基于压汞实验及密闭取芯的致密油储层分形特征

微观孔隙结构特征是致密砂岩储层研究中的一个重点,对进一步认识储层和后期开发有着重要的意义。对鄂尔多斯盆地中部长4+5储层22块密闭取芯样品进行了薄片鉴定、扫描电镜分析、X射线衍射和压汞测试,对储层微观孔隙结构的分形特征进行了系统研究。利用毛管压力和湿相饱和度的双对数回归曲线可以计算出分形维数。结果显示,本区长4+5储层存在统一的分形特征。平均孔喉半径与分形维数存在正相关关系,说明随着平均孔喉半径的增大,孔喉半径之间差异变大,储层的非均质性增强。分析认为由于受到成岩作用的影响,孔隙较大的储层受到的溶蚀作用更强,导致孔隙尺寸差别较大,孔隙结构复杂;而孔隙较小的储层的喉道半径变化不大,分布较为均匀。储层的物性和分形维数呈正相关,其主要原因为储层物性主要受到孔喉大小的影响。根据矿物含量与分形维数的关系可得出,石英和绿泥石会使孔隙结构的复杂性降低,而长石和伊利石则会增加储层孔隙结构的复杂性和非均质性。     

鄂尔多斯盆地白豹油田致密砂岩储层孔喉结构及NMR分形特征

为了研究白豹油田致密砂岩储层孔喉结构,结合铸体薄片、高压压汞、恒速压汞及核磁共振技术(NMR),并应用分形理论进行分析。研究结果表明:致密砂岩储层以微米级孔喉为主,孔喉配置关系复杂,非均质性强,NMR孔喉分形维数具有两段式分布特征,细小孔喉分布较为均质,较大的可动流体的孔喉结构复杂。可动流体孔喉结构越复杂,渗透率、可动流体饱和度越低。孔喉结构复杂程度是影响储层渗流能力的一个关键因素;石英和填隙物含量是形成不同孔喉结构的物质基础;孔喉尺寸越大,连通性越好,配置关系越好,则分形维数越小,结构更为均质,更有利于流体渗流。     

大庆扶余油层致密储层孔隙结构及非均质性研究

扶余油层是大庆油田的主力产油层之一,发育的致密储层为非常规油气聚集的重要场所,但是孔隙结构较为复杂,非均质性极强。为了研究扶余油层不同类型致密砂岩储层的孔隙结构及其非均质性,本文应用分形几何理论,在高压压汞实验资料的基础上,结合物性测试以及矿物分析对矿物组分的测定,选取扶余油层K1q3、K1q4的8块样品进行分析,根据压汞曲线形态的差异、孔喉半径及排驱压力特征划分出3类储层：低排驱压力微-微细喉道型、中排驱压力-微喉道型、高排驱压力-吸附喉道型。计算致密砂岩储层孔隙结构的分形维数并讨论其地质意义。结果发现：各类储层均呈现两段式分形特征,得到两个分形维数：D1范围为2.9908～2.9956,平均为2.9933,D2范围为2.5738～2.6664,平均为2.6101。大庆扶余油层孔喉结构的复杂程度及非均质性对致密储层的储集空间和储层的渗流能力具有较强的控制作用,分形维数越大,孔喉结构越复杂,非均质性越强。     

DLH油田低渗砂岩孔隙分形定量表征方法研究

针对常规表征方法难以精确表征低渗砂岩储层孔隙空间分布复杂性和不规则性的问题,提出了适用于低渗砂岩储层的分形维数计算方法,实现了低渗砂岩储层孔隙特征的定量表征。基于不同分形维数计算方法差异性的分析,优选采用MIFA方法求解低渗砂岩储层的分形维数(在2.042～2.324),相关性最佳;确定了排驱压力、平均孔喉半径、变异系数以及均值系数作为储层孔喉分布复杂程度和非均质程度的综合表征参数;基于恒速压汞分形维数的求解,发现低渗砂岩储层非均质程度呈中小孔喉大于微小孔喉,喉道分布大于孔隙分布的特点;低渗砂岩储层的分形维数与启动压力梯度和应力敏感性损害率的实验结果均存在一定的相互关系,分形维数越大,孔喉分布的非均质性越强,启动压力梯度越大且应力敏感性的损害程度也将加剧。低渗砂岩储层分形维数的计算可用于室内实验结果的定性预测和判断,也可作为油藏工程中应用相渗曲线时的重要判别标准。     

砂岩储层孔隙结构分形特征描述

在前人对孔隙结构分形特征研究的基础上,利用分形几何理论,建立了描述储层孔径分布的分形几何公式和储层毛管压力曲线的分形几何公式;利用岩心压汞测试资料,建立了描述孔隙结构的分形几何模型,探讨了砂岩孔隙结构的分形特征.研究表明孔隙的分形特征是分区域的,分形维数可以定量描述孔隙的非均质性,分形维数大,砂岩孔隙分布的非均质性强.依据建立的孔隙分形模型,在考虑孔隙结构、润湿性变化的基础上,根据函数公式和毛管束模型,推导出了油水相对渗透率的理论预测公式.根据所得到的理论预测公式,进行了相对渗透率曲线预测.预测结果表明,预测曲线与理论曲线是一致的.同时,可用于长期水驱后油水相对渗透率的预测和不同储层相渗曲线的归类,指导油田开发.     

川东南盆缘复杂构造区龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构及分形特征

川东南盆缘复杂构造区龙马溪组页岩总有机碳(total organic carbon, TOC)含量高、热演化成熟度高,但构造条件复杂,其微观孔隙结构特征及分形特征相关研究较少且与四川盆内页岩存在差异,亟需进一步深入研究。为更好地表征页岩孔隙结构非均质性及其对页岩气富集的影响,综合运用核磁共振、高压压汞及扫描电镜等技术,定量表征复杂构造区页岩微观孔隙结构特征。基于分形理论,利用高压压汞、核磁共振方法获得不同尺度孔隙的分形维数,并探讨分形维数与孔喉结构参数、TOC含量、矿物组分含量的关系及其地质意义。结果表明：川东南盆缘复杂构造区页岩主要发育有机孔、粒间孔和微裂缝。孔隙结构具有多重分形特征,不同尺度孔喉分形维数存在差异,大孔喉复杂程度高于小孔喉,孔隙总分形维数为2.470 2～2.819 1,均值为2.625 6,反映复杂构造区页岩发育更为复杂的孔隙结构,为页岩气提供大量吸附点位,对页岩气聚集具有积极作用。TOC含量和石英含量等因素的共同影响,造成研究区页岩的强非均质性和复杂的孔隙结构特征。与四川盆内页岩相比,研究区页岩孔径分布较广、分形维数偏低。综合分析页岩孔隙结构及分形特征可为昭通示范...     

基于铸体薄片的致密岩心孔隙结构多重分形特征研究

基于压汞和核磁共振实验进行了致密岩心孔隙结构分类,提取了不同孔隙结构的铸体薄片并应用PSO多阈值分割算法得到孔隙-骨架二值图。结合孔隙结构的多重分形理论计算了不同孔隙结构的多重分形维数及多重分形谱,分析了多重分形维数与饱和中值压力、平均孔喉半径和核磁T2几何平均值的关系。研究表明:基于多重分维表征方法与压汞、核磁共振等实验具有一致性,不同孔隙结构岩石的多重分形特征各异,物性越差、孔隙结构越复杂,多重分形维数越大;多重分形维数与饱和中值压力成正比,与平均孔喉半径和核磁T2几何平均值成反比;D_(min)与孔隙结构类型及其他孔隙结构表征参数的相关性最强,在缺乏压汞、核磁等实验数据时,基于铸体薄片的多重分形维数为致密岩石孔隙结构的定量表征提供了有利依据。     

吴起地区延10致密砂岩储层孔隙结构及分形特征

侏罗系延安组延10段为典型的致密储层，是非常规油气聚集的重要场所，孔隙结构复杂、非均质性强。为了厘清其孔隙结构特征和非均质性，选取延10段储层12块样品，借助高压压汞实验、常规物性测试、X射线衍射、铸体薄片鉴定和扫描电镜分析等技术手段，根据压汞曲线的形态和储层物性将储层划分为3种类型，分析孔隙结构特征，利用分形几何理论计算分形维数，研究非均质性，并讨论其地质意义。结果表明：由Ⅰ类储层到Ⅲ类储层，排驱压力依次增大，物性变差，孔隙结构变复杂。延10储层分形曲线存在明显的拐点，呈两段式，D1大于D2，D1为2.982 8~2.999 4，平均为2.993 9，D2为2.454 7~2.746 4，平均为2.619 7，大孔喉的非均质性更强。延10储层中不同矿物组分含量的差异影响着储层的非均质程度，储层非均质程度的高低影响着储层物性的好坏和孔隙结构的复杂程度。     

马岭油田北三区延10_1~2储层微观孔隙结构特征及其生产动态分析

利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、常规压汞、恒速压汞及核磁共振等资料,对马岭油田北三区延1012低渗透储层开展微观孔隙结构特征及其分类的研究。结果表明,研究区储层孔隙结构非均质性强,粒间孔、溶孔和晶间孔是主要的储集空间,片状或弯片状、点状喉道发育。孔隙结构可划分为大—中孔粗喉型、中孔中喉型及小孔细喉型3类;各类孔隙结构储层的储集空间类型、物性特征及产液能力不同,喉道大小是决定储层渗流能力、影响开发效果的关键因素;核磁共振和压汞实验拟合共同确定出该区储层的流动孔喉下限为0.232μm;孔隙和喉道特征共同决定了孔渗性的大小;较强的孔隙结构非均质性使得每类孔隙结构的相对渗透率曲线形态复杂多样,所建立的孔隙结构分类标准与储层的产油能力有很好的线形因果关系。     

安棚深层系致密砂岩孔隙结构与渗透性关系的核磁共振研究

安棚深层系砂岩储层为特低孔特低渗透储层,发育微纳米级孔喉,储层物性规律性差,流体渗流特征复杂,储层定位和评价难度大。对目标层系砂岩进行饱和水核磁共振测量,并将T_2谱与其压汞曲线对比分析,应用最小二乘法拟合得出T_2弛豫时间与孔喉半径的转换参数,求得目标层系的岩心核磁孔喉分布及核磁孔喉参数,并结合核磁T_2分布与分形理论,计算了核磁孔喉分形维数,分析了各孔喉参数与渗透率的关系。结果表明,目标层系的孔喉分布呈双峰特征,相比压汞孔喉分布,核磁共振测量能获取更全面的孔喉信息;渗透率大于1×10~(-3)μm~2时孔喉半径主要分布在0.1~10μm的范围内,渗透率小于1×10~(-3)μm~2时孔喉半径主要分布在0.001~0.1μm的范围内;核磁T_2分布在一定的T_2区间内表现出分形特征;分形维数、核磁主流喉道半径、平均孔喉半径及中值半径均与储层的渗透率呈幂函数关系。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the