Effects of ambient air pollution on allergic rhinitis among preschool children in Changsha, China

Prevalence of allergic rhinitis has rapidly increased among Chinese children,but the reasons are unclear.Recent findings have suggested that exposure to outdoor air pollutants may increase the risk of allergic rhinitis,but the results were inconsistent.This study further investigated the effect of outdoor air pollutants on allergic rhinitis among preschool children.A standardized questionnaire on health,home and environmental factors was conducted for 4988 children aged 1–8 in the city of Changsha,and the concentrations of PM10(particle diameter 10 m),sulfur dioxide(SO2)and nitrogen dioxide(NO2)during 2006–2011 were acquired from the official web of Changsha Environmental Protection Agency.Results showed that the prevalence of children’s doctor diagnosed rhinitis was 8.4%(95%confidence interval[CI]7.0%–10.0%).It was found that the prevalence of rhinitis was not associated with site-specific background concentrations of air pollutants,but significantly positively correlated with age-related accumulative personal exposure of PM10,SO2and NO2.We conclude that age-related accumulative personal exposure to ambient air pollution may play an important role in the development of rhinitis.     

Study on the reaction of carbon disulfide with hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution

Carbon disulfide is an important sulfur-containing compound in the environment, and its oxidation produces about 30% of the atmospheric COS[1]. In situ measure- ments show that CS2 is widespread in the sea surface wa- ters[2―4], and more recently, the continental water seems to be especially rich sources of CS2 due to industrial waste- water effluents. It is generally accepted that the ocean is an important source for atm. CS2, and Xie et al.[5] found that marine photochemical reaction of…     

Decay dynamics of excited CS<Subscript>2</Subscript> and NH<Subscript>3</Subscript> investigated by femtosecond laser

By using the home-made femtosecond laser system and the time-of-flightmass spectrometer, the decay dynamics of excited carbon disulfide (CS2) and ammonia (NH3) are investigated in real time by pump-probe multiphoton ionization detection. The estimated lifetime constant of the NH3 state (514 fs) agreed quite well with the literature report. For the first time, the decay lifetime constants of the NH3 ′1A′1 state (93793 fs), the CS2 state (153 ± 10 fs), and the CS2 Rydberg state[2-3]6sσg(3Ⅱg)(948 ± 23 fs) are obtained.     

Isothermal oxidation behavior and mechanism of a nickel-based superalloy at 1000℃

The oxidation behavior of a nickel-based superalloy at 1000℃ in air was investigated through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis. A series of oxides, including external oxide scales (Cr₂O₃, (TiO₂ + MnCr₂O₄)) and internal oxides (Al₂O₃,TiN), were formed on the surface or sub-surface of the substrate at 1000℃ in experimental still air. The oxidation resistance of the alloy was dependent on the stability of the surface oxide layer. The continuity and density of the protective Cr₂O₃ scale were affected by minor alloying elements such as Ti and Mn. The outermost oxide scale was composed of TiO₂ rutile and MnCr₂O₄ spinel, and the growth of TiO₂ particles was controlled by the outer diffusion of Ti ions through the pre-existing oxide layer. Severe internal oxidation occurred beneath the external oxide scale, consuming Al and Ti of the strength phase γ' (Ni₃(Al,Ti)) and thereby severely deteriorating the surface mechanical properties. The depth of the internal oxidation region was approximately 35 μm after exposure to experimental air at 1000℃ for 80 h.     

先锋褐煤二硫化碳和甲醇萃取物的分析

分别以CS2和甲醇为溶剂,辅以超声波对先锋褐煤进行常温萃取,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析萃取物的组成及结构。结果表明,两种萃取物中共检测到124种有机化合物;CS2萃取物中烃类化合物相对含量较高,占CS2萃取物总量的52.08%,从C14~C30(除C23外)烷连续分布;甲醇萃取物中含氧和含氮化合物相对含量较高,分别占甲醇萃取物总量的39.28%和20.95%;此外还检测到多种生物标示物。     

The electrical property of MnCo<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> and its application for SUS 430 metallic interconnect

The conductivity of MnCo₂O₄ spinel, the best route to form the MnCo₂O₄ protective coating applied by the sol-gel process, and its effect on the intermediate temperature oxidation behavior of SUS 430 alloy, a typical material for the interconnect of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), was investigated. The phase structure and surface morphology of the coating and surface oxides were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDS; the “4-probe” method was employed to determine the conductivity of MnCo₂O₄ spinel and the area specific resistance (ASR) of the surface oxides. The conductivity of MnCo₂O₄ spinel is excellent, which is 2 orders of magnitude better than that of MnCr₂O₄ spinel. Long-term thermally cyclic oxidation at 750°C in SOFC cathode atmosphere and ASR measurement have shown that calcined in reducing atmosphere followed by pre-oxidation in the air is the best technique for forming the MnCo₂O₄ protective coating, which enhances the oxidation resistance, and improves the electrical conductivity and adherence of coated SUS 430 alloy significantly. As a result, the MnCo₂O₄ spinel is the most potential candidate for SOFC metallic interconnect protective coating application.     

Pb2 胁迫对蛋白核小球藻叶绿素荧光强度及亚显微结构的影响

实验研究了蛋白核小球藻叶绿素荧光强度及亚显微结构受不同浓度Pb2+的影响。实验结果表明:随暴露时间的进行0、1 mg/L Pb(NO3)2处理组蛋白核小球藻的叶绿素荧光强度是逐渐升高的;而5、10、50、80 mg/L处理组的藻叶绿素荧光强度逐渐降低;且Pb2+浓度越大其荧光强度的下降趋势越明显。经Pb2+处理的蛋白核小球藻细胞易破裂且多变形,细胞壁和原生质体结合疏松,细胞超微结构中的细胞器如叶绿体、线粒体、蛋白核、淀粉与液泡等受到了Pb2+毒性影响,导致其细胞内的各个系统受到明显影响,进而影响到藻细胞的荧光特性。     

Oxidation behavior of in-situ Al2O3/TiAl composites at 900°C in static air

In-situ Al₂O₃/TiAl composites were successfully synthesized from the starting powders of Ti, Al, TiO₂ and Nb₂O₅. The oxidation behavior of the composites at 900°C in static air was investigated. The results indicate that the composite samples present a much lower oxidation mass gain. Under long-time intensive oxidation exposure, the formed oxide scale is multi-layer. The formation of the outer TiO₂ layer is fine and dense, the internal Al₂O₃ scale has good adhesiveness with the outer TiO₂ scale, and the TiO₂+Al₂O₃ mixed layer forming the protective oxide scale is favorable for the improvement of oxidation resistance. It is believed that the incorporation of Al₂O₃ particulates into the metal matrix decreases the coefficient of thermal expansion of the substrate, and forms a local three-dimensional network structure that can hold the oxide scale. The formation of the oxide scale with finer particle size, stronger adherence, less micro-defects and slower growth rate can contribute to the improvement of oxidation resistance. Nb element plays an important role in reducing the internal oxidation action of the materials, restraining the growth of TiO₂ crystals and promoting the stable formation of the Al₂O₃-riched layer, which is beneficial to improve the oxidation properties.     

Characteristics of lateral heterogeneities with thermal and chemical origins in the pyrolitic lower mantle

The relative changes between shear and compressional velocities (R_SP = ∂ ln V_S/∂ ln V_P), bulk sound and shear velocities (R_CS = ∂ ln V_C/∂ ln V_S), and density versus shear wave velocity (R_ρS = ∂ ln ρ/∂ ln V_S) in response to thermal and chemical variations were investigated for the pyrolitic lower mantle. For heterogeneities with thermal origins, R_SP increases from 1.7 to 2.0 together with R_ρS decreasing from 0.4 to 0.2 and R_CS = ∼0.27 from the top to the bottom of the lower mantle. In comparison, chemical variations (bulk iron or silica contents) are characterized by R_SP < 1.5 and R_CS > 0.5 at lower mantle depths. Negative values of R_ρS and R_CS are indicative of chemical anomalies in the lower mantle, but a combination of thermal and chemical heterogeneities may be required to produce velocity and density anomalies at the magnitudes observed in seismic data. Further refinement of these characteristics requires data on the higher order pressure and temperature derivatives of the elastic moduli of the constituent phases.     

A novel differential velocity modulation laser spectroscopy

Experimental investigation of a novel differential velocity modulation laser spectroscopy is reported and demonstrated with the spectra of N⁺₂A²Π_m-X₁Σ⁺E Meinel system. The S/N ratio excesses 500︰1, about 60 times higher than that with the traditional non-differential technique. With this technique, we obtained the high-resolution electronic absorption spectra of A2Π-X²Σ⁺(1, 0) vibration-al band of CS⁺ for the first time. It is confirmed that this technique will be a powerful method and receive wide application in studies of new molecular ions.     

Hydrothermal synthesis of pyrrhotite (Fex-1S) nanoplates and their antibacterial, cytotoxic activity study

The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize Fe_(x-1)S 2D-nanostructures with pyrrhotite phase,as well as to explore their biological(antibacterial and cytotoxic)properties,namely the expression of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the exposure of cells and bacteria.Based on hydrothermal synthesis,the characterization of asprepared 2D-nanostructures was performed by XRD,SEM,EDS,and TEM,in which the single-crystalline pyrrhotite phased Fe_(x-1)S nanoplate morphology was observed.The antibacterial activities of Fe_(x-1)S nanoplates against human pathogenic strains such as Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,and Enterococcus faecalis were tested.Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)were determined following the broth microdilution method.Cytotoxicity and expression of intracellular ROS of pyrrhotite nanoplates on Human Gingival Fibroblast(HGF),Human Pulp Cells(HPC)and Human Osteoblast(HBC)were calculated.Cell viability was determined by the MTT method.All experiments were performed of three independent experiments and data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests,also Pearson′s Correlation was performed.The nanoplates exhibited good bactericidal effect.All types of cells tested showed slight cytotoxicity.It was found that intracellular ROS is produced when cells and bacteria tested are exposed to pyrrhotite nanoplates in presence of both air and peroxide hydrogen.ROS production levels were higher in the bacteria than the cells exposed to these nanoplates.     

In vivo toxicity of nano-C60 aggregates complex with atrazine to aquatic organisms

The present study aims at investigating the potential impacts of the nC₆₀ complex with atrazine on the development of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos and chronic toxicity to D. magna. Although exposure to nC₆₀ below 8 mg/L had no effects on the hatching rate of medaka embryos, it increased the deformity of hatched larvae. Moreover, the presence of nC₆₀ significantly increased the hatching time of the embryos exposed to atrazine. 14-day exposure of D. magna to nC₆₀ significantly reduced offspring production even at a concentration as low as 0.5 mg/L. This indicates that nC₆₀ is able to reduce the ability of D. magna to produce offspring, and therefore would have an impact on population. For atrazine, no significant difference in offspring production was observed. The nC₆₀ complex with atrazine was also found to significantly decrease the reproduction of D. magna, which was similar to the result of exposure to nC₆₀. These results suggest that nC₆₀ would have potential risks to aquatic organisms. Therefore, much attention should be paid to their associations with other contaminants for fullerene’s risk assessment.     

FeO的制备及其室温下稳定性研究

采用草酸亚铁在高纯Ar气条件下加热分解制备FeO,借助于XRD图谱探讨保护气氛对FeO制备的影响以及FeO在常温下存放的稳定性。结果表明,Ar气保护流量低于400mL/min时,产物相除FeO相外,还分别含有Fe3O4、Fe相,甚至有Fe2O3相杂质;较佳的Ar气保护流量为400mL/min,此时制备的FeO纯度高,其他杂质较少。新制备的FeO样品在干燥、潮湿和室内自然环境中保存,90d内未发生明显相的变化。     

基于FCA—DEA的某型飞机团修理厂维修保障能力评价

航空兵团修理厂直接参与航空装备的维修保障,完成航空装备的定期检查和战伤抢修工作,是空军战斗力形成的重要因素之一。面对新的形势任务和空军跨越式发展的迫切需要,对团修理厂维修保障能力进行评价,大力提高团修理厂的维修保障效能,势在必行。本文首先阐述了某型飞机团修理厂维修保障能力评价流程;然后建立了评价指标体系,并对指标进行量化处理和赋权;最后构建了FCA—DEA综合评价模型．对某型飞机团修理厂维修保障能力进行综合评价,并分析了评价结果。     

口罩对呼吸实境颗粒物的防护及风险消减研究

为了明确口罩对实际环境颗粒物的过滤防护效果,采用呼吸实境采样装置对办公室和企业车间环境进行现场分析,选用3种口罩研究口罩类型、佩戴方式、吸气速率等因素对颗粒物过滤效率和风险消减的影响。结果表明,口罩对颗粒物的过滤效率从高到低依次为：KN95口罩>医用口罩>活性炭口罩,口罩侧面泄露对口罩的防护效果具有重要影响,而吸气速率对口罩颗粒物过滤效率的影响不明显。自然佩戴口罩对车间内不同粒径颗粒物的过滤效率呈现随粒径变大而增加的趋势,佩戴KN95口罩对废塑料破碎车间粗、细颗粒物在人体呼吸系统沉积通量消减率均高于93.5%,建议工人根据车间空气状况和劳动工种合理选择不同类型的防护口罩。     

An evidence for the strong association of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone with some organic species in three Chinese bituminous coals

Three Chinese bituminous coals collected from Shenfu, Heidaigou and Feicheng coal fields were respectively extracted with carbon-disulfide/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone （CS2/NMP） mixed solvent （volume ratio 1：1） at room temperature followed by distillation of CS2 under ambient pressure and subsequent removal of most of NMP by distillation at 110℃ under reduced pressure to afford mixed solvent-extractable fractions （MSEFs） with small amount of NMP. Acetone-extractable fraction 1 （AEF1） was obtained by extracting each MSEF under ultrasonic irradiation at room temperature and subsequently using a Soxhlet extractor. Direct extraction of each bituminous coal affords acetone-soluble fraction 2 （AEF2）. GC/MS analysis shows that m/z of base or secondary peak in mass spectra of a series of components from each AEF1 is 98, whereas such components were not detected in AEF2. Since m/z of base peak in mass spectrum of NMP itself is 99, the base or secondary peak at m/z 98 should result from loss of α-H from NMP, i.e., NMP is strongly associated with some organic species （OSs） and thereby the components detected with base or secodary peak at m/z 98 in their mass spectra should be associated NMP-OS.     

基于实际大气颗粒物环境的口罩防护作用研究

选取5种口罩对北京市不同污染程度的真实环境中4种大气颗粒物的防护作用进行分析,研究颗粒物粒径、口罩种类、吸气流速和环境大气PM2.5浓度对口罩防护作用的影响.结果表明,4种因素均对口罩防护作用具有显著影响.口罩的颗粒物防护作用呈现随颗粒物粒径增加而升高的趋势.4种KN95或KN90 口罩对实际大气颗粒物的防护作用可以达...     

室内PM2.5暴露水平影响研究

近年来,雾霾天气频繁发生,大气污染已引起世界范围的殷切关注;并且成为世界共同研究的课题,其中细颗粒物污染已成为首要问题。而伴随着生活方式的转变,人们越来越注重室内空气品质,因此,室内PM_(2.5)污染已成为亟需解决的问题。通过分析室内PM_(2.5)污染来源以及对人体健康的影响,进行了关于室内PM_(2.5)暴露水平影响的实验研究。结果表明,吸烟是室内PM_(2.5)的主要来源;吸烟时会使室内PM_(2.5)暴露水平显著升高;烹饪会使室内PM_(2.5)暴露水平严重超标;人员活动产生的细颗粒物强度取决于室内的人数、活动类型、活动强度等;室内PM_(2.5)暴露水平受室外影响较大,呈现明显的正相关性。     

重庆涪陵大气污染物特征及其与气象要素的关系

利用重庆涪陵2010—2014年空气质量监测数据和同期的气象资料,分析了涪陵地区大气污染物的变化情况与气象要素的相关关系.结果表明:涪陵从2010到2014年空气质量有变好趋势,迎宾大道和兴华中路的空气质量总体较好,AQI指数优良天数分别占87%和85.6%,PM_(10)为涪陵首要污染物.PM_(10),SO_2质量浓度具有周期性变化特征,从1月至12月为先降低后升高的趋势,每年较冷的12月、1月、2月PM_(10)质量浓度值较高,较热的月份质量浓度值较低.NO_2质量浓度年际间变化幅度较小.PM_(10)与气温、降水量、相对湿度、平均风速具有负相关性,与气压具有正相关,即气温越高、降雨量越大、气压越低、风速越大,PM_(10)质量浓度越低.SO_2,NO_2与气温、气压、降水量均为负相关,与相对湿度正相关.不同月份大气污染物与气象要素的相关性存在较大差异.