鸡白汤多肽序列组成与乳化性能相关性研究

为了研究鸡汤乳化液中多肽序列组成与乳化性能之间的关系,通过炖煮鸡骨架3h获得鸡白汤,离心得到稳定的乳化液层,经过除脂、微滤处理,得到乳化多肽溶液。分析发现多肽的平均长度为13个氨基酸残基,临界胶束浓度值为4mg/mL。乳化多肽溶液经3kDa超滤离心管过滤后,进行高效液相色谱-质谱法序列分析,获得1646条多肽序列。统计发现乳化多肽平均疏水度为4791.70kJ/mol,亲水性氨基酸和疏水性氨基酸组成比例接近,疏水性氨基酸或亲水性氨基酸占比很高的多肽数量较少,强亲水性氨基酸和强疏水性氨基酸在多肽序列中的占比不高,多肽两端亲水性氨基酸较多。该研究旨在为新型多功能多肽表面活性剂的开发提供理论依据。     

Nanoengineered polypeptides from tetraphenylethylene-functionalized N-carboxyanhydride: Synthesis,self-assembly and intrinsic aggregation-induced emission

Ring-opening polymerization of N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) bearing pendant groups creates functional polypeptides. In this paper, we report the design, synthesis and polymerization of tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-modified NCA, which is used to incorporate aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active segments into polypeptides. Specifically, we attempted the synthesis of amphiphilic methoxy poly(ethyleneglycol)-block-poly(γ-benzyl-_l-glutamate)-block-poly(γ-4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)benzyl-_l-glutamate) (PEG-PBLG-PTPELG), which had well-controlled molecular weight and narrow polydispersity. The hydrophilic PEG and hydrophobic PBLG-PTPELG assembled into micelles in aqueous solution with diameter around 70 ​nm, displaying AIE at 480 ​nm. Our work demonstrates that the TPE-modified NCA is applicable for the preparation of the AIE-active polypeptides, integrating the AIE luminogens into the polypeptides which may offer unique opportunities for tuning AIE properties by adjusting the composition and conformation of polypeptides. We preliminarily explored the use of the amphiphilic polypeptides for the formulation of doxorubicin-containing micelles that can potentially be used for real-time monitoring of the nanomedicine distribution.     

花生 2S 蛋白的提取分离及部分性质研究

用低盐缓冲液提取加热处理的方法分离了花生种子的２Ｓ蛋白组分,用激光质谱法测定了２Ｓ蛋白各组分的分子量;用高效液相色谱法测定了２Ｓ蛋白的氨基酸组成;用差示扫描量热法测定了２Ｓ蛋白的加工工艺性质．研究结果表明花生２Ｓ蛋白主要由１７种多肽组成,富含Ｃｙｓ及Ｍｅｔ等含硫氨基酸,且具有很强的耐热性与亲水性．     

Water capture by a desert beetle.

Some beetles in the Namib Desert collect drinking water from fog-laden wind on their backs. We show here that these large droplets form by virtue of the insect's bumpy surface, which consists of alternating hydrophobic, wax-coated and hydrophilic, non-waxy regions. The design of this fog-collecting structure can be reproduced cheaply on a commercial scale and may find application in water-trapping tent and building coverings, for example, or in water condensers and engines.     

基于金纳米通道分离检测百草枯与阿特拉津

利用化学沉积法在聚碳酸酯膜上沉积金,得到的金纳米通道表面带有负电荷,具有亲水性.阿特拉津和百草枯在结构性质上存在差异,百草枯为亲水性分子,水溶液中以阳离子形式存在,而阿特拉津为疏水性分子,水溶液中以分子形式存在,在外加电场的条件下,离子型百草枯由于电泳的作用会发生定向迁移,利用这一特点,实现对两者分子的分离.     

Real-time observation of trigger factor function on translating ribosomes

The contribution of co-translational chaperone functions to protein folding is poorly understood. Ribosome-associated trigger factor (TF) is the first molecular chaperone encountered by nascent polypeptides in bacteria. Here we show, using fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor TF function and structural rearrangements in real time, that TF interacts with ribosomes and translating polypeptides in a dynamic reaction cycle. Ribosome binding stabilizes TF in an open, activated conformation. Activated TF departs from the ribosome after a mean residence time of approximately 10 s, but may remain associated with the elongating nascent chain for up to 35 s, allowing entry of a new TF molecule at the ribosome docking site. The duration of nascent-chain interaction correlates with the occurrence of hydrophobic motifs in translating polypeptides, reflecting a high aggregation propensity. These findings can explain how TF prevents misfolding events during translation and may provide a paradigm for the regulation of nucleotide-independent chaperones.     

Evidence for the formation of heteromultimeric potassium channels in Xenopus oocytes

Potassium channels show a wide range of functional diversity. Nerve cells typically express a number of K+ channels that differ in their kinetics, single-channel conductance, pharmacology, and sensitivity to voltage and second messengers. The cloning of the Shaker gene in Drosophila, and of related genes, has revealed that the encoded K+ channel polypeptides resemble one of the four internally homologous domains of the alpha-subunits of Na+ channels and Ca2+ channels, indicating that K+ channels may form by the co-assembly of several polypeptides. In this report we provide evidence that the Shaker A-type K+ channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes contain several Shaker polypeptides, that heteromultimeric channels may form through assembly of different channel polypeptides, that the kinetics or pharmacology of some heteromultimeric channels differ from those of homomultimeric channels, and that channel polypeptides from the fruit fly can co-assemble with homologous polypeptides from the rat. We suggest that heteromultimer formation may increase K+ channel diversity beyond even the level expected from the large number of K+ channel genes and alternative splicing products.     

聚乙二醇-g-聚天冬氨酸(阿霉素)的制备与毒性

聚天冬氨酸侧链修饰得到聚乙二醇接枝聚天冬氨酸(PEG-g-PAsp),将此载体与抗癌药物阿霉素(ADR)反应,透析后得到PEG-g-PAsp(ADR)胶束.药物ADR作为胶束的核,PEG作为外壳,药物的包封率最高可达29.7%.进行的毒性分析表明形成的纳米粒子与纯药物相比,表现出了更高的抗肿瘤活性.从而证明PEG-g-PAsp可以作为一种非常有潜力的药物载体.     

咪唑类离子液体的亲疏水性对电润湿器件性能的影响

文中研究离子液体应用于电润湿显示器件的导电流体性能. 选取极性较大的乙基咪唑为离子液体的阳离子,改变阴离子的亲疏水性,对比了几种离子液体的温度窗口、粘度等物理性质,并重点研究了离子液体亲疏水性对电润湿特性、油墨萃取、器件响应等方面的影响. 同时,在1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体的阳离子上添加羟基基团,得到具有更强亲水性的离子液体. 结果表明:亲水性高的离子液体在介电材料含氟聚合物表面的初始接触角比较大,对油墨中染料的萃取程度比疏水性离子液体弱,证明了电润湿器件更适合选取亲水性高的离子液体作为导电流体. 最后,以1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑二腈胺盐离子液体作为导电流体制备的电润湿器件得到了较佳的电学和光学响应性能.     

亲水性疏水性织物动态热湿舒适性比较研究

以纯毛织物作为亲水性织物的代表、以纯涤纶织物作为疏水性织物的代表，利用织物动态热湿舒适性能测试仪，采用定量汗液蒸发的方法，研究了两类织物的动态热湿舒适性能，并对两者的差异进行了理论分析。研究表明：在动态条件下由于皮肤要经历干燥—出汗—蒸发—干燥、织物要经历干燥—吸湿—放湿—干燥的过程，此时，亲水性的吸湿性好的织物对汗液的蒸发起了阻碍作用，因此动态条件下使用疏水性的织物比使用亲水性的织物更趋合理。     

膨体聚四氟乙烯改性亲水膜的水过滤性能

采用配位键合理论对疏水性膨体聚四氟乙烯膜（ePTFE）膜进行亲水改性,并对其用于水过滤过程的性能进行了研究。结果表明,亲水改性物质与ePTFE膜结合较好,在26.6kPa的过滤压差驱动下,初始纯水通量达2.0m³/(m²·h)以上,纯水通量较大,且随过滤压差的增加而增大。将亲水改性后的ePTFE膜用于含CaCO₃微粒悬浮液的过滤过程时,截留率在99.0%以上。对ePTFE改性亲水膜在中药浸出液过滤过程中的应用进行了研究,水中悬浮物的去除率可达99.0%以上。     

一种新型两亲性壳聚糖衍生物的合成及性质的研究

首次合成了一种新型非离子型两亲性壳聚糖衍生物(2-羟基-3-丁氧基)丙基-丁二酰化壳聚糖(HBP-SCCHS)。用红外光谱和元素分析等手段对产物结构进行了表征，证明在壳聚糖分子上已成功地引入了疏水和亲水基团。研究表明，该新型壳聚糖衍生物具有良好的表面活性、泡沫性和乳化性，可以作为高分子表面活性剂使用。     

Influences of Cotton Fabric Treatments on Human Physical Responses during Exercise and Recovery

We investigated the influences of liquid water transfer property of cotton fabric on human physiological responses, such as ear canal temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, stress hormone, during exercise and recovery. Long sleeves cotton knitted sportswear treated to have special liquid water transfer property were prepared; （1） Hydrophilic; （ 2 ） Hydrophobic; and （ 3 ） Moisture Management （MM）. Wearing these garments, human subjects ran on treadmill according ＂to a pre-designed experimental protocol. It was found that during exercise hydrophilic cotton caused significantly higher mean skin temperature than MM and hydrophobic cotton fabrics, while during recovery, hydrophilic and MM cotton fabrics caused significantly higher mean skin temperature than hydrophobic cotton fabric. Hydrophilic cotton fabric caused significantly lower heart rate than MM cotton fabric, lower systolic blood pressure than MM and hydrophobic cotton fabrics. Hydrophobic cotton fabric caused significantly higher urinary catecholamine volume than hydrophilic and MM cotton fabric, indicating stronger physical stress. Hydrophilic cotton fabric caused significantly stronger thermal and humidity sensations than MM and hydrophobic cotton fabrics at the end of first and second exercise sessions. Hydrophilic cotton fabric caused significantly stronger discomfort sensation than hydrophobic cotton fabric at the end of first session of exercise. In the end of wear trial, MM cotton fabric caused significantly higher tiredness sensation than hydrophilic and hydrophobic cotton fabrics.     

SUVA值与超滤膜污染的关系

以比紫外吸光度(SUVA)值作为水样中有机物亲疏水特性的表征,基于滤饼过滤模型分析SUVA值变化对膜通量的影响,探究其与膜污染的关系.对以胡敏酸和富里酸配制不同SUVA值的水样进行试验,结果发现:随着水样中胡敏酸质量浓度的升高,SUVA值增大,水中疏水性有机物比例提高,亲水性有机物质量浓度减少;水样经过超滤后SUVA值降低8.35%～43.4%;超滤对有机物的截留以强疏水性有机物为主,截留率在65.79%以上.滤饼过滤模型能很好地拟合试验结果,模型中反应滤饼阻力的kp值与SUVA值显著相关,SUVA值较高的水样,其膜污染程度较高.     

植物叶表的润湿性能与其表面微观形貌的关系

对疏水植物———稗草、狗尾草、虎尾草以及亲水植物———苘麻和菊芋叶表的扫描电镜(SEM)对比分析发现:植物表面微观形貌的特征对亲水与疏水性能具有重要作用.疏水性植物叶表普遍具有微观颗粒状突起单元,单元直径约为5μm;亲水性植物叶表形貌典型特征是具有分布密度均匀的200~400μm长的针状毛刺,依其刺破水膜导致水滴在叶表迅速铺展而形成亲水效果.     

Directed self-assembly of a colloidal kagome lattice

A challenging goal in materials chemistry and physics is spontaneously to form intended superstructures from designed building blocks. In fields such as crystal engineering and the design of porous materials, this typically involves building blocks of organic molecules, sometimes operating together with metallic ions or clusters. The translation of such ideas to nanoparticles and colloidal-sized building blocks would potentially open doors to new materials and new properties, but the pathways to achieve this goal are still undetermined. Here we show how colloidal spheres can be induced to self-assemble into a complex predetermined colloidal crystal-in this case a colloidal kagome lattice-through decoration of their surfaces with a simple pattern of hydrophobic domains. The building blocks are simple micrometre-sized spheres with interactions (electrostatic repulsion in the middle, hydrophobic attraction at the poles, which we call 'triblock Janus') that are also simple, but the self-assembly of the spheres into an open kagome structure contrasts with previously known close-packed periodic arrangements of spheres. This open network is of interest for several theoretical reasons. With a view to possible enhanced functionality, the resulting lattice structure possesses two families of pores, one that is hydrophobic on the rims of the pores and another that is hydrophilic. This strategy of 'convergent' self-assembly from easily fabricated colloidal building blocks encodes the target supracolloidal architecture, not in localized attractive spots but instead in large redundantly attractive regions, and can be extended to form other supracolloidal networks.     

微圆管中流体的微观流动机制

 针对低渗透油藏储层孔隙喉道小的特点,采用管径为20、15、10、5 μm 的微圆管,以去离子水和煤油为流动介质,研究微圆管中流体的微观流动规律,分析去离子水和煤油的实验流速、有效边界层厚度与压力梯度的关系,考察壁面润湿性和流体黏度对微流动规律的影响。研究表明,微管中流体流速与压力梯度基本成线性关系,随着微管管径的减小,流体流动的非线性程度增强,且驱动压力越大,微管有效边界层厚度越小,参与流动的流体更多,有效流体边界层厚度占微管管径的比例也随之降低;微管壁面由亲水性变为疏水性后,流体流速均高于改性前,微管管径越大,作用效果越显著;改变流体黏度时,出现明显的启动压力梯度特征,实验流体黏度从2.40 mPa·s 增至10.20 mPa·s 时,对应的启动压力梯度由1.26 MPa/m 增加到6.83 MPa/m。     

PDMS真空紫外光表面亲水改性研究

PDMS用作人体植入材料和医疗制品已获得广泛应用,但疏水性表面会降低其生物相容性并引起并发症,而亲水改性后的表面,亲水性也会逐渐变差.采用172 nm真空紫外光对PDMS进行表面亲水改性处理后,亲水性在较长时间内得以保持.用红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱和水接触角测试对改性前后材料表面化学组成和亲水性变化进行检测,结果表明:真空紫外光照后,PDMS表面由疏水性转变为亲水性,且表面形成的类玻璃物质大大延缓了其疏水性的恢复.     

X-ray structure of a protein-conducting channel

A conserved heterotrimeric membrane protein complex, the Sec61 or SecY complex, forms a protein-conducting channel, allowing polypeptides to be transferred across or integrated into membranes. We report the crystal structure of the complex from Methanococcus jannaschii at a resolution of 3.2 A. The structure suggests that one copy of the heterotrimer serves as a functional translocation channel. The alpha-subunit has two linked halves, transmembrane segments 1-5 and 6-10, clamped together by the gamma-subunit. A cytoplasmic funnel leading into the channel is plugged by a short helix. Plug displacement can open the channel into an 'hourglass' with a ring of hydrophobic residues at its constriction. This ring may form a seal around the translocating polypeptide, hindering the permeation of other molecules. The structure also suggests mechanisms for signal-sequence recognition and for the lateral exit of transmembrane segments of nascent membrane proteins into lipid, and indicates binding sites for partners that provide the driving force for translocation.