塔里木盆地塔东2井寒武系稠油分子化石与油源分析

综合运用同位素质谱、色谱、色谱-质谱技术手段研究了塔东2井寒武系稠油分子化石特征.结果表明,塔东2井寒武系稠油具高伽马蜡烷、高C28甾烷、低重排甾烷和高C27-三芳甾烷的特征,与寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩的分子化石特征类似,说明塔东2井寒武系原油源自寒武系-下奥陶烃源岩;塔东2井稠油中检出高丰度的稠环化合物(荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并荧蒽、苯并芘),全油的碳同位素值明显偏重,揭示了原油烃类经热蚀变发生稠化.     

塔里木盆地塔东2井寒武系稠油分子化石与油源分析

综合运用同位素质谱、色谱、色谱-质谱技术手段研究了塔东2井寒武系稠油分子化石特征。结果表明，塔东2井寒武系稠油具高伽马蜡烷、高C28甾烷、低重排甾烷和高C27-三芳甾烷的特征，与寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩的分子化石特征类似，说明塔东2井寒武系原油源自寒武系-下奥陶烃源岩；塔东2井稠油中检出高丰度的稠环化合物（荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并荧蒽、苯并芘），全油的碳同位素值明显偏重，揭示了原油烃类经热蚀变发生稠化。     

歧口凹陷西南缘沙一下亚段原油地化特征及其意义

歧口凹陷西南缘是岩性油气藏发育区,近年来在沙一下亚段湖相碳酸盐岩储层中勘探持续获得工业性油气流,显示出该区良好的勘探前景,已成为大港探区重要的勘探和研究对象。利用气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用仪对沙一下亚段原油进行生物标志物分析,系统研究了原油的地球化学和原油及族组成碳同位素特征。结果表明原油正构烷烃系列的碳数分布范围为nC_(12)~nC_(34),且呈单峰分布,主峰碳为C_(18)~C_(23),强姥鲛烷优势,Pr/Ph为0.33~0.67,伽马蜡烷含量高,TsTm,甾烷呈"L"型分布,αββ规则甾烷含量较低,原油碳同位素值分布范围为-27.3‰~-29‰,生源构成可能以低等水生生物和菌藻类为主,母源形成环境为咸化湖相还原环境,成熟度较低,属于典型的低熟油。油源对比表明,原油主要来源于沙一下亚段低熟烃源岩,多为自生自储型油藏。     

鄱阳湖沉积物正构烷烃特征及其生物源

通过分析鄱阳湖沉积物正构烷烃特征,探讨其沉积有机碳的生物源.鄱阳湖沉积物有机碳含量呈现明显的空间分布差异,距离湖区村庄越远,沉积物有机碳含量减小.沉积正构烷烃以短链烃占绝对优势,正构烷烃C21-/C22+值大于1,(C15+C17)/(C23+C25)值大于2,表明正构烷烃的生物源主要为湖泊菌藻类,且菌藻类生物量贡献的沉积物正构烷烃大于水生沉水植物和陆生植物.湖泊沉积有机质包括湖泊自生源和流域陆生源,在使用总有机碳及其同位素等指标时须有效区分其生物源.鄱阳湖沉积正构烷烃携带了明确的生物源信息,是湖泊生态环境研究的良好指标.     

沾河断陷烃源岩有机地球化学特征

孙吴-嘉荫盆地沾河断陷的主力烃源岩是淘淇河组,属中等烃源岩;有机质类型为Ⅱ2和Ⅲ型;有机质成熟度处于低成熟-成熟阶段.烃源岩抽提物生物标记化合物组成中含有丰富的正构烷烃、类异戊二烯型烷烃、萜类化合物和甾类化合物.正构烷烃呈单峰型分布,nC23、nC27、nC29为主峰碳,重烃组分占有绝对优势,OEP值为1.04 ～3.76,具有明显的奇碳数优势.Pr/Ph比值为0.49 ～2.31,多数接近于1,姥鲛烷和植烷优势不明显.萜烷主要为五环三萜烷,以C30藿烷和C31升藿烷丰度最高,其次是C29降藿烷和Tm;甾类化合物主要成分为规则甾烷C27、C28和C29,ααα20RC27、C28和C29甾烷多数呈不对称的“V”形分布,C29＞ C27＞C28.甾萜烷分布特征反映了孙吴-嘉荫盆地沾河断陷淘淇河组烃源岩的原始有机母质构成中既有丰富的菌藻类等低等水生生物,又有一定比例的陆生高等植物混合输入,其沉积环境为弱氧化弱还原环境.     

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区延长组长6原油地球化学特征及油源分析

通过对原油、含油砂岩、露头剖面样品、钻井泥岩分子地球化学特征和碳同位素的分析表明:鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区长6原油为轻质原油,具有低密度、低黏度、低凝固点的特征;原油和含油砂岩抽提物族组成中,饱和烃含量所占比重大,饱芳比高、原油碳同位素轻,小于-32‰;原油正构烷烃碳数分布型式为前峰型单峰态,正构烷烃保存完整,主峰碳为nC_(13)~nC_(22),原油具明显奇偶优势比,轻质组分占优势,植烷优势明显;原油规则甾烷呈"V"和"L"型分布,β胡萝卜烷含量很低,ααα20RC_(27)甾烷相对含量高于ααα20RC_(29)甾烷;伽马蜡烷含量低,孕甾烷及规则甾烷相对较高,硫芴含量较高,三芳甾烷和甲基三芳甾烷丰度较高,反映了原油的母源形成于盐度不高的沉积环境,有机质母源以浮游水生生物及高等植物的输入为主;原油饱和烃中,甾、萜烷的αααC_(29)甾烷20S/(20S+20R),αααC_(31)甾烷20S/(20S+20R)等参数均处于热演化平均状态,甲基菲指数表明原油处于成熟阶段。通过对延长组长9、长7段烃源岩与长6原油、含油岩心抽提物,甾、萜类化合物特征对比分析表明,长6原油与长9烃源岩的生物标志化合物存在较大差别,二者对比性较差,不具备相关性,没有亲缘关系;长6与长7烃源岩的对比性较好,因此认为长6原油主要来源于长7段烃源岩。     

沾河断陷烃源岩地球化学特征与形成环境

孙吴-嘉荫盆地沾河断陷的主力烃源岩是淘淇河组,属中等烃源岩;有机质类型为Ⅱ2和Ⅲ型;有机质成熟度处于低成熟-成熟阶段。烃源岩抽提物生物标记化合物组成中含有丰富的正构烷烃、类异戊二烯型烷烃、萜类化合物和甾类化合物。正构烷烃呈单峰型分布,nC23、nC27、nC29为主峰碳,重烃组分占有绝对优势,OEP值为1.04～3.76,具有明显的奇碳数优势。Pr/Ph比值为0.49～2.31,多数接近于1,姥鲛烷和植烷优势不明显。萜烷主要为五环三萜烷,以C30藿烷和C31升藿烷丰度最高,其次是C29降藿烷和Tm;甾类化合物主要成分为规则甾烷C27、C28和C29,ααα20RC27、C28和C29甾烷多数呈不对称的“V”形分布,C29>C27>C28。甾萜烷分布特征反映了孙吴-嘉荫盆地沾河断陷淘淇河组烃源岩的原始有机母质构成中既有丰富的菌藻类等低等水生生物,又有一定比例的陆生高等植物混合输入,其沉积环境为弱氧化弱还原环境。     

四川峨眉高桥震旦系——寒武系界线

四川峨眉高桥震旦系—寒武系界线剖面构造简单,沉积连续,化石丰富,是我国研究震旦系与寒武系界线重要剖面之一。本文系统地介绍了峨眉山地区震旦系—寒武系的研究历史,剖面详细分层及岩性和生物特征。论述了本区晚震旦世至早寒武世初期沉积环境的变迁、生物演化及震旦系—寒武系界线划分。本文以首次多门类带壳动物的大量出现作为划分震旦系与寒武系界线的主要依据。寒武系的下界划分在麦地坪组下部以小壳动物Anabarites—Circotheca为代表的化石组合的底界上,并与国内外相当时代的地层及界线进行了对比。     

长江、黄河河口沉积物中生物标志化合物组成的初步研究

该文对长江口、黄河口以及废黄河口现代沉积物中生物标志化合物组成进行分析。结果表明：长江与黄河沉积物中的生物标志化合物组成有较大的差别,长江沉积物中具明显奇偶优势的高碳数正构烷烃以及C29甾烷的相对含量较高,Pr/Ph值较大,受陆生高等植物的影响明显;黄河低碳数正构烷烃和C27甾烷的相对含量较高,Pr/Ph值较小,受陆生高等植物的影响较弱。甾烷、萜烷的成熟度指数显示长江高于黄河、现代黄河高于废黄河。这些差异主要受流域环境背景和流域内人文过程两大不同因素的影响。     

藏北可可西里地区中新世湖相油页岩的生物分子标识及碳同位素异常

对采自藏北可可西里地区中新世湖相油页岩样品进行了有机岩石学和分子地球化学实验分析 ,目的是通过生物分子生态学方法重建古湖泊系统的演化。两个层位油页岩抽提沥青的 GC-MS和 GC-IRMS分析表明 ,剖面下部的油页岩和泥质岩富含β胡萝卜烷和伽马蜡烷 ,沉积环境是一个水体分层的咸水古湖泊系统。色谱 -质谱分析中检出的短链正构烷烃来自于水生生物 ,而以奇数碳 C2 9为主峰且奇偶优势明显的长链 ( C2 3 ～ C3 1 )正烷烃是 C3 型陆生高等植物输入的。植烷和姥鲛烷被解释为来自生活在透光带上部的藻类和蓝细菌 ,β胡萝卜烷可能与栖居于透光带下部的喜盐性古细菌及光合细菌有关 ,藿烷和莫烷代表生活在氧跃面或缺氧底层水中的甲烷菌和化学自养细菌群落。作者发现上部层位油页岩比下部油页岩明显富集 1 3 C,干酪根 δ1 3 C高达 -1 7.76‰ ,正烷烃单体碳同位素 δ1 3 C平均值为 -2 1 .97‰ ,主峰 n C2 3 的 δ1 3 C值可达 -1 5 .0 1‰。经对比证实 ,这种罕见的 1 3 C异常是 C4型植被或绿藻 Botryococcus突然繁盛引起的 ,这预示着中新世末青藏高原隆升可能达到临界高度 ,古湖泊生态系统随着气候变化发生了转型和更新。     

Discovery of marine fossils in the upper part of the Permian Linxi Formation in Lopingian, Xingmeng area, China

Two important geological issues have a long history of debate in the Xingmeng area. The first concerns the final closure of the North China plate, Siberia plate and several intermediate massifs in the area, and the other con- cerns the folding and lifting of the Xingmeng Trough. Dis- agreements arise because of issues involving the tectonic- palaeogeographical environment of the Upper Permian deposits of the Linxi Formation. The Linxi Formation （Upper Permian） is generally considered to be either an exclusively continental deposit or separated into marine- terrigenous facies deposited during the Lower to Middle Linxi Period and continental deposits in the Upper Linxi Period. However, in this study, large numbers of bryozoan and sponge spicule fossils were discovered for this first time in the thick limestone layers and lenses of the upper part of the Linxi Formation found in the Guandi section of Linxi county in eastern Inner Mongolia. At the same time, abun- dant bryozoan fossils were also found in sedimentary tuff slices that were collected from the upper part of the Tao- huayingzi Formation from the Taohuayingzi section in Ar Horqin Banner, and abundant small connecting body crinoid stem fossils were found in the dark shale of the Yangjiagou Formation from the Yangjiagou section of Jiutai county, Jilin Province. These marine fossils provide the first evidence that the Xingmeng area was still a marine or mainly marine environment at the end of the late Permian. This not only provides conclusive evidence for the recognition of the above two major geological issues but also promotes chan- ges in the approach towards research, exploration and development of oil and gas, shale gas （oil）, and other mineral resources that are preserved in the late Permian layers of the Northeast-Xingmeng area.     

Sponge spicules in phosphorites of the Early Cambrian Gezhongwu Formation, Zhijin, Guizhou

Phosphorites occurring at the bottom of the Cambrian system contain abundant small shelly fossils, which are the product of the first episode of life explosion in the Cambrian. It was previously reported that the small shelly fossils are dominated by hyolithids, olivooids, zhijinitids, conodontomorphs, yubelichitids, camenitids and algae, with minor amounts of sponge fossils. Large amounts of sponge spicules, diverse in form, have been found for the first time in the Gezhongwu Formation phosphorites at Shixing, Zhijin County, Guizhou Province, of which such spicules as diaxon-triactins, diaxon-tetractins, pentaxon-pentactins and hexon-hexactins account for 30%. These spicules constitute the sponge clastic phosphorites made up of sponge clastics. Meanwhile, it is also expected that the radiation and diversity of sponge animals started as early as in the earliest Early Cambrian. Habit and burying environment of sponge animal are discussed in the paper.     

Vermicular fossils in the Early Cambrian Xidashan Formation in the Quruqtagh region of Xinjiang, China

Large amounts of vermicular fossils and a minor amount of sponge animal fossils have been found in the Early Cambrian Xidashan Formation in the region of Quruqtagh, Xinjiang. Vermicular fossils are generally more than 50 mm long and 0.3?1.4 mm wide; their wrinkled lamellae are microfine with 3?10 pieces within the length of every each millimeter. The fossils are considered to be Sabellidites cambriensis Sokolov (1965). The Xidashan Formation is the highest stratum in which Sabellidites occur, as has been so far reported.     

甘肃景泰地区早石炭世小个体动物群

在甘肃景泰地区典型剖面(红水堡和黑山剖面)早石炭世地层中,发现由珊瑚、腕足类、苔藓虫和海百合茎组成的小个体动物群,其中各门类化石个体普遍较小,通常只能用毫米级尺度来度量.经研究发现这一动物群既非灾害性死亡群体,也非水流分选堆积物,而是由于其生存环境异于寻常导致生长停滞所形成的特殊动物群."巴彦浩特地区石炭纪生态地层学研究"项目的研究结果提供了沉积环境信息,丰富了找矿资料,对找矿实践具有一定意义.     

Lower Cambrian small shelly faunas from Zhejiang (China)and their biostratigraphical implications

Despite a long history of research on the Early Cambrian in China most available data on small skeletal fossils concern fossil associations of the shallow carbonate platform. Information on skeletal fossils from marginal shelf environments of the Yangtze Platform is scanty, which may reflect the rarity of fossils in deeper sedimentary environments but is also due to limitation of carbonate distribution and outcrops, difficulties in fossil extraction, and a general research focus on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary beds on the carbonate platform. Here we present a documentation of Meishucunian to Qiongzhusian small skeletal fossils from the lower Hetang Formation and the chert unit at its base from the Jiangshan region, Zhejiang Province, representing a relatively deep shelf environment compared to the inner shelf region. The earliest association (Meishucunian) from the chert unit underlying the Hetang Formation is mainly characterized by the occurrence of Protohertzina anabarica, P. unguliformis, Fengzuella zhejiangensis, and Kaiyangites novilis, which differs somewhat in composition from SSF-associations of typical inner shelf deposits. The enigmatic skeletal fossil Fengzuella zhejiangensis, which exhibits an unusual secretional growth mode previously unrecognized from the Early Cambrian, is described in detail. A younger (Qiongzhusian) fossil association contains numerous arthropod remains, such as disarticulated spines of arthropods (Jiangshanodus- and Kijacus-type), which have previously been considered as conodont-like fossils, and bradoriid valves.     

New discovery on dinosaur fossils from Early Jurassic, Sichuan, China

An early and primitive sauropod dinosaur, Gongxianosaurus shibeiensis (gen. et sp. nov.), from Lower Jurassic Dongyuemiao Member of Ziliujing Formation in Shibei Village, Gongxian County, Sichuan Province, China is described, which is among Gongxian dinosaur fossils discovered in 1997. Except for skull incomplete, fossils were well-preserved. It has concurrently some features of both sauropod and prosauropds. It is an intermediate type of evolution from prosauropod to sauropod, provides practical materials for studying of origin and evolution of sauropod dinosaur fauna, and a favourable way for stratigraphic correlation between Early Jurassic Ziliujing Formation and Lower Lufeng Formation, in the Sichuan Basin and the Central Yunnan Basin that lies to its southwest.     

乌鲁木齐祁家沟剖面中上石炭统风暴岩沉积特征

乌鲁木齐祁家沟剖面为北方地槽区中上石炭统的标准剖面。中石炭统祁家沟组和上石炭统奥尔吐组底部为一套风暴流沉积,主要标志有类似Bouma序列的沉积层序、壶模(pot cast)、“口袋状构造”、风暴介壳层、“亚里士多菲库”构造(Aristophycus)、成岩晕圈、丘状层理、液化泄水构造、冲刷-充填构造、冲刷面叠瓦状滞留砾石、定向排列的滞留生物以及撕裂状内碎屑。岩层不稳定,横向变化大。生物均为原地埋藏或经短距离搬运改造的正常浅海生物。     

陕西渭南宋家北沟新近纪/第四纪三门组介形类化石研究

基于对陕西渭南宋家北沟露头剖面的实测,详细描述了新近纪/第四纪三门组的岩性地层及介形化石的垂向分布特征和化石组合划分,鉴定出介形类化石12属27种,识别了线星介-骊山介组合(Lineocypris-Lishania Assemblage)及土星介-小玻璃介组合(Ilyocypris-Candoniella Assemblage).通过介形类化石电镜扫描观察,对其中最具代表性的介形类化石做了壳体表面纹饰研究,划分出多边形近圆网纹纹饰、圆窝形网纹纹饰、锯齿形网纹纹饰、线条状条纹类型、指纹状条纹类型和斑点状纹饰6种类型.     

西藏日喀则地区恰布林组地层学研究

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