新型水溶性咪唑啉缓蚀剂的制备及性能研究

以妥尔油酸分别与二乙烯三胺合成妥尔油咪唑啉缓蚀剂,再用氯化苄改性制得咪唑啉衍生物(TOID)。本文采用红外及紫外对测定咪唑啉中间体及TOID的结构;通过静态失重法、旋转挂片失重法及电化学方法考察TOID在1000 mg/L HCl+200 mg/L H2S介质中的缓蚀性能,并用扫描电镜观察试片的腐蚀形貌。实验结果表明:TODI浓度为50 mg/L,腐蚀温度为80℃,缓蚀时间为6 h,搅拌速度为45r/min时,TODI的缓蚀率达到95.96%。     

不同腐蚀介质中改性咪唑啉的缓蚀性能

由油酸、多胺及改性试剂合成了4种咪唑啉衍生物。通过静态挂片失重法评价了咪唑啉缓蚀剂在不同矿化度的模拟盐水、饱和CO₂的模拟盐水以及油田回注污水中对A3碳钢腐蚀的抑制作用。实验结果表明,所合成的咪唑啉缓蚀剂可以抑制溶解氧的腐蚀,对CO₂的腐蚀抑制效果更好,10mg/L缓蚀剂D缓蚀率达95.36%。腐蚀介质的矿化度对缓蚀效果有一定影响,矿化度在10000～70000mg/L变化时,缓蚀率波动在10%～15%。油田回注污水实验表明咪唑啉型缓蚀剂适合应用于现场,尤其是偏酸性水质,腐蚀速率满足小于0.076mm/a的油田标准。     

2-硫代四氢咪唑酮的合成及其对碳钢缓蚀性能测试

用乙二胺和二硫化碳合成2-硫代四氢咪唑酮并通过红外谱图对其进行结构表征,再用静态挂片法研究不同浓度的2-硫代四氢咪唑酮在0.0807m o l/L HC l溶液中对N 80低碳钢的缓蚀性能;同时用N 80钢片的腐蚀速率求出2-硫代四氢咪唑酮的缓蚀效率.然后用电化学极化曲线法和交流阻抗法测得不同浓度的2-硫代四氢咪唑酮在0.0807m o l/L HC l溶液中对N 80钢片的T afel曲线和E IS谱对其进行分析,初步探讨了2-硫代四氢咪唑酮在0.0807m o l/L HC l溶液中对钢片的缓蚀机理,分析可能是在N 80钢片表面形成一层吸附膜。     

吐温-80与硫脲对A3型钢在含氯乙酸介质中的初期缓蚀协同

尝试从较为环保且常规的缓蚀剂中选取2种复配,在用量较小的前提下提高缓蚀率,并解释它们的协同机理,进一步发掘复配型缓蚀的理论基础.用失重法研究室温下Cl-在乙酸介质中的最大腐蚀腐蚀浓度.通过Tafel极化曲线、电化学阻抗、扫描电镜等方法研究单独缓蚀和复配缓蚀的机理以及金属表面的形貌变化.单独实验表明:常温下氯离子质量浓度为600 mg/L时对冷轧钢的腐蚀率最大.氯离子质量浓度为600 mg/L的20%乙酸介质中,硫脲和吐温-80的缓蚀率都较低.而复配结果表明:硫脲质量浓度为2 mg/L,吐温-80质量浓度为400 mg/L时达到最大缓蚀率约70%.     

用电化学法研究咪唑啉类缓蚀剂对碳钢的缓蚀性能

本文用线性极化，Tafel曲线，交流阻抗等电化学方法测定了三种咪唑类缓蚀剂在油田水中对碳钢的缓蚀性．找出缓蚀剂的最佳有效浓度，比较出这几种缓蚀剂之间的缓蚀效率大小，初步分析其缓蚀机理及其缓蚀效率差异的原因     

复配缓蚀剂在油水混合液中的缓蚀性能

以2-巯基苯并咪唑（MBI）为缓蚀剂,MBI与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为复配缓蚀剂,考察其在模拟油田情况下对20#钢的缓蚀性能的影响。采用SEM和AES考察缓蚀剂使用前后碳钢的表面形貌和各元素含量,利用腐蚀速率快速评定仪对20#钢材料的腐蚀速率进行测定,由电化学工作站测试20#钢的极化曲线和交流阻抗曲线。实验结果表明,当测试温度为30℃时,单独使用MBI对20#钢有一定缓蚀效果, MBI质量浓度为1.98g/L时缓蚀效率最高,为86.04%;当采用MBI+CTAB复配缓蚀剂时,缓蚀效果优于单独使用MBI时的缓蚀效果, CTAB质量浓度为0.3g/L时缓蚀效率达到95.87%。     

苯并三氮唑衍生物的缓蚀性能研究

以苯并三氮唑（BTA）为原料合成1-羟甲基苯并三氮唑,将其与乙二胺按一定比例混合,通过挂片、电极化曲线以及交流阻抗等实验方法对其缓蚀性能进行了测定.证明该缓蚀剂在质量分数为3%的NaCl溶液中10mg/L的质量浓度下对黄铜的缓蚀率达到90%,比BTA有更好的缓蚀性能.电化学测量表明,新缓蚀剂的加入使铜的自腐蚀电位负移,增强了阴极极化的抑制作用,提高了铜电极表面的电荷转移电阻,从而具有教好的缓蚀效果.     

咪唑啉与其中间产物酰胺缓蚀性能的比较

使用油酸和二乙烯三胺在不同温度下合成了油酸基酰胺（A1）、油酸基咪唑啉（AM）以及既含有酰胺又含有咪唑啉（A2）的3种缓蚀剂。采用电化学阻抗谱（EIS）和极化曲线对3种合成产物在CO₂饱和的质量分数3.5%的NaCl溶液中进行缓蚀性能评价。EIS和极化曲线结果表明：A1、A2和AM均能对Q235钢在该介质中的腐蚀起到显著的抑制作用；3种合成产物的缓蚀效率由高到低为AM > A2 > A1，说明咪唑啉的缓蚀效果比酰胺的好。通过量子化学的方法研究了咪唑啉分子和酰胺分子的缓蚀机理，理论计算结果表明：与酰胺分子相比，咪唑啉分子的成键能力更强，从而更容易吸引电子，与Fe基体更容易发生相互作用。通过Hirshfeld计算了咪唑啉和酰胺分子中原子的Fukui指数并分析了其反应活性位点，Fukui指数的分析结果与分子前线轨道HOMO和LUMO的分析结果一致。     

低温缓蚀剂的成膜特性研究

利用旋转挂片失重和扫描电镜研究了咪唑啉季铵盐缓蚀剂的成膜特性。考察了缓蚀剂用量、酸浓度、温度、pH值、HCl-H2O和HCl-H2S-H2O腐蚀介质的成膜特性。探讨了缓蚀剂的缓释机理。结果表明,缓蚀剂用量超过临界浓度有利于形成致密有机膜,起到缓释作用。腐蚀液浓度越大,空白腐蚀失重越大,相应加入缓蚀剂后缓蚀率越高。温度越高,空白失重越大,但加入缓蚀剂条件下失重随温度变化较小。pH值调节说明,微酸性或微碱性环境有利于控制腐蚀。钢片的腐蚀形貌特征指出,缓蚀剂抑制大面积均匀腐蚀,但仍存在点蚀现象,说明缓蚀剂吸附膜存在缺陷,个别活性点导致局部腐蚀。     

两性咪唑啉的合成及其缓蚀性能研究

以高纯环烷酸与二乙烯三胺反应合成了中间体咪唑啉,再以去离子水为溶剂,用氯乙酸钠对该中间体进行两性化,制得了水溶性两性咪唑啉缓蚀剂.探讨了反应物配比、反应温度、pH等因素对产物的影响,得出最佳的合成条件为:n(咪唑啉):n(氯乙酸钠)=1:4,90 ℃-95 ℃,pH8-10.在浓缩倍数k=1.5的循环冷却水中用旋转挂片失重法得出:两性咪唑啉用量为20 mg/L时对碳钢的缓蚀率达到97.28%;与HEDP复配后总剂量为20 mg/L时缓蚀率达到99.04%.在模拟油田水中用静态挂片失重法得出:两性咪唑啉与HEDP复配,用量分别为100 mg/L和20 mg/L时,缓蚀率达到91.01%.表9,参7.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-