压裂水平井支撑剂运移及产量研究

根据压裂水平井实际情况,首先建立了支撑剂在三维裂缝的运移分布和水平井压后产能预测模型;结合裂缝三维延伸模型、温度场模型和压裂优化设计方法研制了压裂水平井设计软件。其中支撑剂运移模型通过引入支撑剂对流质量传递方程,考虑了支撑剂对流、温度分布、压裂液滤失等因素对支撑裂缝尺寸的影响;产能预测模型考虑了水平井压后形成的多裂缝间的相互干扰、裂缝条数、裂缝间距、裂缝导流能力、裂缝平面与水平井筒夹角等因素对水平井压后产能的影响。通过实例应用,模拟结果与实际情况吻合程度高,表明了模型的可靠性。     

水平井压裂多裂缝同步扩展数值模拟

采用有限单元法对水平井压裂多裂缝同步扩展问题进行数值分析。考虑压裂过程中高压流体、岩层变形/破裂与裂缝扩展之间的多物理场耦合响应,建立多裂缝同步扩展力学模型;采用裂缝单元记录岩层破裂信息、确定裂缝扩展路径。应用有限元方法求解耦合模型并编制计算程序,模拟水平井多裂缝同步起裂、扩展和转向过程。研究结果表明:水平井多裂缝同步压裂,起裂压力相差较小;延伸压力受缝间应力干扰影响,中间裂缝处压力高于两侧裂缝;随裂缝扩展,多裂缝之间应力干扰效应提高,主应力方向偏转范围增大,促使复杂裂缝的形成;通过优化射孔簇间距与数量可增强裂缝间应力干扰效应,增加水平井多裂缝扩展的复杂性。     

水平井多段分簇压裂裂缝扩展形态数值模拟

水平井多段分簇压裂技术已成为低渗透油气增产的关键技术,能够大幅度增加储层的泄油面积,最大限度地提高采收率,而射孔簇间的应力干扰是影响水平井多段分簇压裂的关键因素。为了提高储层改造体积,研究簇间裂缝扩展的规律,根据流-固耦合及岩石断裂力学理论,利用ABAQUS扩展有限元法建立水平井多段分簇水力压裂二维模型,并利用数值模拟结果对现场2口井的压裂参数进行优化。数值模拟结果表明:水力裂缝长度、簇间距、水平应力差、压裂次序对水力裂缝形态影响显著;裂缝诱导应力场对裂缝形态影响程度随裂缝长度增加逐渐增强,随簇间距和水平应力差的增大逐渐降低;水力压裂次序可以明显改变诱导应力场分布,合理利用能增加有效裂缝长度。现场压裂参数优化后的2口井产能得到明显提高,证明了数值模型的可行性。     

水平井压裂楔形缝内支撑剂输运特征数值模拟

为使研究结果更符合真实储层中支撑剂运移铺置情况,考虑水平井压裂注入特征和压裂裂缝实际形态特征,突破矩形窄缝数值模型的限制,基于计算流体力学方法建立了工程尺度单孔眼楔形裂缝模型。利用支撑剂输运数值模拟分析了支撑剂粒径、支撑剂密度、压裂液黏度、施工排量和砂比对支撑剂在楔形裂缝中沉降运移的影响。根据数值模拟结果,以在楔形缝内形成具有充分高度和长度且不会带来砂堵风险的砂堤为目标,建议现场压裂施工排量在2.5 m³/min以上,携砂液黏度小于20 mPa·s,砂比控制在10%～20%,并采用粒径为70/140目的支撑剂进行支撑剂充填作业。与常规矩形长板裂缝模型的支撑剂输运模拟结果相比,楔形裂缝模拟中砂堤形态存在明显差异,为现场压裂施工参数提供新的参考。     

水平井分段多簇压裂缝间干扰研究

水平井分段多簇压裂在现场得到了广泛运用,其压裂过程中普遍存在缝间干扰现象。缝间干扰有助于形成复 杂裂缝网络以提高储层导流能力,但是也会导致起裂困难,甚至形成砂堵。因此有必要对分段多簇压裂的缝间干扰问 题进行研究。对此,基于弹性力学建立了分析多簇裂缝诱导应力的数学模型,从起裂压力、裂缝宽度、簇间距等多方面 研究了缝间干扰对水平井分段多簇压裂施工的影响。模拟结果显示,诱导应力会导致起裂压力升高、裂缝变窄,严重 时将造成压裂施工失败。通过进行分析,给出了起裂过程及延伸过程中缝间干扰的影响关系。分析认为,利用缝间干 扰提高改造体积时应当控制簇间距防止对压裂施工造成负面影响。研究结论对优化水平井分段多簇压裂设计具有指 导意义。     

水力压裂多裂缝扩展的近场动力学模拟

为研究页岩水力压裂中多裂缝扩展规律,采用一种结合近场动力学(PD)和有限差分法(FDM)的方法对水力压裂问题建立流固耦合模型。使用近场动力学建立单相固体平面应力问题模型,采用达西定律描述裂隙内流体和基质内流体的流动,对流动区域以损伤程度进行划分,并通过损伤值标定对应的渗透率,采用有限差分法求解得到渗流场压力分布,依据有效应力原理得到位移-压力流固耦合模型。设计了不同间距的两条裂缝,交错的两条裂缝与三条裂缝同时扩展的模拟实验。结果表明,由于缝间干扰,两条裂缝扩展时会发生反向偏转,并且随着裂缝间距减小,偏转越明显;对于两条交错裂缝,随着裂缝扩展,会互相吸引;对于三条裂缝扩展的情况,中间裂缝的扩展会受到限制。可见需要适当增大水力裂缝间距,减小缝间干扰的影响。     

水平多裂缝交错扩展及其诱导应力干扰研究

QA油田X储层埋深较浅,高角度天然裂缝发育,水力压裂后形成的水力裂缝形态较为复杂,压后效果时好时坏,给压裂设计及施工带来诸多困难,急需弄清该储层水力裂缝的形态,以确定合理的压裂施工方案。首先,采用三轴岩石力学测试系统对X储层岩石力学特征进行测试,观察天然裂缝形态。其次,建立砂泥岩相间的二维平面渗流-应力-损伤耦合有限元模型,采用二次应力起裂准则作为水力裂缝是否起裂的判断依据,以幂律流来表征流体在Cohesive单元内的流动。模拟了X储层水力压裂多裂缝交错延伸的裂缝形态,探究了水力裂缝几何形态及压裂液排量、地应力、压裂液黏度对缝间应力干扰的影响,揭示了复杂多裂缝交错扩展的干扰机理,发现该储层具有形成复杂裂缝的力学和工程地质条件,为该区域的压裂改造提供理论指导。     

水压裂缝缝内流场的理论研究

水力压裂过程就是地层在受到压裂液作用后裂缝向前延伸扩展的过程。水力压裂过程中,缝内流体的流动特征对裂缝的延伸和形态具有很大的影响。要确定水力压裂过程中的缝宽变化,首先应根据流体力学理论,找出缝内流体压力的分布规律,得出它与裂缝宽度的关系,再根据岩石力学和断裂力学理论,寻求二者在裂缝宽度或压力方向的流固耦合,从而最终确定出裂缝的几何形态。通过缝内流场的理论研究,推导出了一个新的描述缝内流场的理论模型,为求解全三维裂缝几何形态打下了理论基础。     

基于扩展有限元的页岩水平井压裂裂缝扩展模拟

考虑裂缝内流体流动和岩石受力变形,建立页岩水平井水力压裂裂缝扩展数学模型,采用扩展有限元方法求解该模型。分析水平主应力、岩石力学特征参数及注入速度对裂缝扩展长度的影响,并研究多条裂缝的扩展及转向规律。结果表明:岩石弹性模量越大,泊松比越小,形成的裂缝越长;最小主应力越小,压裂液注入速度越大,裂缝扩展长度越长。同时扩展的2条裂缝之间存在应力干扰使裂缝向外转,裂缝间距越近,转向越明显。3条裂缝同时扩展,中间裂缝受到左右两边裂缝的制约作用,起裂较晚,扩展受到限制;随着压裂时间的延长,中间裂缝会摆脱两边裂缝的影响,冲出应力干扰区。     

考虑应力干扰的页岩储层裂缝穿透准则

 根据页岩储层多裂缝应力干扰效应形成机理,建立了考虑水平有效地应力、裂缝尖端集中应力以及多缝干扰应力影响的页岩储层裂缝穿透准则。模型分析表明:考虑多缝应力干扰效应影响,压裂缝穿过天然裂缝的能力减弱,分段多簇压裂更有利于在页岩储藏中形成复杂缝网结构。裂缝越长,裂缝间距越小,天然裂缝分布位置越靠近中间裂缝,缝内净压力越大,导致裂缝间的干扰应力越大。随着压裂缝与天然缝间逼近角的减小,在一定应力比和裂缝内摩擦系数范围内,压裂缝穿过天然裂缝能力减弱,超过一定范围后,压裂缝穿透天然裂缝的能力增强。高应力比条件,裂缝穿透能力基本不受逼近角影响。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with