量和深度。研究成果对鄂南地区长8储层的压裂优化设计提供了重要的依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the