State transition in blue-green algaSynechocystis PCC 6803

The mechanism of state transition in blue-green alga Synechocystis PCC 6803 was investigated by using modulated fluorescence. NaF, an inhibitor of phosphatase, did not inhibit state Ⅱ to state Ⅰ transition . Rotenone, a specific inhibitor of NAD(P)H ubiquinone reductase, stimulated transition from state Ⅱ to state I in dark. The results suggest that state transition in blue-green alga Synechocystis PCC 6803 is controlled by redox state of plastiquinone pool, but not by the phosphorylation of thylakoid membrane proteins.     

Shock wave on materials

Shock wave is associated with dynamic loading that can result in phase transition（PT）, optical and mechanical property changing, and chemical reaction on materials. Here, we report recent progress about shockinduced PT of polycrystalline iron, the underlying mechanism of the optical emission from sapphire, and the synthesis from single-phase Ru Si in the National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics.Results indicated that grain boundary（GB） could affect the PT pressure threshold and rate of iron, the pressure threshold decreases with decreasing GB defects, and the PT rate shows a variation with increasing GB size; wavelength-dependent optical emissivity（non-gray-body emission） would be generated that was not revealed previously for shocked sapphire, and the observed luminescence was from the shock-induced shear bands, but without superheating phenomenon; shock compression could be an effective way to synthesis Ru-Si nanocrystals, when the shock pressure was appropriate; and Ru-Si powder could completely transform to fine-grain structure Cs Cl-type RuSi at 40.4 GPa.     

Calcium pretreatment increases thermotolerance of Laminaria japonica sporophytes —Using Yaluhe farm as an example

Calcium is a secondary messenger in plant signaling, and its concentration changes spatially and temporally during the course of heat stress. In the present study, potassium antimonate was used to visualize calcium localization in blades of a marine macroalga, the juvenile Laminaria japonica sporophytes under heat stress (25℃). Result showed that loosely bound calcium was mainly distributed on the cell wall under normal conditions (10℃), and flowed into the cytoplasm when exposed to heat. The simutaneous assay on the antioxidant system changes was performed. Oxidative damage, as measured by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) malondialdehyde (MDA) content, increased significantly during heat stress, and calcium pretreatment alleviated oxidative damage. The assay on the activities of six antioxidant enzymes demonstrated that their enzymatic activities were inhibited when exposed to heat stress, but Ca2+ pretreatment effectively attenuated the inhibition. Results in the present study inferred that calcium homeostasis plays an essential role in L. japonica sporophyte when exposed to heat, and calcium pretreatment could improve its thermo-tolerance.     

Improving photosynthesis of microalgae by changing the ratio of light-harvesting pigments

Changing the ratio of light-harvesting pigments was regarded as an efficient way to improve the photosynthesis rate in microalgae, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In the present study, a mutant of Anabeana simensis （called SP） was selected from retrieved satellite cultures. Several parameters related with photosynthesis, such as the growth, photosynthesis rate, the content of photosynthetic pigment, low temperature fluorescence spectrum （77K） and electron transport rate, were compared with those of the wild type. It was found that the change in the ratio of light-harvesting pigments in the mutant led to more efficient light energy transfer and usage in mutant than in the wild type. This may be the reason why the mutant had higher photosynthesis and growth rates.     

A comparison of transition state of phenol in H-atom abstraction by methyl and methylperoxyl radicals

DFT method was employed to locate transition state for H-atom transfer from phenol by methyl radical and methylperoxyl radical. The reaction pathway energy profiles and the structure of transition state show that a common feature is the out-of-plane structure of the transition state: in contrast to the en- ergetic minima of a hydrogen-bonded intermediate, the hydrogen bond in transition structures is con- siderably twisted out of the aromatic ring. From the values of enthalpy (△H) and activation energy (Ea) obtained, it is found that the rate of the reaction of peroxyl radical with phenolic antioxidant is higher than that of alkyl radical with antioxidant. Spin density distributions show that the electron transmis- sion is between methyl (methylperoxyl) radical and phenol.     

Moisture effect on the combustion of a single copper concentrate particle in a flash smelting furnace

A mathematical model has been presented to study the combustion of a single copper concentrate particle with high moisture content. By using the presented model, the effect of particle moisture content on particle temperature, sulfur oxidation, and combustion heat generation has been evaluated. The mineralogical composition of the commonly used concentrate at Khatoonabad flash smelting furnace has been used in this study. It was found that the particle moisture content is removed in the sub-second time range and thus the moisture has marginal impact on the variation of particle temperature and on the reaction rate when the gas temperature is assumed to be constant in the reaction shaft. When a concentrate with high moisture content is charged, the particle size enlargement due to the agglomeration of concentrate particles causes an abrupt fall in the particle reaction rate.     

Change of proton motive force across thylakoid membrane in soybean leaf during state transitions

Change of proton gradient across thylakoid membrane in soybean leaves was studied with millisecond delayed light emission(ms-DLE) during the coures of state transitions which were indicated by the cholrophyll fluores-cence at room temperature and 77K.When dark-adapted leaves were induced to state Ⅰ with far-red light,Fm/F0,F685/F735 and the intensity of fast phase of ms-DLE were af-fected slightly.However,during the induction to state Ⅱ with red light,both Fm/F0 and F685/F735 decreased immedi-ately and the former were quicker than the latter.In this interval,the intesity of fast phase of ms-DLE increased to a maximum and then decreased to a lower valus during the transition to stateⅡ.Nigericin,an uncoupler which elimi-nates the proton gradient across thylakoid membrane,inhib-ited the increase in the intensity of fast phase of ms-DLE during the transition to state Ⅱ.Another uncoupler,valino-mycin,which eliminates the membrane potential,did not affect the changes of the intensity of fast phase.These results suggest that the prompt increase in the intensity of fast phase of ms-DLE at the beginning of transitions to state Ⅱ is cor-related mainly with the proton gradient released from water oxidation in photosystemⅡ.     

Effects of ultraviolet radiation B （UV-B） on photosynthesis of natural phytoplankton assemblages in a marine bay in Southern China

Solar ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) is known to have inhibitive effects on phytoplankton photosynthesis. UVB light decreases rapidly with increasing depth in the water column and exerts different degrees of UVB inhibitive effects on phytoplankton photosynthesis. In this study, the objectives were to quantify effects of UVB on phytoplankton photosynthesis and quantum yield, and to examine UVB effects on phytoplankton photosynthesis when light varies. The insitu experiments were conducted in Da Ya Bay, which is a semienclosed area in the subtropical South China. The results showed a significant reduction of photosynthetic rates and quantum yield in the presence of UVB. Maximum photosynthetic rates (Pmax) and maximum quantum yield (Φmax) were 11%-22% and 17%-49% less under solar radiation with UVB than without UVB. A simplified model was developed to describe the UVB biologically effective fluence rate (E*inh) as an exponential decay function of depth. Light-shift experiments, in which water samples from the surface and at depth of 4 m were divided into several subsamples, and each subsamples were then incubated at different depths with and without UVB in the water column, showed that phytoplankton from the deeper water (4 m) had more inhibitive rates by UVB than that from the surface when exposed to the same light condition.     

A first-principles study of displacive β to ω transition in Ti-V alloys

The ground state properties of β and ω phases in Ti-(0–30 at%)V alloys were calculated, and subsequently thermodynamics and energy barriers of the displacive β to ω transition were investigated by first-principles. The results show that the lattice parameters of β and ω phases decreases with increasing V content in Ti-V alloys. The principal lattice strains for the β to ω transition are highly compositional dependent, and the volume variation decreases with increasing V content. The mechanical stability of the ω phase increases initially at the V content around 10 at% and then decreases with increasing V content. Based on the quasiharmonic Debye model, a metastable diffusionless phase diagram has been established, showing that the ω phase is thermodynamically more stable than the β phase at room temperature, anticipating a spontaneous transition from β to ω phases in Ti-V alloys. The calculations of energy pathways indicate that there is an energy barrier during the displacive βto ω transition in Ti-V alloys at temperatures from 100 to 500 K, but not at 0 K.     

Partial inhibition of CDK4 gene expression leads to the extension of G1 phase of V79-8 cells

V79-8 is an abnormal cell line which does not have detectable G1 and G2 phases in its cell cycle. This cell line is derived from V79 cell line which has Gl phase but lacks G2 phase. By using an anti-sense approach, CDK4 gene expression was partially inhibited to find whether CDK4 might contribute to the lack of Gl phase in V79-8 cells. Anti-CDK4 anti-sense plasmid was constructed and used to transfect V79-8 cells. Clones of transfected cells (V79-8-asCDK4) were examined, in comparison with V79-8 cells, to determine its growth curve, cell doubling-time (GT), the level of CDK4 gene expression and the levels of expression of some other growth related genes. V79-8-asCDK4 cells showed a slower growth rate with a doubling time 2.5-h longer than that of V79-8 cells. A flow cytometry (FCM) analysis demonstrated that the 2.5 h increase of the doubling time of V79-8-asCDK4 cells was mainly due to the appearance of Gl phase because its G2 + M phase was not significantly different from that of V79-8 cells. The decrease of CDK4 gene expression in V79-8-asCDK4 cells was shown by Northern-blot. Changes in the expression levels of the growth-related genes TGF-β, cyclin D1 and Rb were also detected in V79-8-asCDK4 cells. CDK4 functions mainly in G1 and at the transition between G1 and S phases. Expression of an anti-sense CDK4 gene fragment reduces the levels of endogenous CDK4, CDK4/cyclinD kinase activity and the phosphorylation of Rb. These events may postpone the inactivation of the check-point leading to the delay of entry into S phase and the reappearance of G1 phase in V79-8-asCDK4 cells.     

Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of new hybrid open-framework indium phosphate-oxalates

Crystalline open-framework inorganic materials have been widely studied because of the wide variety of the structures as well as their applications in heterogeneous catalysis, adsorption and ion exchange[1,2]. Of many open-framework solids, metal phosphates are an important family of materials, a large number of aluminum phos-phates[3,4], gallium phosphates[5—7], zinc phosphates[8—10], cobalt phosphate[11], beryllium phosphates[12—14] have been prepared and characterized. Recently, open-fra…     

Direct observation of the clockwise light-driven rotation of F<Subscript>0</Subscript>F<Subscript>1</Subscript>-ATP synthase complex

The purified thermophilic bacterium PS3 F₁ β _10×His-tag is inserted into the F_oF₁-ATP synthases of chro-matophores isolated from photosynthetic bacteria Rhodo-spirillum rubrum. The studies of biochemical properties of the hybrid chromatophores show that they have both protons-driving capability and photophosphorylation. The fluorescent actin filaments, as a marker of its orientation by video-microscopic experiment, are connected via Maleimido-C₃-NTA to the reconstituted β_10×His-tag of F_oF₁-ATP synthases. The clockwise rotation of F_oF₁-ATP synthases driven by light is observed directly when viewed from the F_o side to F₁. This system should be valuable for further studying the coupling property of F_oF₁-ATP synthase.     

Spectrofluorimetric determination of artemisinin with pyronine B as the substrate for horseradish peroxidase

Enzyme-catalytic fluorescence determination of artemisinin （qinghaosu, QHS） was developed using pyronine B （PB） as substrate of horseradish peroxidase （HRP）. The interaction between HRP and QHS was an enzyme-substrate model. The catalytic characteristic of HRP in the oxidation reaction, in which the fluorescence of PB was decreased in the presence of QHS, was studied. The steady-state catalytic rate depended upon enzyme and substrate concentrations, and the Michaelis-Menten parameters Km, Vmax and Kcat were 8.4×10^-5mol·L^-1, 7.4×10^-6mol·L^-1s^-1 and 50.23s^-1. The catalytic activity of enzyme was inhibited in the presence of deactivated agents and at high temperature, respectively. Under optimum conditions, linear relationship between fluorescence intensity change （F0-F） of pyronine B and concen- tration of QHS was in the range of 1.41×10^-7-1.27×10^-6mol·L^-1. The detection limit （3σ） was determined to be 2.7×10^-8mol·L^-1. The proposed method was applied to the concentration determination of QHS in the media of plasma or urine samples.     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated Transformation of CryⅠA(b) gene to Trichoderma harzianum

In this study, Cry ⅠA(b) gene was successfully transferred into the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum with an efficiency of 60-180 transformants per 10^6 spores by using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Putative transformants were analyzed to test the presence of Cry ⅠA(b) gene by Southern blot. Most transformants contained a single T-DNA copy. RT-PCR analysis showed that the Cry ⅠA(b) gene was transcribed. Antifungal activities and insecticidal activities of the transformants were examined. There was no obvious difference in antifungal activities between the transformants and their wild strains. The modified mortalities of the transformants T1 and T2 were 69.57% and 91.30%, respectively. The tranformation system mediated by A. tumefaciens proved to be a powerful tool for the filamentous fungi transformation and functional genomic study with its high transformation frequency, simplicity of T-DNA integration, and genetic stability of transformants.     

长雄野生稻紫色柱头性状的遗传和基因定位研究

 由花青素合成代谢形成的紫色柱头性状在包括长雄野生稻在内的AA基因组野生稻中较为普遍.为研究长雄野生稻中的紫色柱头性状,以具无色柱头的亚洲栽培稻品种RD23为轮回亲本与紫色柱头的长雄野生稻进行回交,经胚挽救和多代连续选择,获得3个柱头颜色有分离的BC₆F₁定位群体.这些群体中,柱头颜色均适合1(紫色):1(无色)的分离比例,表明紫色柱头性状受一对显性核基因控制.通过微卫星标记分析,将控制紫色柱头的基因定位在水稻第6染色体上,距标记RM₂₅₃,RM111和RM6917分别为2.5,0cM和4.4cM.对比已发表的紫色柱头基因座位,它可能与来自亚洲栽培稻的Ps-4(t)基因等位,所以暂命名为Ps-4(t).     

Effect of total aluminum concentration on the formation and transformation of nanosized Al13 and Al30 in hydrolytic polymeric aluminum aqueous solutions

Influence of total aluminum concentration （CAIT） on the generation and transformation of nanosized AI13 and AI30 in hydrolytic polyaluminum aqueous solutions was investigated using high field 27AI NMR and time-developed AI-Ferron complex colorimetry. When prepared at the optimal basicity （B） of Al13 generation and 80℃, the All3 species in polyaluminum solution tends to further polymerize and convert to AI30 and higher polymers when CAI; 〉0.2 mol· L^-1, but Al13 does not convert to AI30 quantificationally, as the formation of Alu from Al13 and AI30 is accelerated in the same way. The conversion rate of All3 is accelerated by the increase in CAIT. When CAlT 〉0.75 mol·.L^-1, Al13 content decreases rapidly, and AI30 content increases continuously and becomes the dominant nanometer polynuclear aluminum species. AIm is one of prerequisites of Al13 conversion to AI30. When CAI; increases and B reduces, the polymerization rate between Al13 and Aim increases, and at the same time, the dissociation reaction rate of All3 and AI30 by H^＋ also increases. The latter becomes the dominant reaction in polyaluminum solution with low B value, so AI30 decreases with the increasing CAlT. The hydrolytic polyaluminum solution with Al13 content beyond 80% can only be prepared under the condition of CAlT〈0.5 mol· L^-1 and optimal B value.     

干旱对干热河谷优势木本植物虾子花光能分配的影响

在中国西南干热河谷,广泛分布着河谷型萨王纳植被,然而对这类植被植物在干旱条件下的光保护研究非常缺乏.为了探讨干旱对干热河谷植物光合系统的影响,选取了中国最典型的元江干热河谷内典型的优势木本植物虾子花［Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz］作为研究对象,测定了雨季和干季虾子花的叶片水势、光合参数,光系统Ⅰ（PSⅠ）和光系统Ⅰ（PSⅡ）的光能分配特征.结果表明,随着虾子花叶片凌晨水势的显著下降,叶片的光合能力显著下降;虾子花PSⅠ比PSⅡ对干旱胁迫更加敏感,干旱条件下PSⅡ虽能保持较高的活性,但PSⅡ实际光量子效率［Y(Ⅱ)］和光化学淬灭调控热耗散比例［Y(NPQ)］都显著下降;干旱条件下PSⅠ受到了严重的光抑制,虾子花主要通过增强供体端热耗散效率［Y(ND)］来促进过剩光能的耗散;干旱胁迫条件下,虾子花PSⅠ和PSⅡ电子传递速率ETR(Ⅰ)和ETR(Ⅱ)都有所下降,最大的电子传递速率ETRmax(Ⅰ)和ETRmax(Ⅱ)分别下降了25.1%和30.0%.      

硅钨钼酸掺杂聚苯胺催化合成丁酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮

自制了硅钨钼酸(H₄SiW₆Mo₆O₄₀)掺杂聚苯胺(PAn)催化剂H₄SiW₆Mo₆O₄₀/PAn。通过丁酮和1,2-丙二醇为原料合成丁酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮,探讨了硅钨钼酸掺杂聚苯胺催化剂对缩酮反应的催化活性,较系统地研究了原料量比,催化剂用量,反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明：硅钨钼酸掺杂聚苯胺是合成丁酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮的良好催化剂,在n(丁酮):n(1,2-丙二醇)=1:1.7,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的0.6%,环己烷为带水剂,反应时间40min的优化条件下,丁酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮的收率可达83.1%。     

普洱市亚热带季风常绿阔叶林区象甲总科昆虫多样性

 运用样地调查法及生物多样性分析方法研究了云南省普洱市亚热带季风常绿阔叶林区刺栲(Cas-tanopsisechidnocarpa)-华南石栎(Lithocarpusfenestratus)-红木荷(Schimawallichii)群落(Ⅰ),思茅松(Pinuskesiyavar.langbianensis)-小果栲(Castanopsisfleuryi)-红木荷群落(Ⅱ)-披针叶楠(Phoebelanceolata)-粗穗石栎(Lithocarpusgrandifolius)-刺栲群落(Ⅲ),西南桦(Betulaalnoides)-红木荷-飞机草(Eupatoriumodora-tum)群落(Ⅳ)等天然林类型和人工植被(Ⅴ)的象甲总科昆虫多样性.共采集标本198头,隶属于4科63种,以象甲科物种最丰富.5个样地象甲总科昆虫群落物种丰富度的排序为:Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ=Ⅳ>Ⅴ,物种多样性的排序为:Ⅳ>Ⅲ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅴ.5个样地象甲总科昆虫群落Jaccard相似性系数在0.063～0.379,表明各样地象甲总科昆虫群落之间极不相似或中等不相似.Ⅱ受到的人为干扰最严重,急需保护.     

三七根茎的化学成分研究(Ⅱ)

 研究三七[Panax notoginseng(Burk.)F.H.Chen]根茎的化学成分.利用D₁₀₁大孔吸附树脂柱、硅胶柱、RP-8和RP-18柱进行化合物的分离纯化,根据其理化性质和光谱数据进行结构鉴定.从三七根茎部分分离鉴定出5个化合物,分别为人参皂苷三七皂苷T₅(Notoginsenoside T₅,Ⅰ),人参皂苷F₁(Gin senoside F₁,Ⅱ),人参皂苷F₂(Ginsenoside F₂,Ⅲ),三七皂苷E(Notoginsenoside E,Ⅳ),人参皂苷Ⅱ(GinsenosideⅡ,Ⅴ).Ⅴ为首次从该植物中分离获得,Ⅰ~Ⅳ为首次从该植物根茎中分离获得.