CO_2跨临界双级压缩带中间冷却器系统

对双级压缩系统中间冷却器从理论上分析了带中间冷却器的双级压缩循环的性能规律.在给定的蒸发温度和气体冷却器出口温度下,系统存在最优的压缩机排气压力使得性能最优;同时在每一个压缩机排气压力下,也存在最优的中间压力使得系统性能最优;对比选择超临界CO2和亚临界CO2在管外、管内的换热及压降关联式,设计和模拟中间冷却器.建立带中间冷却器的双级压缩系统,通过实验探索此种双级压缩系统的规律,验证了带中间冷却器双级压缩系统最优压缩机排气压力和最优中间压力的存在以及在提高CO2跨临界循环性能的作用.利用自行设计的中间冷却器,在实验工况下,系统制冷性能系数可达2.5,制热性能系数为3.5.     

回热器对电动汽车跨临界CO_2制冷系统影响的实验研究

针对跨临界CO_2汽车空调系统制冷性能较差的问题,分析了回热器大小对系统性能和运行参数的影响,在汽车空调测试环境实验室中搭建了一个可变回热量的跨临界CO_2制冷系统实验台,在35、38和41℃环境温度下,保持压缩机转速为3 500r/min,通过旁通阀调节回热量,测量了不同排气压力下全回风系统的稳态性能,分析了回热量对系统制冷量和能效比的提升作用,以及对压缩机运行参数的影响。结果表明:排气压力为10 MPa时,35、38和41℃下,使用回热器后系统的最大能效比分别提高了14.2%、23.3%和33.2%,制冷量也增加了14.3%～33.3%;使用回热器可以改善换热器压力损失,但同时会引起排气温度升高;相同温度下,系统最大回热度一般随环境温度升高而减小;回热器的使用可以有效提高系统性能,但也会引起压缩机压比增大和排气温度的上升。在跨临界CO_2制冷循环的回热器大小设计时,需要兼顾性能和安全。     

空气源跨临界CO_2热泵中回热器影响的研究

为了研究回热器对空气源跨临界CO_2热泵系统运行情况的影响,以及回热器是否适用于跨临界CO_2热泵,进行了理论和实验两方面的研究。基于热力学分析方法对不同气体冷却器出口温度、排气压力下回热器效率的影响进行了理论研究,结果表明回热器提升系统性能系数与否取决于气体冷却器出口温度,气冷出口温度较高时,回热器效率增大才能提高性能系数。实验则在跨临界CO_2热泵样机上进行,结果表明:应用回热器可降低系统最优排气压力,降低幅度随环境温度降低以及进出水温度升高而增大;采用回热器可减少最优排压下系统功耗、提高系统性能系数,但对制热量影响趋势不定,在本实验中性能系数最多提升6.65%,功耗最多降低6.22%;虽然回热器的应用能提高系统性能系数,但同时也将导致系统排气温度增大,所以不适宜在低环境温度工况下使用。对理论和实验分析结果的差异进行了讨论,同时建立了最优排压降低值与环境温度、进出水温度之间的实验关联式来数值化地体现回热器对系统排气压力的影响,对回热器在工程中实际应用具有一定的参考意义。     

带节能器的CO2跨临界循环制冷系统

为避免CO2跨临界循环运行因高低压差增大而导致压缩过程偏离等熵过程太远，减小CO2跨临界循环系统损失，提高系统性能并降低系统成本，采用带节能器的CO2跨临界制冷循环，对其热力学模型进行计算分析，并与基本带膨胀机循环进行对比．结果表明，不同于传统工质带节能器制冷循环的补气压力介于系统高压和低压之间，带节能器CO2跨临界制冷循环的补气压力应介于临界压力和低压之间；其制冷系数与膨胀机效率为0．6的系统性能相当；制冷性能随蒸发温度的升高而提升，随气体冷却器出口温度的升高而降低；相对补气压力对系统性能的影响较大，当相对补气压力为0．9～1．1时制冷性能较高，在较低蒸发温度下降低压缩机排气温度的优势明显．     

带回热器的高效跨临界CO_2水-水热泵的实验研究

为提高跨临界CO2水-水热泵系统的效率,在原有管壳式换热器的基础上,设计了新型套管式换热器,建立了新的水-水热泵系统.对带有回热器(IHX)和不带回热器的两种循环进行了实验研究.结果表明:在3种气体冷却器进水温度下,当获得中高温热水(45-70℃)时,随着气体冷却器进水温度的升高,制热系数(COPh)降低;带回热器循环的制热系数略高于不带回热器的循环,高5%-10%.     

三种单级CO2跨临界循环性能

基于CO2跨临界循环系统原理,对三种单级循环进行了性能分析.结果表明:SCV循环、SCV+IHX循环和SCE循环都存在最优高压压力;随压缩机排气温度变化,SCV循环系统COP最小,SCE循环COP最大;随着蒸发温度的增加,三个单级循环COP均增加,SCE循环性能最优,SCV循环性能最差;随着气体冷却器出口温度的增加,三个单级循环COP均下降,SCE循环性能最优,节流阀SCV循环性能最差.与蒸发温度相比,气体冷却器出口温度对最优高压压力的影响较大.     

自然工质二氧化碳汽车空调性能的实验研究

实验研究了跨临界二氧化碳汽车空调系统的性能.实验结果表明:环境温度、气冷器冷却风量、压缩机的效率和转速、运行的高压值等因素对系统性能有极大影响;在不同运行工况下,降低气冷器出口CO2温度、调整系统的运行高压为最佳压力值,是提高系统性能的首要途径,这对控制器的设计提出了较高的要求.     

N_2O跨临界喷射/压缩制冷循环的理论研究

为了解决CO_2跨临界循环能效低、排气压力高的问题,将天然工质N_2O用于跨临界循环,建立了相应的理论模型,比较了N_2O和CO_2用于跨临界喷射/压缩制冷循环和简单跨临界循环的性能,并对N_2O用于跨临界循环中的热稳定性进行了分析.研究结果表明:N_2O系统的性能系数和排气压力均优于CO_2,性能系数较CO_2系统分别增加了13%和9%,而排气压力分别降低了16%和13%;CO_2系统采用喷射/压缩跨临界循环后性能系数比简单跨临界循环提高了15.2%,稍高于N_2O系统的11.6%,说明使用喷射器对于CO2系统性能提升更为有利.分析了高压侧排气压力、蒸发温度和气体冷却器出口温度对于CO_2和N_2O跨临界喷射/压缩制冷循环的影响.结果表明:工况变化时N_2O和CO_2系统性能的变化规律一致,且气体冷却器出口温度越低、蒸发温度越高时,N_2O系统的性能系数增加越明显;制冷系统中N_2O的热稳定性能很好,不会分解.     

CO_2微通道气体冷却器压降与传热特性研究

在微通道平行流式气冷器内进行了CO2的压降和换热特性实验研究,探讨了跨临界CO2循环换热过程中制冷剂质量流量、系统压力对气冷器换热性能、进出口压降的影响.实验结果表明:在接近临界温度时,CO2物理性能受压力和温度的影响较大,换热系数是远离临界区的7～9倍;随着CO2质量流量的提高,微通道管内流体Re相应提高,而较高的Re又使得湍流扩散率、管内温度梯度增大,同时在制冷剂入口附近的微通道换热器高温区域面积增大,表明当系统压力相同时,制冷剂入口温度随CO2质量流量的增加而增大.在一定的质量流量或压力下,存在着一个最佳的压力或质量流量,使得气冷器进出口压降达到最小.随着Re增加,气冷器的CO2压降关联式的预测精度均有所提高,为此提出了新的换热关联式和压降关联式.     

R410A/R134a双级耦合热泵系统最优中间水温实验研究

在低温工况下,双级耦合热泵系统可克服常规空气源热泵系统运行时制热量下降、系统性能系数(COP)降低等系统性能恶化的问题。当系统的其他参数不变时,耦合系统性能受中间水箱水温的影响。基于双级耦合热泵系统的简单分析,以R410A和R134a的双级耦合热泵机组为实验平台,在高温级冷凝温度50～75℃、低温级蒸发温度-30～-10℃及中间水温15～35℃的各种工况下,对影响最优中间水温的主要因素进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:当其他参数不变、中间水温发生变化时,系统COP呈现先增大后减小的趋势,系统最大COP值对应的最优中间水温始终是存在的。结合实验数据,可以发现:最优中间水温随低温级蒸发温度、高温级冷凝温度的上升而升高,其中低温级蒸发温度对最优中间水温的影响更大。在改变外部因素环境温度和供水温度的工况下,通过大量实验数据,拟合得到以蒸发温度和冷凝温度为自变量的最优中间水温的函数关联式,对优化R410A/R134a双级耦合热泵系统的实际运行具有一定指导作用。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with