石墨烯在光电器件中的应用

 讨论了近年来石墨烯在太阳能电池、有机发光二极管以及场致发射器件方面的应用研究。石墨烯是碳的同素异形体的一种,是二维的薄膜材料,具有独特的导电特性及机械弯曲性能,可以作为太阳能电池、有机发光器件的柔性电极;石墨烯与有机聚合物材料复合可以形成大的给体受体界面,有利于太阳能电池中激子的扩散速率、载流子迁移率的提高,可以作为有机太阳能电池的电子受体材料;石墨烯具有一维尖锐的刀口状边缘,具有大的电场增强系数,同时由于石墨烯自身的良好导电能力,可以作为场致发射器件中的电子传导与电场发射材料。石墨烯在光电器件中应用的深入研究有望突破目前光电技术的发展瓶颈,是一个极具前景的新研究领域。     

A review on hybridization modification of graphene and its polymer nanocomposites

Recently,graphene has attracted numerous interests from both fundamental and applied fields due to its excellent mechanical,thermal,electrical conductivity and other novel properties.This review gives an overview of recent progress on hybridization modifications of graphene with carbon nanomaterials.Some example applications of graphene-based nanohybrids in polymer composites,optical and conducting materials,high performance electrolyte materials and as well as other functional materials are summarized and discussed.     

Porous graphene: Properties, preparation, and potential applications

Graphene has recently emerged as an important and exciting material.Inspired by its outstanding properties,many researchers have extensively studied graphene-related materials both experimentally and theoretically.Porous graphene is a collection of graphene-related materials with nanopores in the plane.Porous graphene exhibits properties distinct from those of graphene,and it has widespread potential applications in various fields such as gas separation,hydrogen storage,DNA sequencing,and supercapacitors.In this review,we summarize recent progress in studies of the properties,preparation,and potential applications of porous graphene,and show that porous graphene is a promising material with great potential for future development.     

功能化石墨烯的性能与应用

石墨烯是一种具有独特二维晶体结构的新型碳纳米材料,具有优异的力学、电学、光学和热学性能,但是在溶剂中难以分散限制了其在很多领域的应用.功能化石墨烯提高了分散性,充分发挥了石墨烯的优良性能,在储能、生物医药、传感器和复合材料方面具有光明的应用前景.综述了石墨烯和功能化石墨烯的制备方法、优良性能及其各领域的应用.     

半导体量子线制备方法及研究动态

一维半导体材料由于其在空间二维的量子限域作用，而显示出非线性光学性能、光致发光、独特的光电性能以及单电子效应等，这些特性在电子和光电子元件方面具有潜在的巨大应用价值。一维半导体材料的制备技术已得到广泛研究，文献中报道了许多制备方法。对目前国内外制备半导体量子线的最新研究成果和方法进行了讨论，并对半导体量子线制备研究的发展趋势进行了预测。     

石墨烯吸附材料的制备与应用研究进展

石墨烯具有独特的结构、优异的性能,在诸多领域有广泛的应用.石墨烯层的原子均为表面原子,其表面积非常大,是天然的吸附材料.其易于制备、成本低廉等优势使得石墨烯吸附材料成为水处理研究中的热点.石墨烯及其复合材料已经在重金属、染料、杀虫剂、抗生素、石油等污染物的治理方面得到应用.综述了石墨烯吸附材料的制备方法以及其在污水处理方面的应用.分析了污染物在石墨烯吸附材料上的吸附行为,并讨论了石墨烯与污染物的相互作用.着重关注官能团对石墨烯吸附材料性能的影响,从化学视角提出了设计高效石墨烯吸附剂的思路.     

石墨烯专利技术国际研发态势分析

石墨烯是物理学、化学、材料科学等领域近年来的研究热点之一。因其集优异的电学、力学、光学、化学和热学等性能于一身,石墨烯已经成为一个备受关注、竞争非常激烈的新兴技术领域,近年来全球相关专利申请数量持续快速增长。该文基于DII数据库,利用TDA、Aureka等分析工具,对全球石墨烯相关专利进行了分析,揭示了全球石墨烯相关专利技术的研发和竞争态势。     

金属-石墨烯光子晶体复合结构多带光吸收器设计中金属材料的选择

研究表明,具有金属-石墨烯光子晶体-金属结构的光吸收器可实现多带吸收。这种光吸收器是在由石墨烯和介质材料构成的石墨烯光子晶体两侧加载金属层构成。所加载的金属材料的光学特性对多带吸收特性具有很大的影响。采用金属介电常数的Drude-Lorentz色散模型和传输矩阵法,比较分析了七种金属材料在可见光波段对光吸收器多带吸收特性的影响。发现金属银适合做光吸收器入射空间一侧的金属层材料,而金属铝、银、金和铜适合做衬底层材料。进一步的计算发现,只使用银做加载金属材料可实现一致性好、制作容差大、吸收带宽窄的多带光吸收器。研究结果对实际多带光吸收器的设计提供了参考。     

基于第一性原理计算Stone-Wales石墨烯的光学性质

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算研究了一种新型二维材料Stone-Wales(SW)石墨烯的光学性质。基于介电函数，反射谱和吸收谱等参数对其进行研究。结果显示这种狄拉克碳材料的光学性质在不同极化光下都表现出强各向异性。介电函数实部表明其静态介电常数大，这说明该材料具有很多可利用的自由载流子，所以具有优良的导电性，可作为新一代纳米电子器件的候选材料。此外，吸收光谱和反射光谱表明了SW石墨烯在全光谱区内具有比较敏感的光谱响应，这说明该材料在光电子器件领域非常具有应用前景。     

Functionalization of graphene materials by heteroatom-doping for energy conversion and storage

Recent development in nanoscience and nanotechnology has opened up new frontiers in materials science and engineering to create new materials for energy generation and storage. Owing to their earth abundance, low-cost, structural tunability, large-surface area, and unique physicochemical properties, graphitic carbon materials have attracted a great deal of attention for energy-related applications. However, the pristine graphene materials without functionalization is intractable (insoluble and infusible), which has hindered their practical applications. Therefore, considerable research effort has been devoted to the development of functionalized graphene materials with desirable properties for specific applications, including energy conversion and storage. It was demonstrated that functionalized graphene materials with tunable work functions were useful as charge-extraction materials to effectively improve solar cell performance while those with high electrocatalytic activities could be used as metal-free catalysts in fuel cells, metal-air batteries, water splitting and integrated energy systems. This article provides a timely focused review on the development of heteroatom-doped graphene materials for low-cost, but efficient, energy generation and storage.     

晶圆级二维单晶材料生长的研究进展

低维材料因其原子级的物理尺寸而拥有独特的物理化学性质. 以石墨烯为代表的二维材料具有优越的光学、电学、力学及热学性能,在电子、光电、能源、催化等领域具有巨大的应用潜力. 大尺寸、高质量的单晶材料是大规模高端器件的应用基础. 为此,研究者们致力于实现晶圆级二维单晶材料的制造研究. 利用化学气相沉积法(CVD)制备二维材料具有薄膜质量高、可控性强、均匀性好等优点,因此,CVD成为制备高质量二维单晶材料的首选. 文章从二维导电石墨烯、绝缘氮化硼和半导体过渡金属硫族化合物入手,总结了近年来利用CVD技术外延制造二维单晶薄膜的研究进展,讨论了大面积二维单晶材料的制备策略与生长机理,指出了目前存在的问题,对未来高质量二维单晶薄膜的制备方法进行了展望. 该综述为进一步推动二维单晶材料的规模化应用提供借鉴.     

Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper

Free-standing paper-like or foil-like materials are an integral part of our technological society. Their uses include protective layers, chemical filters, components of electrical batteries or supercapacitors, adhesive layers, electronic or optoelectronic components, and molecular storage. Inorganic 'paper-like' materials based on nanoscale components such as exfoliated vermiculite or mica platelets have been intensively studied and commercialized as protective coatings, high-temperature binders, dielectric barriers and gas-impermeable membranes. Carbon-based flexible graphite foils composed of stacked platelets of expanded graphite have long been used in packing and gasketing applications because of their chemical resistivity against most media, superior sealability over a wide temperature range, and impermeability to fluids. The discovery of carbon nanotubes brought about bucky paper, which displays excellent mechanical and electrical properties that make it potentially suitable for fuel cell and structural composite applications. Here we report the preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper, a free-standing carbon-based membrane material made by flow-directed assembly of individual graphene oxide sheets. This new material outperforms many other paper-like materials in stiffness and strength. Its combination of macroscopic flexibility and stiffness is a result of a unique interlocking-tile arrangement of the nanoscale graphene oxide sheets.     

Graphene-based hybrid materials and their applications in energy storage and conversion

Graphene attracts more and more scientists and researchers owing to its superior electronic,thermal,and mechanical properties.For material scientists,graphene is a kind of versatile building blocks,and considerable progress has been made in recent years.Graphene-based hybrid materials have been prepared by incorporating inorganic species and/or cross-linking of organic species through covalent and/or noncovalent interactions.The graphene-based hybrid materials show improved or excellent performance in various fields.In this review,we summarize the synthesis of graphene and graphene-based hybrid materials,and their applications in energy storage and conversion.     

石墨烯/聚合物纳米复合材料研究进展

 石墨烯是由单层碳原子通过共价键结合形成的二维片层状结构,是一种新型碳类纳米材料,具有优异的力学、电学和热学等性能,被认为是一种非常有前景的材料,近年来广泛用于改性各种聚合物。本文回顾了石墨烯/聚合物纳米复合材料的制备方法、性能和应用现状;综述了石墨烯/聚合物纳米复合材料的强度、刚度、韧性、电学和热学等性能的研究进展。主要内容包括石墨烯改性聚合物常见的3种制备方法(溶液共混、熔融共混和原位聚合)及其对石墨烯在聚合物基体中分散性的影响,石墨烯/聚合物纳米复合材料力学性能变化规律与作用机理,石墨烯微观结构等因素对材料热学性能以及导电阈值的影响等;讨论了石墨烯/聚合物纳米复合材料的潜在应用和面临的挑战和机遇,并展望了其低成本产业化的发展前景。     

氧化石墨烯对隧道衬砌混凝土性能影响研究

氧化石墨烯作为一种新型功能材料,对水泥基材料有增强增韧的作用,隧道衬砌结构是沿隧道洞身用混凝土材料修建的永久性支护结构,由于特殊的服役环境,衬砌结构耐久性和力学性能比普通混凝土要求更高,且其耐久性主要体现在抗氯离子性能上。为提高衬砌结构性能,考虑在衬砌材料中添加不同掺量的氧化石墨烯,分别进行力学试验和抗氯离子渗透试验。试验结果表明：当氧化石墨烯掺量为0.03%时,混凝土28d抗压强度为55.93MPa（相比普通混凝土提高约30.77%）,28d抗折强度为10.90MPa（相比普通混凝土提高约21.92%）且抗氯离子性能也有明显的提高     

水热法制备不同形貌纳米片状MoS_2的光催化性能

二硫化钼是类似于石墨烯的二维层状材料,其优异的磁学性能、电学性能、催化性能和光学性能受到了科研人员的广泛关注.通过水热法制备出4种不同形貌的二硫化钼纳米片.对二硫化钼样品进行扫描电子显微镜测试,以200 W钨丝灯为光源,在暗箱中进行甲基橙溶液的降解测试.通过紫外可见光分光光度计对测试样品溶液进行吸光度测试,得出纳米片状的二硫化钼光催化降解甲基橙溶液降解率最高.     

Unique synthesis of graphene-based materials for clean energy and biological sensing applications

Graphene has unique physical properties,and a variety of proof-of-concept devices based on graphene have been demonstated.A prerequisite for the application of graphene is its production in a controlled manner because the number of graphene layers and the defects in these layers significantly influence transport properties.In this paper,we briefly review our recent work on the controlled synthesis of graphene and graphene-based composites,the development of methods to characterize graphene layers,and the use of graphene in clean energy applications and for rapid DNA sequencing.For example,we have used Auger electron spectroscopy to characterize the number and structure of graphene layers,produced single-layer graphene over a whole Ni film substrate,synthesized well-dispersed reduced graphene oxide that was uniformly grafted with unique gold nanodots,and fabricated graphene nanoscrolls.We have also explored applications of graphene in organic solar cells and direct,ultrafast DNA sequencing.Finally,we address the challenges that graphene still face in its synthesis and clean energy and biological sensing applications.     

先进材料及其应用研究进展

论述了极限材料、智能材料、复合材料及梯度功能材料等先进材料的开发与应用研究进展.超微粒子和纳米材料等极限材料具有巨大的表面积,因而具有特殊的磁、光、电、热特性,已成为新材料的基本组元;非晶材料则具有很高的强度,良好的电磁特性和耐腐蚀特性.形状记忆材料、压电材料、电(磁)流变体、光纤、储氢金属等智能材料具有特殊的热、力、电、磁、光效应,是智能元件和智能结构的重要组分.定向凝固复合材料属平衡反应型复合材料,晶界少,具有良好的热稳定性和抗疲劳性,是理想的高温材料.梯度功能材料的成分、组织及化学、力学、热学性能也呈梯度变化,可缓和应力集中,延长使用寿命,成分的梯度变化,也赋予材料一些特殊性质,材料制作与性能评价方法将是梯度功能材料今后研究的重点.     

氧化石墨烯制备及其结构表征

本文以不同类型的石墨为原料,采用密闭氧化法制备了氧化石墨,并通过超声剥离得到氧化石墨烯,利用氨肼还原法将氧化石墨烯还原得到石墨烯。讨论了不同类型石墨原料对所制备氧化石墨烯微观形貌的影响,并且利用高分辨率扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）对所制备的氧化石墨烯和石墨烯进行了结构表征,结果表明,在以不同类型石墨为原料所制备的氧化石墨烯中,50目天然鳞片制备的氧化石墨烯的微观形貌最好,呈波浪褶皱状。     

石墨烯微片对放电等离子烧结制备铜基摩擦材料性能的影响

采用放电等离子烧结技术(spark plasma sintering,SPS)制备铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料,研究石墨烯微片含量对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料物理性能和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明：当石墨烯微片质量分数低于4%时,材料的密度、孔隙率和抗剪切强度随石墨烯微片含量的增加而升高;当石墨烯微片质量分数超过4%后,材料的密度、孔隙率及抗剪切强度随石墨烯微片含量的增加而略微减小;石墨烯微片质量分数为4%时,铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料具有最优的摩擦性能,此时其布氏硬度为82,剪切强度为98.73 MPa。