斑节对虾白斑综合症杆状病毒(WSBV)的形态和感染的组织病理研究

应用光镜和电镜研究斑节对虾白斑综合症杆状病毒（ ＷＳＢＶ） 的形态和感染的组织病理,结果证实ＷＳＢＶ 感染的细胞解体坏死．电镜观察对虾肝胰腺细胞未发现病毒粒子,而鳃上皮细胞和甲壳表皮细胞感染３ 种杆状病毒,分别称之为细胞质杆状病毒,细胞核Ⅰ型杆状病毒,细胞核Ⅱ型杆状病毒,病毒粒子大小分别为（１０２ ～１１２） ｎｍ ×（３０８ ～３２６）ｎｍ ,（９８ ～１０５） ｎｍ ×（２６５ ～２７５） ｎｍ ,（１０１ ～１１２） ｎｍ ×（３９１ ～４２０） ｎｍ ．病毒不形成包含体．负染后病毒粒子还可见细端有一乳头状结构,大小约４０ ～５０ ｎｍ ,后带有一宽约１８ ｎｍ 、长约３４０ ｎｍ 的尾．     

杆状病毒感染越冬亲虾的研究——越冬亲虾感染及其垂直传播的…

在中国对虾越冬亲虾中检出杆状病毒，经对病虾鳃，前中肠，卵巢组织进行电镜观察，在这些组织中发现大量有囊膜的杆状病毒，病毒粒子大小约为３６７ｎｍ×１２８ｎｍ，核衣壳为３２４ｎｍ×９２ｎｍ。病毒在细胞内不形成包涵体，在核内或在细胞质的发生基质中装配。从病毒的形态特征，感染组织以及典型的发病症状和病理变化，初步认为亲虾感染的病毒与近年广泛报道的造成养殖对虾大规模流行病的主要病因－－中国对虾杆状病毒为同一种     

中国对虾杆状病毒病的初步研究

１９９３～１９９５年中国对虾发生暴发性流行病,经对患病对虾作组织病理学研究和电镜观察,发现此病以消化系统病变更为严重,肝胰腺,胃及肠道上皮层发生变性和坏死,上皮细胞破坏,细胞核肿大;结缔组织发生水肿,血淋巴细胞浸润,在电镜下,病变组织的细胞核内充满一种杆状病毒,大小为２６０～３１０ｎｍ×９０～１１０ｎｍ外被双层囊膜,不形成包涵体,纯化的病毒经负染后在电镜下见到的大多数是病毒核衣壳,大小为２８６ｎｍ     

长毛对虾碱性磷酸酶功能基因的研究

用对－氯汞苯甲酸修饰该酶分子中的巯基、酶活力不受影响，说明该酶不是“巯基酶”。用Ｎ溴代琥珀酰亚胺修饰酶后，活力完全丧失，修饰后的酶在２７５ｎｍ处的紫外吸收峰完全消失，３４０ｎｍ处荧光发射峰也逐渐下降至完全淬灭，说明色氨酸基是酶活性必需基团之一。     

nm Al粒子的电磁波吸收和金属-绝缘体相变

ｎｍＡｌ粒子在一定的粒径范围内（１０－１７ｎｍ）对电磁波有较强的吸收能力，其吸收率“ａ≈０．４．在这个粒径范围内，Ａ１粒子既不具有完全的金属性，也不具有完全的绝缘性，ｎｍＡｌ粒子的金属·绝缘体相变市是一个突变过程，存在“过渡区”．在过渡区中Ａ１粒子对电磁波的吸收来源于量子尺寸效应。     

nmAl粒子的电磁波吸收和金属—绝缘体相变

ｎｍＡｌ粒子在一定的粒径范围内对电磁波有较强的吸收能力，其吸收率ａ≈０．４．在这个粒径范围内，Ａｌ粒子既不具有完全的金属性。也不具有完全的绝缘性。ｎｍＡｌ粒子的金属－绝缘体相应不是一个个突变过程，存在“过渡区”。     

微乳液法制备r——Al2O3超细粉及其表征

以氢氧化铝溶胶－辛烷基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚－环乙烷体系的微乳液反应为基础，制取超细ｒ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３粒子，最初获得的粒子为ａ－ＡｌＯＯＨ，经４００℃加热处理扣可完全转化为ｒ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３，粒子的平均直径约为９ｎｍ，并具有较好的单分散性。     

微乳液法制备γ—Al_2O_3超细粉及其表征

以氢氧化铝溶胶－辛烷基苯酚聚氧乙烯酸－环己烷体系的微乳液反应为基础，制取超细γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３粒子，最初获得的粒子为α－ＡｌＯＯＨ，经４００℃加热处理后可完全转化为γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３，粒子的平均直径约为９ｎｍ，并具有较好的单分散性．     

长毛对虾碱性磷酸酶性质

从长毛对虾内脏物分离提纯碱性磷酸酶，经快速蛋白液相色谱（ＦＰＩＣ）检验为单一蛋白纯．研究该酶的性质，酶的紫外吸收特征峰在２７８ｎｍ处，荧光激发峰在２８２ｎｍ处，发射光谱特征峰在３４０ｎｍ处．酶的分子量为８２０００道尔顿．酶水解ＰＮＰＰ的最适温度为４７℃、最适ｐＨ为８．２．在３７℃、ｐＨ８．３下，酶的Ｋｍ值为８．０×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ．Ｍｇ２＋对该酶有激活作用，Ｃｕ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋甲醇、乙醇，乙二醇则表现抑制作用．Ｈｇ２＋的抑制作用表现为反竞争性类型，其抑制常数为９．０×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ．     

中国对虾肝胰腺上皮细胞质中杆状病毒增殖的电镜观察

对中国对虾肝胰腺上皮细胞进行透射电镜观察。指出：对虾杆状病毒可在肝胰腺上皮细胞的胞质内增殖，与以细胞核内形成包涵体为特征的增殖方式明显不同。溶酶体在增殖过程中内吞濒临解体的线粒体和病原体，利用线粒体内嵴提供的能量，有规律地组装成杆状病毒的包涵体。这一结果为探讨对虾暴发大面积死亡的病因分析提供了新的途径。     

Occurrence, Development and Histochemical Characteristics of Lymphocystis in Cultured Japanese Flounder （Paralichthys olivaceus）

Occurrence and development of lymphocystis cells in flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, and some his-tochemical features are studied using light and electron microscopy and histochemical methods. Fibrob-lasts engulf virus particles forming phagocytosis vacuole in the cytoplasm. The infected cells proliferate and turn round and hypertrophied; basophilic inclusion bodies, Feulgen-positive, are present in the cyto-plasm, and a hyaline capsule, containing acid ploysaccharide and protein, appears outside cell mem-brane. The mature lymphocystis cells possess numerous virus particles (200～220nm in diameter with a central core 120～140nm) and high electron-dense inclusions with budding virious at the surface in the cytoplasm, and show margination of chromatin. Moderate electron density particles (70～80nm in diame-ter) fill out perinuclear cistema and arrange in crystalloid arrays in nucleus, liberated into the cytoplasm by rupture of nuclear membrane. No virus particles are observed in nucleus. Therefore, inclusion bodies are the sites of virus assembly and maturity, while replication processes of lymphocystis virus are involved in both nuclear and cytoplasmic phases. Besides, strongly basophilic link-like structures are present be-tween adjacent cells or through connective tissue, and virus particles are observed in somewhere of the capsule, thus where may be the spread route of virus from one cell to another or to the environment. The senile lymphocystis cells release virus bv the runture of cells.     

Rescued virus from infectious cDNA clone of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus is adapted to RK13 cells line

RHDV is an extremely pathogenic virus. The mor-tality rate of infected rabbits is almost 99%. The dis-ease caused by RHDV is also called “rabbit plague”, and it has been regarded as one of the most important infection diseases of rabbits. RHDV was desig…     

鳖肝脏组织学的初步观察

鳖肝脏内结缔组织极少,肝小叶分界不清.肝小叶由肝细胞和肝血窦组成,肝细胞呈多面体形,排列成团块状或索状,肝血窦狭小.在鳖肝脏近被膜内缘处,可看到血管分支与肝管分支并行的断面;而在肝脏深部则难以找到,只在个别中央静脉的一侧有小肝管的存在.鳖肝脏内还有淋巴组织的分布.     

鳜暴发流行病病毒性病原研究

患病鳜肾脏、脾脏、肝脏、心脏、鳃中发现二十面体病毒粒子,肾脏和脾脏是其感染主要器官．成熟病毒粒子直径１５０ｎｍ,核心球状,直径１０５ｎｍ．受感染细胞肿大,直径为正常细胞３～４倍,细胞核萎缩,为正常细胞核直径１／３．病毒粒子部分纯化后,经腹腔人工感染,第７天开始死亡,１０ｄ内死亡率为１００％,表现与池塘养殖状态相同症状,并在人工感染鳜肾和脾中电镜观察发现大量相同病毒粒子,命名为传染性脾肾坏死病毒（ｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｕｓｓｐｌｅｅｎａｎｄｋｉｄｎｅｙｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓｖｉｒｕｓ,ＩＳＫＮＶ）．     

抗结核药所致肝损害的发生机制及影响因素

药物性肝损害是抗结核治疗药物中最常见的毒副作用之一,其发生机理与抗结核药物引起的肝细胞变性坏死等有关.乙肝病毒携带、个体免疫状态、既往肝病史等均是影响药物性肝炎的主要因素.为避免结核病人发生药物性肝损害,治疗前须先检测乙肝标志物,并密切观察其肝功能的变化,以减轻抗结核治疗中的药物性肝损害.     

锯缘青蟹一种球状病毒的分离和组织病理观察

从患病锯缘青蟹组织中分离出一种无囊膜球状病毒,直径50~60 nm.通过病理切片观察,病蟹肝胰腺、肌肉、心脏、肠和鳃等多处组织器官受到感染,该病毒分布在细胞浆中,呈晶格状排列,不形成包涵体;这种病毒会导致细胞瓦解,细胞核肿大变形,核质聚缩,核膜破损,肌丝断裂,线粒体坏死等症状.     

赤桉木材微纳米粒子溶出规律的研究

采用单因素试验法,分析赤桉溶出粒子的特征,探索赤桉木材纳米粒子在索氏抽提、超声波抽提、冷冻抽提、激光等离子抽提中的溶出规律。结果表明：（1）回归曲线显示,在索氏抽提过程中,抽出量随赤桉木片抽提时间延长而增大;（2）在索氏苯/醇抽提过程中,以体积分数为评价指标时,溶出的纳米粒子直径主要集中在37.8～106nm,60.27%;以数量分数为评价指标时,溶出的纳米粒子直径主要集中在28.2～91.3nm,83.68%; 4150～5560、4150～5560nm、1110～6440nm的粒子数量极少而无法测试,其体积分数仅分别为0.3％、0.3％、2.6％,但足以对木材渗透产生屏障、对制浆产生树脂障碍;（3）超声波抽提过程中,粒径在28.2～78.8 nm之间的纳米粒子的体积分数为80.1％,粒径在24.4～50.7 nm之间的粒子数占89.0％,而粒径在190～396 nm之间的粒子体积占15.2％,且数量极少;冷冻抽提过程中,粒径在18.2～32.7 nm之间的纳米粒子的体积分数为89.0％,粒径在18.2～28.2 nm之间的粒子数占88.6％,而粒径在220～531 nm之间的粒子体积占4.7％,且数量极少;激光等离子抽提过程中,粒径在11.7～18.2 nm之间的纳米粒子的体积分数为92.3％,粒径在11.7～18.2 nm之间的粒子数占96.5％,而粒径在220～396 nm之间的粒子体积占1.6％,且数量极少。由此可见,超声波、冷冻预处理、激光等离子在抽提中均能降低赤桉木材微纳米粒子的集聚程度,而且还能提高微纳米粒子的溶出量,其中激光等离子抽提效果最好。     

用二茂铁催化生长竹节状碳纳米管

利用二茂铁(ferrocene)作催化剂,高温分解乙烯得到具有竹节状的碳纳米管．管内具有明显的圆锥结构,圆锥的排列与管的轴线一致,但形状大小不一．管的直径大约有100nm,并且在其末端并没有观察到催化剂颗粒,少数竹节状碳纳米管还有分叉现象．     

Three-dimensional structure of the wild-type RHDV

The three-dimensional (3D) structure of the wild-type rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) has been determined to a resolution of 3.2 nm by electron cryomicroscopy and computer image reconstruction techniques. The 3D density map exhibits characteristic structural features of a calicivirus: a T=3 icosahedral capsid with 90 arch-like capsomeres at the icosahedral and local 2-fold axes and 32 large surface hollows at the icosahedral 5- and 3-fold axes. This result confirms that the RHDV isolated in China is a member of the Caliciviridae family. A rather continuous capsid shell was found without channels. However, our RHDV structure also reveals some distinct structural characteristics not observed in other caliciviruses, including interconnected capsomeres and the lack of protuberance on the base of each of the surface hollows. Two types of particles were identified with similar outer capsid structure but different density distributions inside the capsid shells, which could not be distinguished by conventional negative staining electron microscopy. As the genomic and subgenomic RNAs are both packaged into particles for RHDV, we suggest that the two types of particles identified correspond to those containing either the genomic or subgenomic RNAs, respectively.     

Stable sulphate clusters as a source of new atmospheric particles

The formation of new atmospheric particles with diameters of 3-10 nm has been observed at a variety of altitudes and locations. Such aerosol particles have the potential to grow into cloud condensation nuclei, thus affecting cloud formation as well as the global radiation budget. In some cases, the observed formation rates of new particles have been adequately explained by binary nucleation, involving water and sulphuric acid, but in certain locations--particularly those within the marine boundary layer and at continental sites--observed ambient nucleation rates exceed those predicted by the binary scheme. In these locations, ambient sulphuric acid (H2SO4) levels are typically lower than required for binary nucleation, but are sufficient for ternary nucleation (sulphuric acid-ammonia-water). Here we present results from an aerosol dynamics model with a ternary nucleation scheme which indicate that nucleation in the troposphere should be ubiquitous, and yield a reservoir of thermodynamically stable clusters 1-3 nm in size. We suggest that the growth of these clusters to a detectable size (> 3 nm particle diameter) is restricted by the availability of condensable vapour. Observations of atmospheric particle formation and growth from a continental and a coastal site support this hypothesis, indicating that a growth process including ternary nucleation is likely to be responsible for the formation of cloud condensation nuclei.