Associations between indoor environmental smoke and respiratory symptoms among preschool children in Shanghai, China

Whether indoor environmental smoke is harmful for preschool children’s respiratory health in a society where female smoking is rare has not been determined. This study is part of a cross-sectional study (CCHH study-phase one in Shanghai) and investigated associations between parental smoking and incense-burning and respiratory symptoms among 4–6 year old children in Shanghai, China. A number of 13335 valid questionnaires (response rate: 85.3%) were analyzed. A number of 56.1% (as reported by a parent) of preschool children in Shanghai are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). A number of 40.3% of fathers and 0.9% of mothers are smokers. A number of 53.7% and 12.6% of Shanghai residents have used mosquito-repellent incense and incensation respectively. Children exposed to any parental smoking have higher prevalence of wheeze and croup than those not exposed. Current maternal smoking has a significant and positive association with wheeze (in the last 12 months, AOR, 95% CI: 1.83, 1.11–2.99). However, paternal smoking either currently or at child’s birth had only weak associations with wheeze and croup. Incense-burning (mosquito-repellent incense and incensation) had significant and negative association with doctor-diagnosed asthma (AOR, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.73–0.99) and hay fever (AOR, 95% CI: 0.80, 0.70–0.93). The results indicate that maternal smoking perhaps is a stronger risk factor for children’s respiratory health than paternal smoking.     

Prenatal and early life home environment exposure in relation to preschool children’s asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in Taiyuan, China

Prenatal and early life home environment might be related to children’s asthma or allergic diseases later in life.A cross-sectional epidemiological study was designed and a questionnaire survey was performed in 3700 preschool children in urban areas in Taiyuan,Shanxi Province,China.Questions on children’s asthma and allergic diseases from the International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood(ISAAC)were integrated with questions on home environment from the Swedish Dampness in Buildings and Health(DBH)study,appropriately modified for Chinese life habits.By multivariate regression analyses controlling for age,gender,heredity,location in urban/suburban or rural areas,environmental tobacco smoke(ETS)and breastfeeding,we found that home new furniture(HNF)before birth(referring to 1 year before pregnancy and during pregnancy)was positively associated with wheezing ever(odds ratio(OR)1.23 with 95%CI of 1.03–1.48)and wheezing last 12 months(1.24,1.00–1.54),allergic rhinitis(AR)(1.26,1.06–1.51),and eczema(1.42,1.01–1.99).HNF between 0–1 years old was also positively associated with wheezing last 12 months.Home new decoration(HND)during 0–1 years old was positively associated with AR symptoms and eczema symptoms,more in the last 12 months.Stronger positive associations were found for signs of home mold and dampness with almost all children’s asthmatic and allergic symptoms(OR ranging from 1.23–1.85,P<0.05).By mutual adjustment between HNF before children’s birth and home mold or dampness,all the significance remained unchanged.Prenatal HNF and home mold or dampness was independently associated with children’s asthmatic and allergic diseases later in life.     

北京燕山石化区2008例妊娠期女性碘营养状况调查

目的：了解燕山石化区妊娠期女性碘营养状况，为预防碘缺乏或碘过量提供科学依据.方法：采用尿液碘测定试剂盒，对妊娠期妇女尿液中碘的浓度进行检测.结果：燕山石化区妊娠期女性碘缺乏率占30.88%，碘过量率较低，占0.35%.结论：本地区孕妇对碘营养状况的重要性认识不足，需要加强干预.     

吉林地区孕妇弓形虫感染的免疫学检测临床研究

目的探索吉林地区孕妇弓形虫感染情况.方法运用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测196例孕妇(妊娠8周～7个月)静脉血中弓形虫(Toxoplasma godii,TO)抗体,即Tox-IgG抗体和Tox-IgM抗体.结果发现有猫犬接触史(指现在或曾经养过猫犬的)的孕妇弓形虫感染率明显高于无猫犬接触史的孕妇(P<0.01),两者有显著性差异;但城市与乡镇孕妇弓形虫感染率无显著性差异(P>0.05);而首次妊娠孕妇与非首次妊娠孕妇弓形虫感染率有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论有无猫犬接触史是孕妇感染弓形虫的主要因素,二者相关性显著.     

406例孕妇营养指导效果评价

目的:探讨孕妇指导性营养膳食方案对孕妇自身健康及新生儿生长发育的影响。方法:将围产期保健的812名孕妇随机分为两组,一组为孕妇营养指导组,另一组为自由进食组。根据中国居民孕中期膳食营养素推荐摄入量(RNI)为标准,利用营养分析软件对两组孕妇孕中、晚期摄入的食物种类和数量进行统计分析;测定孕妇孕中、晚期的血红蛋白含量,对812例孕妇的生产方式、术后并发症、新生儿体重、新生儿并发症等进行统计分析。结果:实验组孕妇在孕中、晚期摄取食物的营养素均能达到RNI的90%以上,而对照组孕妇孕中、晚期热能、蛋白质均未达到80%,两组比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组微量元素钙、铁、锌、碘供给不足,尤其钙供给严重不足,两组比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组孕妇孕中、晚期血红蛋白含量均明显高于对照组,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组的剖宫产、产后出血、巨大儿和低体重儿例数均明显低于对照组,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:制定合理全面的营养膳食方案,可保证孕妇充足的营养和平衡合理的膳食结构,有利于母子健康。将其列入围产保健内容具有重要意义。     

香烟烟雾染毒改良方法的应用

目的 探讨烟雾染毒的改良方法对小鼠存活率的影响。方法 在普通烟雾染毒方法的基础上,改进制作一种可向染毒箱底部通入空气以增加氧气量,并能同时监测温度的染毒装置。将实验对象昆明系小鼠分为对照组(在普通染毒装置中,不染毒),染毒1组(普通染毒方法),染毒2组(改进的染毒方法)进行实验,应用统计软件SPSS20. 0分析比较各组之间小鼠的生存率、染毒装置内氧浓度以及总悬浮颗粒浓度变化。结果 共选取160只昆明系小鼠,并随机分为对照组40只,染毒1组60只,染毒2组60只,均雌雄各半。实验结果发现,染毒2组小鼠的存活率显著高于染毒1组,差异具有统计学意义(x~2=7. 647 P=0. 02<0. 05),染毒1组装置内的氧浓度明显低于染毒2组氧浓度,且染毒2组装置内的氧浓度波动小,差异具有统计学意义(F=5. 260,P=0. 045<0. 05)。染毒1组和染毒2组装置内的TSP浓度差异没有统计学意义,说明改进的烟雾染毒装置不影响毒物的剂量和染毒过程。结论 改良的烟雾染毒装置会使实验动物在非药物因素作用下的死亡率降低,且不影响实验染毒过程。     

妊娠期子宫动脉彩色多普勒超声表现与不良妊娠结局的关系

目的:探讨妊娠期子宫动脉彩色多普勒频谱表现与不良妊娠结局的关系.方法:147例24～38周单胎妊娠妇女,正常妊娠115例,不良妊娠结局者32例,均进行子宫动脉彩色多普勒检查,测定搏动指数(PI),观察有无舒张早期切迹,将它们进行比较分析.结果:(1)孕妇发生早产、重度妊娠期高血压、胎儿生长受限(FGR)以及新生儿出生后1 min Apgar评分＜7分等不良妊娠结局者的PI值较正常组增高,双侧舒张早期切迹发生率亦明显增高,差别有统计学意义(P＜0.01);(2)轻度妊娠期高血压子宫动脉PI值和舒张早期切迹与正常组比较无明显差别(P＞0.05).结论:子宫动脉PI值增高尤其同时伴有舒张早期切迹时,提示孕妇发生异常妊娠结局可能性大;彩色多普勒检查对重度妊娠期高血压子宫动脉监测价值大于轻度妊娠期高血压.     

血清硒元素与妊娠期糖尿病相关性分析

目的探析血清硒元素与妊娠期糖尿病相关性.方法2020年3月—2021年9月,依据入选标准选取360例孕妇为研究对象,分为对照组和观察组,对照组为180名体检正常的孕妇,GDM诊断结果为阴性;观察组为180名GDM诊断结果为阳性的孕妇,接受住院治疗.对同组孕妇不同妊娠期硒元素水平、两组孕妇相同妊娠期硒元素水平、两组孕妇妊娠结局和新生儿结局进行对比.结果两组孕晚期孕妇血清硒元素水平显著低于孕中期和孕早期孕妇（P<0.05）,孕中期孕妇血清硒元素水平显著低于孕早期孕妇（P<0.05）,并且观察组不同妊娠期孕妇硒元素水平均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组不良妊娠结局发生率和不良新生儿结局发生率均高于对照组.结论血清硒元素与妊娠期糖尿病具有较强的相关性,因此在妊娠期间对孕妇进行微量元素检测,为孕妇补充硒元素具有积极意义.     

三聚氰胺对孕鼠毒性作用动物模型的建立

目的为研究三聚氰胺对孕鼠的毒性作用建立动物模型。方法以120、240、360、480、600、720 mg/kg·d剂量的三聚氰胺给孕鼠灌胃,对照组等量蒸馏水灌胃,观察孕鼠的生长及生产情况,采用ELISA检测新生鼠血液和肾脏中的三聚氰胺、检测新生鼠肾脏功能、HE染色观察新生鼠肾组织病理变化。结果灌胃剂量为720 mg/kg·d的实验组出现明显变化：孕鼠体重增长率降低（P〈0.05）;新生鼠产量降低（P〈0.05）;新生鼠血液和肾脏内三聚氰胺浓度高于对照组（P〈0.05）;新生鼠肾脏功能下降;肾脏组织出现明显病理变化。结论灌胃720 mg/kg·d浓度的三聚氰胺对孕鼠产生严重的毒性作用,成功建立了三聚氰胺对孕鼠毒性作用的动物模型。     

Housing characteristics and indoor environment in relation to children’s asthma, allergic diseases and pneumonia in Urumqi, China

In order to evaluate the prevalence of childhood asthma, allergic diseases and pneumonia in Urumqi City, China, as well as its associations with housing and home characteristics, a cross-sectional study was performed in 4618 children (81.7% response rate, average age 4.7±0.9 year, boys accounting for 53.7%). Questions on children’s asthma and allergic diseases were from the International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) and were integrated with questions on the home environment from the Dampness in Buildings and Health (DBH) study, slightly modified to account for Chinese building characteristics and life habits. The prevalences of physician diagnosed asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR) and pneumonia were 3.6%, 8.7% and 40.9%, respectively. One fourth of children reported wheezing and more than 40% AR symptoms in the last 12 months. Controlling for confounding factors, positive associations were found for home mold/dampness and wheezing (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.07–1.66), AR symptoms (1.34, 1.09–1.64) last 12 months and physician diagnosed pneumonia (1.33, 1.09–1.62). Floor material by wood, PVC or carpeting; and walls by wallpaper, painting or wood material, were positively associated with AR symptoms. Home environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) was positively associated with wheezing (1.23, 1.04–1.46) and pneumonia (1.25, 1.07–1.45). In conclusion, there was a relatively high prevalence of asthmatic and AR symptoms and diagnosed pneumonia in preschool children in Urumqi. Home signs of mold growth or dampness, windowpane condensation, as well as ETS and interior surface materials emitting chemicals were risk factors for allergic symptoms and pneumonia.     

不良妊娠女性162例生殖道中解脲脲原体生物一群的分布状况研究

目的 研究不良妊娠女性生殖道中解脲脲原体生物一群的感染或定植情况及其血清分型。方法 选择2006年4月。2007年3月间就诊的不良妊娠孕妇162例为研究组,同期入产房待产或引产的健康孕妇89例为对照组,采集其宫颈分泌物进行解脲脲原体（Uu）液体培养,初筛阳性的液体培养基用煮沸法提取DNA,用PCR法进行血清分型。结果 162例不良妊娠女性生殖道中Uu生物一群的阳性检出率为74．69％,健康孕妇阳性检出率为47．19％,差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。血清1型、14型及混合型在不良妊娠组中的分布高于健康孕妇组,差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）;3型、6型在两组中分布差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论 Uu生物一群与不良妊娠的发生可能有关;1型、14型及混合型可能是致病菌,3型、6型可能正常被携带。     

妊娠期妇女焦虑和抑郁的影响因素分析

采用问卷及焦虑/抑郁（SAS/SDS）自评量表对湘西地区250名孕妇进行调查,发现妇女妊娠期焦虑和抑郁的发生率较高,妊娠期焦虑、抑郁发生率分为35.6%和56.0%.ogistic回归分析表明,妊娠期焦虑和抑郁的发生受多因素影响,按危险程度排序,引发妊娠期焦虑的因素为不良孕产史、饮食不平衡、农村居住、既往疾病史、睡眠不佳、孕周早、缺乏孕前锻炼;引发妊娠期抑郁的因素为既往疾病史、农村居住、缺乏孕前锻炼、家庭收入低。产科门诊应开设心理健康服务,有针对性地进行心理健康宣传与心理干预.     

妊娠期妇女焦虑和抑郁的影响因素分析

采用问卷及焦虑/抑郁（SAS/SDS）自评量表对湘西地区250名孕妇进行调查，发现妇女妊娠期焦虑和抑郁的发生率较高，妊娠期焦虑、抑郁发生率分为35.6%和56.0%.ogistic回归分析表明，妊娠期焦虑和抑郁的发生受多因素影响，按危险程度排序，引发妊娠期焦虑的因素为不良孕产史、饮食不平衡、农村居住、既往疾病史、睡眠不佳、孕周早、缺乏孕前锻炼；引发妊娠期抑郁的因素为既往疾病史、农村居住、缺乏孕前锻炼、家庭收入低。产科门诊应开设心理健康服务，有针对性地进行心理健康宣传与心理干预.     

乙型肝炎病毒携带者孕妇与正常孕妇妊娠结局比较

目的探索妊娠合并乙肝病毒感染的妊娠结局及孕晚期肌注乙肝免疫球蛋白对预防乙肝病毒感染作用。方法对2003年11月至2004年11月本院孕产妇妊娠结局分析。结果(1)妊娠合并乙肝病毒感染者胎膜早破、胎儿窘迫、剖宫率升高;(2)对乙肝病毒携带者孕晚期肌注乙肝免疫球蛋白新生儿感染为8%,比文献报道低。结论妊娠合并乙肝病毒感染易发生胎膜早破、胎儿窘迫,使剖宫产率升高,孕晚期肌注乙肝免疫球蛋白,对预防乙肝病毒感染有一定作用。     

不同抽吸模式对主要减害降焦技术的影响研究

为研究不同抽吸模式对主要减害降焦技术的影响,测试了3种抽吸模式下卷烟样品中15种化学成分的释放量.研究表明:不同抽吸模式对主要减害降焦技术的影响程度不同,ISO模式下卷烟滤嘴通风率的改变对烟气释放量结果的影响程度较大;B模式下卷烟滤嘴通风率的改变对烟气释放量结果的影响程度减弱,烟丝配方调整对烟气释放量结果的影响程度增强;CI模式下烟丝配方调整对烟气释放量结果的影响程度较大.研究结果为新形势下新卷烟产品的研究开发提供参考.     

The influence of home environmental factors and life style on children＇s respiratory health in Xi＇an

To assess associations between home indoor air environments and asthma,allergies and pneumonia,children aged 1–8 years were surveyed from 12 kindergartens in the city of Xi’an.2,020 questionnaires were responded with a response rate of 83.5%.The prevalences of doctor diagnosed asthma,hay fever,and pneumonia were 2.9%,3.6%,and 28.3%,respectively.Living close to a highway was a risk factor for current rhinitis(AOR 1.5,95%CI 1.2–1.8),eczema(AOR 1.7,95%CI 1.2–2.5),and diagnosed pneumonia(AOR 1.3,95%CI 1.0–1.6).Dampness problems in the home were associated with 50%–130%increases in the prevalences of asthma and allergy.Airing bed linen under sun-shine was protective,especially against rhinitis.Pet avoidance was consistently and significantly associated with asthma and allergy(AOR 1.3–2.4).Decoration of the home during children’s early life is a risk factor for current rhinitis(AOR 1.9,95%CI 1.3–2.9)and eczema(AOR 1.9,95%CI1.1–3.6).Risk factors for pneumonia were living in an apartment(AOR 1.4,95%CI 1.1–1.8),latex wall paint(AOR 1.3,95%CI 1.0–1.7),dampness(AOR 1.4–1.5),breast feeding\3 months(AOR 1.3,95%CI 1.0–1.7),never airing bed linen in sunshine(AOR 1.3,95%CI1.3–1.6),and cleaning children’s room less frequently than once per day(AOR 1.4,95%CI 1.1–1.7).This study demonstrates that home indoor environmental and life style factors may influence the health of children in Xi’an.     

高校女教工"人口与生育"认知行为的调查研究

采用问卷法对高校女教工进行了人口与生育认知等方面的调研与分析．结果显示：该人群的婚姻稳定率较高；95％的人认为我国实际人口超过官方公布的数字；有37％的人认为中国人口要经过一阶段负增长；该人群存在多育的内在驱动力；建议要通过立法，确立按子女数承担社会责任的法规．     

山阴县神经管畸形流行特征及因素分析

目的探索神经管畸形在本地的流行特征及影响因素,以及开展“削峰”工程的成就.方法对1987-2006年的出生缺陷监测资料的相关数据,采用χ2检验进行统计分析.结果县乡两级医疗机构在1987-2006年间畸形发生率为（4.81±0.65）‰.结论①开展“削峰”工程,采取口服斯利安、进行B超早期诊断、实施孕产妇系统管理等措施,可使神经管畸形的形成和出生机会减少;②神经管畸形的发生率城镇低于农村,男性低于女性;③孕早期病毒感染的胎儿较易发生神经管畸形,孕妇被动吸烟是导致胎儿神经管畸形的原因之一.     

Correlation of DNA adduct levels in human lung with cigarette smoking

Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men in the United Kingdom and the second most common in women, accounting for between 25 and 40% of all cancer deaths. Cigarette smoking is widely accepted as the major cause of lung cancer and linear relationships have been established between the number of cigarettes smoked and lung cancer risk. Although approximately 50 carcinogenic chemicals have been identified in cigarette smoke, a causal link between specific compounds and lung cancer has yet to be made. Studies on cigarette smokers' urine, blood and placenta have provided indications of carcinogen exposure, and although the presence of covalently-bound adducts in human DNA provides evidence of exposure to carcinogens, there have been no reports of systematic studies on the levels of DNA adducts in human lung. We report here, using the 32P-post-labelling technique, that cigarette smokers have higher adduct levels than non-smokers, that there is a linear relationship between adduct levels and daily or lifetime cigarette consumption, and that people who have given up smoking for at least five years have adduct levels similar to those of non-smokers.