季节性商品时间约束下供应链协调策略

在基准报童模型的基础上,加入基础时间竞争因素,建立模型并进行求解分析,证明了单纯的回购契约在零售商对订货量和努力水平同时进行决策时不能实现供应链的协调,提出了一种新的违约共担契约,并证明了在零售商对订货量和努力水平同时进行决策时,违约共担契约和回购契约组合可以使得零售商和供应商获得帕累托改进,实现供应链的协调.研究成果将对季节性商品零售商和供应商在合作过程中的合同签订提供一个有效的指导.     

库存量影响需求的供应链合同

考虑由一个供应商和一个零售商构成的供应链，供应商提供零售商单一产品，而零售商的市场需求则随机地依赖于该商品的初始库存量，供应商希望通过供应链契约达到供应链协调的目的．在单一价格合同下，证明供应链不能达到协调，并讨论了供应商的最优决策．当供应商使用折价回购合同与零售商交易时，假设零售商存在线性／非线性的货架成本，分别讨论了取得供应链协调的条件，比较了零售商存货成本对于合同变量的影响，证明零售商的利润随着回购价格的上升而下降，但是其获得的利润始终大于零．     

零售商主导的供应链回购契约研究

通过建立零售商主导下的批发价格契约模型和回购契约模型,分析了两种契约模型下生产商和零售商的决策,并将两者契约做了对比.研究结果表明,批发价格契约和回购契约都不能实现零售商主导的供应链完美协调,零售商在批发价格契约和回购契约之间选择批发价格契约.数值模拟实验验证了回购契约的研究结果.     

基于随机需求和顾客退货的供应链协调机制

为了加强供应链成员之间的合作关系,构建了与价格及销售努力相关的随机需求下具有顾客退货的单一供应商、单一零售商供应链模型.根据集中决策模式得到供应链协调的一阶必要条件,设计了一种基于回馈与惩罚策略的差别回购契约,论证了该契约可以协调存在顾客退货供应链,使供应商和零售商实现共赢.研究表明:在给定回馈惩罚因子的情况下,供应商可以通过调整销售目标来任意分割整条供应链的利润,且销售目标满足一定范围内供应链的协调才有效.最后通过数值算例验证了上述结论,并分析了顾客退货率对于零售商相关决策变量及供应链总利润的影响.     

需求依赖价格且模糊的供应链回购契约

在需求依赖价格且模糊的假设下,研究了由一个供应商和一个零售商组成的供应链回购契约协调机制.首先,运用可信性理论,建立了分散决策下的Stackelberg博弈模型,给出了模型最优解的求解过程.其次,研究了一体化决策问题,得到了系统最优解,并通过比较说明分散决策不能实现供应链系统的最优化;再次,建立了基于回购契约的供应链协调模型,分析了回购机制下的最优解与集中决策最优解的关系;最后,给出了供应链能够实现完美协调的充分条件.     

回购契约下具有损失厌恶型零售商的供应链协调问题

研究在不确定需求下由单个风险中性的供应商与单个损失厌恶的零售商组成的两级供应链问题。不同于传统的线性损失厌恶效用函数,应用展望理论在回购契约中研究效用函数为分段非线性函数时的零售商的决策行为,以及整个供应链的协调问题。研究表明,损失厌恶的零售商的最优订购量随其损失厌恶程度的增大而减少,随回购价格的增大而增加,且对整个供应链来说存在唯一的一个回购价格,能够使整个供应链达到协调。     

基于风险规避特性的供应链回购契约机制

针对风险规避供应商与风险中性零售商组成的二级供应链协作激励问题。对比分析供应商为风险中性和风险规避者两种情形下,回购契约对零售商多订货行为的影响。采用数值分析手段,定量刻画了回购契约参数与供应商风险规避程度之间的关系。研究结果表明：一但供应商风险规避程度超过一定的限制,回购契约已经不能完善协调供应链,此时需要设计新的协调机制。     

基于Nash协商模型的回购契约机制

在考虑零售商销售边际成本以及供应链缺货惩罚成本的前提下,针对市场为一般随机需求的情况,本文首先论证了传统回购契约在协调供应链时的不合理性,然后在考虑供应链参与双方谈判能力的基础上,建立了基于不对称Nash协商模型的回购契约机制,并证明了此机制在协调供应链的同时可以使得零售商和供应商的收益都得到改善,最后通过数值分析验证了所得到的理论成果.     

回购契约下Stackelberg博弈的供应链利润分配

考虑由单供应商和单零售商组成的二级供应链,建立了供应商与零售商的Stackelberg利润分配博弈模型.用回购契约作为这一供应链模型利润再分配的手段,分析了供应商占主导地位的供应链利润分配均衡.结果表明:供应商可以利用自己的主导地位使得零售商只能获得保留利润,而自己则获得供应链中所有的剩余利润,所制定的利润分配参数也能使供应链达到最优利润水平.     

随机需求下两级供应链回购协调机制供需双方Stackelberg博弈分析

市场需求的快速变化要求供应链成员企业采用灵活的协调机制来提高供应链的运营效率和利润.由单一供应商和单一零售商组成的供应链中,对供需双方分别占主导地位的回购协调机制进行研究,建立了Stackelberg博弈模型,考虑供应链市场需求信息对称且需求具有价格弹性,并确定模型的均衡解.通过Maple软件进行模拟仿真,分析决策变量之间的关系,计算不同类型供应链(无回购、供应商主导或零售商主导的回购机制)中供需双方的利润关系,证实回购机制可以达到双赢,并得出决策变量对利润的影响.模型为供应链成员企业提供决策支持,指导供需双方选择合适的博弈策略以实现销售目标.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-