嗜热四膜虫自噬相关蛋白TtATG8调节细胞生长的机制研究（英文）

自噬是细胞内用于降解大分子蛋白质或受损伤的细胞器并以此来维持细胞动态平衡的主要代谢途径,其功能异常与癌症、衰老等多种疾病的发生密切相关.尽管自噬相关基因(ATG)相继在酵母、植物及哺乳动物细胞中被发现,但对其在单细胞真核原生动物四膜虫(Tetrahymena)中的同源蛋白及其功能所知甚少.在本研究中,我们克隆发现了四膜虫的自噬相关基因TtATG8,该基因所编码的蛋白质序列与酵母Atg8和人LC3a基因的蛋白质序列具有很高的同源性.研究发现雷帕霉素(rapamycin)处理可导致TtATG8表达的增加;同时在荧光显微镜下可观察到自噬性EGFP-TtATG8绿色荧光信号增强,结果提示TtATG8可作为衡量四膜虫自噬水平的良好指标.研究还发现饥饿处理可诱导四膜虫自噬的发生,增强TtATG8表达水平并随后伴随细胞死亡率的增加;雷帕霉素预处理可放大饥饿条件下细胞中TtATG8的转录水平,同时通过增强自噬作用和延缓细胞内ATP的消耗来增加细胞存活率,我们的研究结果也发现TtATG8过表达可促进细胞内ATP的积累并延长细胞生存期.综上所述,我们的研究结果提示TtATG8可能通过调节细胞自噬参与调控细胞的生存期.     

过氧化氢对吗啡依赖的SH-SY5Y细胞内活性氧水平的影响

为探讨H2O2对吗啡依赖的人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞内ROS水平的影响,应用H2O2在吗啡依赖的SH-SY5Y细胞建立氧化应激损伤的实验模型,分别利用MTT法测定细胞存活率、Hoechst33258荧光染色法检测细胞凋亡和DCFH-DA荧光探针检测细胞内ROS水平。结果表明:100-400μmol/L H2O2处理长期吗啡作用的SH-SY5Y细胞,使细胞的存活率明显降低、凋亡率显著增加,吗啡时间依赖性的诱导SH-SY5Y细胞内产生ROS,H2O2处理吗啡长期作用的SH-SY5Y细胞,使细胞内ROS水平进一步升高;NAC预处理长期吗啡作用的SH-SY5Y细胞可阻断吗啡引起SH-SY5Y细胞存活率的降低、细胞凋亡率的增加及细胞内ROS水平的升高,由此可知,NAC能明显保护SH-SY5Y细胞对抗吗啡引起的损伤,降低ROS的水平可能是NAC的细胞保护机制之一。     

Se-scFv-B3对过氧化氢诱导的大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞损伤的保护作用

用H2O2损伤大鼠乳鼠的心肌细胞建立氧化应激损伤模型,考察谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶模拟物Se-scFv-B3对H2O2诱导的大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞氧化损伤的影响.结果表明,Se-scFv-B3能部分增加心肌细胞存活率,减少细胞凋亡,恢复线粒体膜电位,下调Caspase-3活力并降低细胞内活性氧的含量.表明Se-scFv-B3可以保护心肌细胞抵制H2O2诱导的氧化应激损伤.     

刺果紫玉盘素J诱导Lovo细胞凋亡的作用

目的:观察刺果紫玉盘素J(Calamistrin J,Cal-J)诱导人结肠癌Lovo细胞凋亡的作用,并探讨其诱导细胞凋亡的可能机制.方法:Hoechst33258染色后在荧光显微镜下观察凋亡细胞的形态变化,流式细胞仪(FCM)分析细胞DNA含量变化及计算凋亡率.荧光酶标仪检测DCFH-DA荧光探针标记的活性氧(ROS),以DiOC6(3)标记、流式细胞仪测定细胞线粒体膜电位(△ψm)的改变.结果:Cal-J作用48 h后,荧光显微镜下可见细胞核固缩,染色质凝聚等典型凋亡形态学特征.FCM检测可见Lovo细胞凋亡率明显增加,且具有时间、剂量的双重依赖性.Cal-J处理Lovo细胞12 h后,可剂量依赖性地增高胞内ROS水平,Cal-J 100 μg·mL-1作用于Lovo细胞,可时间依赖性降低△ψm.结论:Cal-J具有诱导Lovo细胞凋亡的作用,该作用呈一定的剂量和时间依赖性,其机制与提高细胞内ROS水平和降低线粒体膜电位有关.     

雌激素对H_2O_2诱导PC12细胞氧化应激的保护作用研究

为了探讨雌激素对H2O2诱导PC12细胞氧化损伤的影响及其可能机制.用H2O2处理PC12细胞建立氧化应激模型,并加入雌激素预处理作为保护.MTT法检测细胞活力,利用荧光探针对细胞内ROS进行荧光染色检测荧光强度,Hoechst/PI荧光染色,分析细胞凋亡情况,Western blotting检测MAPK(Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase)的磷酸化水平.结果显示:H2O2作用于PC12细胞后显著降低细胞活力,10-8～10-6mol/L的雌激素预处理后均能部分阻断H2O2对细胞活力的影响.H2O2能显著增强PC12细胞的ROS荧光强度,雌激素可明显减少H2O2处理后PC12细胞内的ROS含量.H2O2激活MAPK,而雌激素抑制了p38的磷酸化,增加了ERK的磷酸化.以上结果表明,雌激素可以拮抗H2O2诱导的氧化应激,抑制p38的磷酸化,增强ERK的磷酸化可能是其发挥保护作用的机制之一.     

d-柠檬烯诱导白血病细胞凋亡的机制研究

探讨传统中药中挥发油成分d-柠檬烯在HL-60细胞株中的抗肿瘤作用机制。体外细胞培养、凋亡检测、流式细胞术和蛋白免疫印迹等分子生物学技术进行机制研究。d-柠檬烯可以抑制HL-60细胞增值的同时可以诱导HL-60细胞的凋亡。d-柠檬烯可引起细胞内活性氧(ROS)的蓄积、线粒体膜电位(MMP)的下降和Caspase-8活化。抗氧化剂N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)可以阻断d-柠檬烯诱导的细胞内活性氧(ROS)的蓄积,但不能阻断线粒体膜电位(MMP)的下降和Caspase-8活化。d-柠檬烯诱导的HL-60细胞凋亡机制是通过活性氧非依赖的Caspase-8活化来实现的。     

人参多糖通过抑制ROS水平和凋亡保护H2O2诱导的心肌细胞氧化应激损伤

为探讨人参多糖缓解心肌氧化损伤的功效,利用过氧化氢(H2O2)诱导的H9c2大鼠心肌细胞建立体外心肌氧化损伤模型,利用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)检测细胞存活率,试剂盒检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA),流式细胞术检测活性氧(ROS)和细胞凋亡,Western Blot法检测细胞凋亡相关蛋白.结果表明：与对照组(Con)比较,H2O2能够使细胞存活率显著下降(P<0.001);与H2O2诱导组(模型组,Mod)比较,6.25 μg/mL人参多糖预防治疗24 h将细胞存活率由(57.47±5.08)%提高到(85.65±4.28)%(P<0.001),说明人参多糖能够对抗H2O2诱导的细胞毒性作用.流式细胞术DCFH-DA染色结果显示：与Con组比较,H2O2显著升高细胞ROS水平;而人参多糖预防治疗24 h后细胞ROS水平降低,提示人参多糖能够抑制H2O2诱导的H9c2细胞活性氧水平升高,并通过降低MDA含量及提高SOD活性缓解氧化应激损伤.同时,人参多糖可通过增加H2O2诱导损伤引起的Bcl-2/Bax比值,降低凋亡相关蛋白表达来缓解氧化应激导致的细胞凋亡.总之,人参多糖通过抑制ROS水平和细胞凋亡保护心肌细胞氧化应激损伤,为阐述人参保护心脏功效机制及产品研发提供了实验依据.     

姜黄素对嗜热四膜虫的氧化应激、凋亡诱导及线粒体损伤作用

以嗜热四膜虫为模式生物从氧化应激、凋亡及线粒体损伤作用探讨姜黄素的毒性效应,为姜黄素用药及生态安全提供依据.急性毒性实验:姜黄素(0.625、1.25、2.5 μg/mL)作用四膜虫2 h,通过快速细胞分析仪计数细胞,光学显微镜观察细胞形态变化;氧化应激:荧光酶标仪检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平及乳酸脱氢酶活性(LDH...     

SOD1、SOD2基因缺失对砷诱导酵母细胞凋亡的影响

为了探讨SOD1和SOD2基因在亚砷酸钠诱导酵母细胞凋亡中的作用,文章以酿酒酵母野生株BY4741(WT)及其突变体Δsod1和Δsod2为材料,研究了亚砷酸钠对酵母细胞生长和相对存活率的影响,以及酵母细胞在亚砷酸钠胁迫下活性氧(Reactive oxygen species, ROS)水平、线粒体膜电位和细胞凋亡率的变化。结果显示,亚砷酸钠可抑制酵母细胞生长,诱导胞内ROS水平和细胞凋亡率升高。在相同砷处理组中,Δsod1相对存活率和线粒体膜电位显著低于野生株,而细胞胞内ROS水平和细胞凋亡率显著高于野生株;Δsod2细胞凋亡率显著高于野生株。因此,亚砷酸钠诱导的酵母细胞凋亡与胞内ROS水平的升高有关,而超氧化物歧化酶基因与亚砷酸钠引起的细胞凋亡密切相关。     

神经鞘磷脂合成酶2与阿霉素致乳腺癌细胞线粒体损伤的相关性

目的:探讨神经鞘磷脂合成酶2(SMS2)的表达与阿霉素(ADR)致乳腺癌细胞线粒体损伤的相关性.方法:采用过表达慢病毒感染法构建并筛选SMS2过表达的乳腺癌MCF-7细胞.CCK-8实验检测细胞对ADR的IC50值,选择适当浓度的ADR药物作用条件处理细胞后,使用MitoSOX试剂染色检测线粒体ROS水平,检测细胞内ATP水平以评估线粒体功能;电镜观察线粒体超微结构的异同;Western blot检测线粒体细胞色素C的释放水平和细胞凋亡相关蛋白Cleaved-PARP、Cleaved-Caspase 3、Bcl-2、Bax表达水平.结果:SMS2过表达的MCF-7细胞对ADR的IC50值为(2.42±0.073)μmol/L,而对照组细胞IC50值为(0.62±0.036)μmol/L(P<0.01).2μmol/L ADR处理细胞24 h后,SMS2过表达的MCF-7细胞内线粒体ROS水平降低(P<0.05);细胞内ATP水平增加(P<0.05);电镜观察示线粒体结构性损伤减轻;线粒体细胞色素C的释放水平降低(P<0.05);抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达增加,促凋亡蛋白Cleaved-PARP、Cleaved-Caspase 3、Bax的表达减少(P<0.05).结论:SMS2过表达可能通过减轻ADR对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞线粒体的损伤作用,进而抑制细胞凋亡.     

高浓度葡萄糖促进人二倍体成纤维细胞迅速衰老

利用光学显微镜观察和酸性β-半乳糖苷酶染色技术研究了高浓度葡萄糖对人二倍体成纤维细胞2BS细胞衰老进程的影响,并用流式细胞仪检测了此过程中活性氧和线粒体膜电位差的变化。结果表明：200 mmol/L的葡萄糖对2BS细胞有生长抑制作用,能引起活性氧含量的变化,导致线粒体膜电位差显著下降,并诱导了细胞的衰老。这为氧化损伤假说提供了新的证据,并为研究活性氧和复制衰老之间的关系提供了较好的体系。     

Loss of cyclophilin D reveals a critical role for mitochondrial permeability transition in cell death

Mitochondria play a critical role in mediating both apoptotic and necrotic cell death. The mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) leads to mitochondrial swelling, outer membrane rupture and the release of apoptotic mediators. The mPT pore is thought to consist of the adenine nucleotide translocator, a voltage-dependent anion channel, and cyclophilin D (the Ppif gene product), a prolyl isomerase located within the mitochondrial matrix. Here we generated mice lacking Ppif and mice overexpressing cyclophilin D in the heart. Ppif null mice are protected from ischaemia/reperfusion-induced cell death in vivo, whereas cyclophilin D-overexpressing mice show mitochondrial swelling and spontaneous cell death. Mitochondria isolated from the livers, hearts and brains of Ppif null mice are resistant to mitochondrial swelling and permeability transition in vitro. Moreover, primary hepatocytes and fibroblasts isolated from Ppif null mice are largely protected from Ca2+-overload and oxidative stress-induced cell death. However, Bcl-2 family member-induced cell death does not depend on cyclophilin D, and Ppif null fibroblasts are not protected from staurosporine or tumour-necrosis factor-alpha-induced death. Thus, cyclophilin D and the mitochondrial permeability transition are required for mediating Ca2+- and oxidative damage-induced cell death, but not Bcl-2 family member-regulated death.     

蝉花提取物促进酿酒酵母寿命延长的机制研究

本实验探究蝉花提取物(Cordyceps cicadae extracts,CCE)促进酿酒酵母抵抗H_2O_2诱导的氧化胁迫并延长其时序性寿命的机制.实验使用不同浓度的CCE处理酿酒酵母细胞,检测细胞的时序性寿命.然后通过H_2O_2诱导酿酒酵母细胞氧化胁迫,检测CCE处理组和不加药对照组的抗氧化胁迫能力以及细胞内的活性氧(ROS)水平的变化.酿酒酵母细胞经CCE处理后,通过实时荧光定量实验在mRNA水平检测抗氧化基因SOD2、GPX2、CTT1的表达量.结果显示CCE能够延长酿酒酵母时序性寿命,并且其作用随CCE浓度的增加而增强.此外,在H_2O_2诱导的氧化应激下,CCE预处理的细胞抗氧化胁迫能力增强,细胞内ROS水平显著降低.这些结果表明CCE延长了酿酒酵母的时序性寿命并通过上调CTT1和SOD2从而抵抗H_2O_2诱导的氧化胁迫.     

氧化应激促进重组腺相关病毒2型体外转导分析

为揭示氧化应激在重组腺相关病毒2型(rAAV2)转导中的作用,以过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和铁过载(Fe-NTA)氧化应激为模型,在293T,LO-2,Hela,A549细胞中,从转基因表达量、阳性细胞数、基因组数和病毒衣壳分布等方面研究氧化应激对rAAV2转导的影响.实验结果表明:H₂O₂和Fe-NTA能促进rAAV2转导,转基因表达量、阳性细胞数、基因组数与对照组相比的差异具有显著的统计学意义;细胞转导12 h后,氧化应激组核周围衣壳分布数目显著比对照组多,氧化应激能够促使rAAV2长时间聚集在细胞核周围;当氧化应激产生的活性氧(ROS)被N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸(NAC)消除,则氧化应激促rAAV2转导作用消失,说明氧化应激通过ROS发挥促进rAAV2转导作用.     

细胞自噬在植物应答盐胁迫中的作用研究

本研究以模式植物拟南芥为材料,利用生理学和遗传学手段分析了盐胁迫下细胞自噬基因和活性氧(ROS)变化的相关性.结果表明野生型拟南芥Col-0在遭受盐胁迫处理3d表现了叶片漂白的症状并且会诱导ROS的产生和积累了大量的细胞死亡.荧光定量PCR实验表明盐胁迫会诱导细胞自噬相关基因的表达,细胞自噬参与了调控植物的防御机制来响应盐胁迫.进一步的实验表明拟南芥细胞自噬突变体atg2和atg5在遭受盐胁迫处理3d表现了更加严重的叶片漂白症状并且积累大量的细胞死亡和ROS.初步表明细胞自噬主要是通过调控ROS的产生来应答盐胁迫.     

游泳训练联合补充α-硫辛酸对WistarⅡ型糖尿病大鼠心肌线粒体的保护作用

将60只wistar大鼠糖尿病造模完成后随机分成4组,即对照组(CON)、α-硫辛酸(LA)组、游泳训练组(SEX)和α-硫辛酸+游泳训练组(SEX+ LA)进行训练,训练结束后,检测大鼠心肌线粒体呼吸功能、氧化磷酸化蛋白表达及氧化应激相关指标,以便对游泳训练及联合补充α-硫辛酸对Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠心肌线粒体的保护作用的内在影响机制进行探索.结果显示:α-硫辛酸和游泳运动均可以显著性改善糖尿病引起的3态呼吸水平、呼吸控制率及磷氧比值降低(P ＜0.05);联合作用在提高3态呼吸及降低4态呼吸方面存在增强作用(P＜0.05).在对氧化磷酸化蛋白表达的影响方面,α-硫辛酸可有效提高complex Ⅰ、Ⅲ蛋白表达;游泳训练具有和α-硫辛酸相似的作用效果,且能显著性地上调complex Ⅳ表达水平(P＜0.05),联合作用在提高complexⅠ、Ⅲ蛋白表达水平上存在加强作用(P ＜0.05).在降低组织氧化应激水平方面,各种干预方式均可降低ROS含量,提高抗氧化蛋白SOD和GSH-Px水平(P＜0.05);联合作用方式在降低ROS,增强SOD水平上有叠加作用(P＜0.05).以上结果说明,游泳训练及联合补充α-硫辛酸可能通过对抗氧化酶活性的提高,进一步降低ROS对呼吸链复合物及膜结构的损伤而实现线粒体呼吸功能的增强.     

Bcl-2 family proteins regulate the release of apoptogenic cytochrome c by the mitochondrial channel VDAC.

During transduction of an apoptotic (death) signal into the cell, there is an alteration in the permeability of the membranes of the cell's mitochondria, which causes the translocation of the apoptogenic protein cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, which in turn activates death-driving proteolytic proteins known as caspases. The Bcl-2 family of proteins, whose members may be anti-apoptotic or pro-apoptotic, regulates cell death by controlling this mitochondrial membrane permeability during apoptosis, but how that is achieved is unclear. Here we create liposomes that carry the mitochondrial porin channel (also called the voltage-dependent anion channel, or VDAC) to show that the recombinant pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bak accelerate the opening of VDAC, whereas the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-x(L) closes VDAC by binding to it directly. Bax and Bak allow cytochrome c to pass through VDAC out of liposomes, but passage is prevented by Bcl-x(L). In agreement with this, VDAC1-deficient mitochondria from a mutant yeast did not exhibit a Bax/Bak-induced loss in membrane potential and cytochrome c release, both of which were inhibited by Bcl-x(L). Our results indicate that the Bcl-2 family of proteins bind to the VDAC in order to regulate the mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c during apoptosis.     

Mitochondrial permeability: dual role for the ADP/ATP translocator?

The ADP/ATP translocator (or adenine nucleotide translocase; ANT) is thought to play a dual role: in the transport of ADP and ATP across the mitochondrial inner membrane and in the formation of the mitochondrial permeability-transition pore (mtPTP), a nonspecific pore that is an important mediator of apoptosis (programmed cell death). However, Kokoszka et al. have shown that mitochondria from livers of 'ANT-knockout' mice, in which the ANT has been genetically inactivated, still possess mtPTP activity. From this, the authors conclude that the ANT is a non-essential component of the mtPTP that may be dispensable for mtPTP-associated cell death. These results, which contradict previous evidence and cast doubt on a widely accepted model for the mtPTP (ref. 1), warrant scrutiny and call for a fundamental reappraisal of the role of the ANT in liver metabolism.     

Selective killing of cancer cells by a small molecule targeting the stress response to ROS

Malignant transformation, driven by gain-of-function mutations in oncogenes and loss-of-function mutations in tumour suppressor genes, results in cell deregulation that is frequently associated with enhanced cellular stress (for example, oxidative, replicative, metabolic and proteotoxic stress, and DNA damage). Adaptation to this stress phenotype is required for cancer cells to survive, and consequently cancer cells may become dependent upon non-oncogenes that do not ordinarily perform such a vital function in normal cells. Thus, targeting these non-oncogene dependencies in the context of a transformed genotype may result in a synthetic lethal interaction and the selective death of cancer cells. Here we used a cell-based small-molecule screening and quantitative proteomics approach that resulted in the unbiased identification of a small molecule that selectively kills cancer cells but not normal cells. Piperlongumine increases the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptotic cell death in both cancer cells and normal cells engineered to have a cancer genotype, irrespective of p53 status, but it has little effect on either rapidly or slowly dividing primary normal cells. Significant antitumour effects are observed in piperlongumine-treated mouse xenograft tumour models, with no apparent toxicity in normal mice. Moreover, piperlongumine potently inhibits the growth of spontaneously formed malignant breast tumours and their associated metastases in mice. Our results demonstrate the ability of a small molecule to induce apoptosis selectively in cells that have a cancer genotype, by targeting a non-oncogene co-dependency acquired through the expression of the cancer genotype in response to transformation-induced oxidative stress.     

The mitochondrial calcium uniporter is a highly selective ion channel

During intracellular Ca2+ signalling mitochondria accumulate significant amounts of Ca2+ from the cytosol. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake controls the rate of energy production, shapes the amplitude and spatio-temporal patterns of intracellular Ca2+ signals, and is instrumental to cell death. This Ca2+ uptake is undertaken by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) located in the organelle's inner membrane. The uniporter passes Ca2+ down the electrochemical gradient maintained across this membrane without direct coupling to ATP hydrolysis or transport of other ions. Carriers are characterized by turnover numbers that are typically 1,000-fold lower than ion channels, and until now it has been unclear whether the MCU is a carrier or a channel. By patch-clamping the inner mitochondrial membrane, we identified a previously unknown Ca2+-selective ion channel sensitive to inhibitors of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Our data indicate that this unique channel binds Ca2+ with extremely high affinity (dissociation constant < or =2 nM), enabling high Ca2+ selectivity despite relatively low cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations. The channel is inwardly rectifying, making it especially effective for Ca2+ uptake into energized mitochondria. Thus, we conclude that the properties of the current mediated by this novel channel are those of the MCU.