Hadean diamonds in zircon from Jack Hills, Western Australia

Detrital zircons more than 4 billion years old from the Jack Hills metasedimentary belt, Yilgarn craton, Western Australia, are the oldest identified fragments of the Earth's crust and are unique in preserving information on the earliest evolution of the Earth. Inclusions of quartz, K-feldspar and monazite in the zircons, in combination with an enrichment of light rare-earth elements and an estimated low zircon crystallization temperature, have previously been used as evidence for early recycling of continental crust, leading to the production of granitic melts in the Hadean era. Here we present the discovery of microdiamond inclusions in Jack Hills zircons with an age range from 3,058 +/- 7 to 4,252 +/- 7 million years. These include the oldest known diamonds found in terrestrial rocks, and introduce a new dimension to the debate on the origin of these zircons and the evolution of the early Earth. The spread of ages indicates that either conditions required for diamond formation were repeated several times during early Earth history or that there was significant recycling of ancient diamond. Mineralogical features of the Jack Hills diamonds-such as their occurrence in zircon, their association with graphite and their Raman spectroscopic characteristics-resemble those of diamonds formed during ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism and, unless conditions on the early Earth were unique, imply a relatively thick continental lithosphere and crust-mantle interaction at least 4,250 million years ago.     

值得借鉴和欣赏的他山之石

最近,同事向我推荐<向世界最好的医院学管理>一书.认真阅读后,笔者不仅为梅奥诊所的精神所感动,而且认为其成功经验对今日中国的医改有非常重要的现实意义,值得我们学习和借鉴.     

论杰克·伦敦小说中的男性意识

本文对杰克·伦敦小说中的男性意识所体现的阳刚之美进行了较为全面的分析。共分为“桀傲不驯的叛逆精神” ,“创造奇迹的自强精神”和“简洁有力的创作风格”三部分 ,揭示出杰克·伦敦男性意识的内涵、渊源及演变的轨迹。     

《白象似的群山》语言特色的语用学研究

语用学与文学有着密切的关系,是研究文学语言特色的有力工具。本文借助语用学理论中格莱斯会话含义的合作原则来分析《白象似的群山》的语言特色,以揭示小说中人物的鲜明性格、交际意图和关系。     

三峡库区防护林土壤有机碳的累积

退耕还林等土地利用变化影响着土壤有机碳(SOC)的累积。笔者设置LA(天然马尾松林地)、LB(桤木林地,2002年营造,之前为玉米地)、LC(玉米地)3类采样区,将土样按粒径分为3类,再分离为8种土壤团聚体组分,测定所有组分SOC和δ13C值。利用土壤团聚体组分和稳定性碳同位素(13C)技术探讨三峡库区农地造林后SOC的动态累积机制。结果表明:农耕使0～10 cm土层的SOC密度降低了57.2%,≥10～30 cm土层的降低了32.2%;而退耕造林11 a后的桤木林0～10 cm土层的SOC密度增加了34.5%,≥10～30 cm土层的增加了42.9%;其中源自桤木林的"新碳"在0～10 cm土层中占48%,≥10～30 cm土层占52%,土壤原先存储的"旧碳"仅损失了9.2%,造林增加SOC含量的原因可能是增加了"新碳"的固定能力,加强了对原存贮的"旧碳"的物理保护。     

二氧化碳非混相驱油藏沥青质沉淀规律研究

为研究二氧化碳驱油藏中原油沥青质沉淀量预测方法,设计了二氧化碳非混相驱沥青质沉淀动态岩心驱替实验装置,采用正交实验分析方法研究了非混相驱条件下驱替压力、温度、岩心初始渗透率、原油中的沥青质含量和驱替速度等因素对驱替后岩心中原油沥青质沉淀量的影响,分析了作用机理,回归出了二氧化碳非混相驱过程中原油沥青质沉淀量预测公式并用实验结果进行了验证.验证结果表明,该预测公式可直接用于二氧化碳非混相驱原油沥青质沉淀量预测.     

A direct nicotinic receptor-mediated inhibition recorded intracellularly in vitro

Acetylcholine activates both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system. Although the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptor has been well characterized, relatively little is known at the cellular level concerning nicotinic receptor stimulation in brain. Central nicotinic receptors have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease, seizure activity, the generation of slow-wave theta rhythm in the hippocampus and the potential abuse liability of nicotine. At the neuronal level, nicotinic agonists have been most often associated with postsynaptically mediated excitation and membrane depolarization at various sites, including Renshaw spinal motoneurons, locus coeruleus and the medial habenular nucleus. Nicotine acting presynaptically can produce either excitation or inhibition indirectly through the release of endogeneous transmitters or modulators. Whereas a direct inhibitory effect of nicotine has been suggested by one in vivo extracellular recording study in rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons, the mechanism(s) underlying this action is not yet known. We now report our findings obtained using in vitro intracellular methods in a submerged brain slice preparation in which application of nicotinic agonists to rat dorsolateral septal neurons reveal a direct membrane hyperpolarization mediated by an increase in potassium conductance.     

低渗储层全直径岩心对CO_2相变影响的实验研究

为了研究储层孔隙介质对CO2注入地层后相态的影响情况,建立了真实岩心中相变的超声波测试方法.对比CO2在低于临界温度26.0℃和高于临界温度48.0℃两种情况下,分别在超声波测试装置、空筒、DBRPVT分析装置中的相变情况.对比可以得出:①在临界温度以下,孔隙介质的存在对CO2相变点的影响不大;②临界温度以上时,孔隙介质的存在使CO2的p-V关系曲线的拐点值有比较大的降低,从空筒中测试的10.89 MPa降到5.51 MPa;③温度对CO2在孔隙介质中的p-V关系曲线的拐点的影响比较小;④超声波在测试孔隙介质中CO2的相变点时,振幅变化比较明显,时差的变化比较小.     

低渗透油藏中储层流动单元划分

新疆某油田为低孔低渗储层,开发难度大.为合理高效开发,结合取心、测井等资料,以FZI法将研究区储层划分为4类流动单元,并对各类流动单元的岩性、物性、以及渗流性能参数进行研究,发现各类流动单元之间储渗性能差异明显,研究区的生产状况与流动单元类型之间的关系十分密切,射孔井段内Ⅰ类与Ⅱ类流动单元比例较大的井单井产能高,Ⅲ、Ⅳ类流动单元比例较大的井单井产能低.根据流动单元的分布,预测平面上东部、东北部以及剖面上两个层位是Ⅰ类与Ⅱ类流动单元的主要分布带,也是潜在的油气有利分布区.本文的研究结果对于调整注采井网、提高采收率具有重要意义.     

徐州市低山丘陵区自然地理环境特征分析

徐州市属于暖温带季风气候。徐州低山丘陵区植被类型较为单调、贫乏；贫瘠土壤面积大，土壤侵蚀严重。徐州低山丘陵区自然地理环境改善途径包括：（１）绿化裸山荒山，提高森林覆盖率；（２）改造现有森林，提高林分质量；（３）培肥改土，提高土壤生产能力；（４）调整用地结构。     

鄂尔多斯盆地A地区长8储层测井分析

目的 研究鄂尔多斯盆地A地区长8储层测井解释标准.方法 对A地区长8储层测井、录井、岩心和试油等资料进行收集、整理、校正、分析.结果 明确了该区储层的岩性、物性、含油性和电性特征及其相互关系,建立了适合本区的孔隙度、渗透率和含油饱和度解释方法 .同时,在结合试油资料的基础上,经过统计分析,确定出了该区的油水层电性识别标准及有效厚度下限值.孔隙度的下限为7%,渗透率的下限为0.1×10-3μm2,声波时差下限为211 μs/m,有效厚度的起算值为0.4 m.结论 A地区长8储层四性关系较明显,钾长石含量少和地层水矿化度低是自然电位对岩性分辨能力差的根本原因.     

A 200-ka carbon isotope record from the South China Sea

Stable isotope of autogenous oceanic carbonate (e.g., calcite of foraminiferal shells) has become a basic tracer in paleoceanography. Oxygen isotope composi-tion (δ 18O) is generally controlled by factors, such as ice volume and water temperature, and is…     

Diets, eco-environments and seasonal variations recorded in the oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of mammal tooth enamel from the Shunshanji site, Sihong County, Jiangsu Province, China

The carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of the tooth enamel of mammals, including deer, wild pigs, buffaloes and domesticated pigs from the Shunshanji site, Sihong County, Jiangsu Province, China, were analyzed to reconstruct the mammals’ ecoenvironments and diets, and to evaluate seasonal variations in the study area. Carbon isotopic compositions of buck samples revealed that the deer ate completely C₃ plants and the environments they inhabited were relatively open and that wild pigs ate primarily C₃ plants. Oxygen isotopic compositions indicated that the body sources of these two mammals were different, i.e. the deer and pigs lived in different niches within a relatively similar ecosystem. Modern domesticated pigs were isotopically more positive than the ancient wild pigs in carbon δ ¹³C values, suggesting the former ingested more C₃ plants relative to the latter. Although the δ ¹⁸O data showed modern domesticated and ancient pigs had similar oxygen isotope compositions, their water sources were different. The carbon and oxygen isotopic patterns of premolar microsamples of ancient and modern buffaloes indicated that the plants ingested by the ancient buffalo varied with seasonal shifts, but plants ingested by the modern buffalo were relatively constant. The eco-environment of the modern buffalo was more open, warmer and drier than eco-environment of the ancient buffalo, which may be the result of the deforestation and other human activities. Ancient and modern seasonal changes were clearly recorded in the isotopic patterns and the seasonal variation amplitudes of the ancient and modern eco-environments were similar.     

平原灌注式水库优化调度模型

本文试图用系统分析方法建立水库优化调度模型,对具有灌注式水库的灌区进行优化调度,以求得在一定频率来水情况下的最优灌溉面积和水库各时段的蓄水过程,并可根据中长期水文予报予估可灌面积和水库蓄水情况,供制定生产计划和水库调度计划时参考。     

Environmental precursors to rapid light carbon injection at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary

The start of the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum--a period of exceptional global warming about 55 million years ago--is marked by a prominent negative carbon isotope excursion that reflects a massive input of 13C-depleted ('light') carbon to the ocean-atmosphere system. It is often assumed that this carbon injection initiated the rapid increase in global surface temperatures and environmental change that characterize the climate perturbation, but the exact sequence of events remains uncertain. Here we present chemical and biotic records of environmental change across the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary from two sediment sections in New Jersey that have high sediment accumulation rates. We show that the onsets of environmental change (as recorded by the abundant occurrence ('acme') of the dinoflagellate cyst Apectodinium) and of surface-ocean warming (as evidenced by the palaeothermometer TEX86) preceded the light carbon injection by several thousand years. The onset of the Apectodinium acme also precedes the carbon isotope excursion in sections from the southwest Pacific Ocean and the North Sea, indicating that the early onset of environmental change was not confined to the New Jersey shelf. The lag of approximately 3,000 years between the onset of warming in New Jersey shelf waters and the carbon isotope excursion is consistent with the hypothesis that bottom water warming caused the injection of 13C-depleted carbon by triggering the dissociation of submarine methane hydrates, but the cause of the early warming remains uncertain.     

高分子改性碳黑水相分散稳定性的动态光散射分析

利用动态光散射法测量并分析了改性碳黑在水相中的分散稳定性。研究结果表明:用PHS-T改性的纳米碳黑虽能稳定分散于水相中,但此时改性碳黑粒径较大;而在水相中PHS-b-PSt-T或PHS-b-PAA-T改性纳米碳黑比PHS-T改性纳米碳黑的分散稳定性高,且粒径也更小,其原因是共聚物PHS-b-PSt-T与PHS-b-PAA-T的链段间氢键作用力较弱且其分子量较小,降低了碳黑表面链段间彼此缠绕的可能性,使改性碳黑的聚集现象不明显,所以能得到粒径较小且分布稳定的结果。     

中国瘦幽灵蛛属1新纪录种(蜘蛛目:幽灵蛛科)

记述了采自我国广西的幽灵蛛科瘦幽灵蛛属1中国新纪录种:香山瘦幽灵蛛Leptopholcushuongson Huber,2011,并给出了详细的鉴别特征及结构特征图.模式标本保存在河北大学博物馆.文中测量单位为mm.     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界碎屑岩储层中的鞍形白云石胶结物及其对储层的影响

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界碎屑岩中存在鞍形白云石胶结物,它们具有强烈波状消光等鞍形白云石的典型结构特征,主要分布在石炭系本溪组、二叠系太原组和山西组下部等具有海相色彩的地层中,其矿物学、岩石学和地球化学研究有助于加深人们对鞍形白云石形成机制及其与储层发育关系的研究.从薄片分析,化学分析,碳、氧、锶同位素分析,阴极发光分析和X射线衍射分析结果中获得了鞍形白云石的如下信息:(1)鞍形白云石中FeCO3的摩尔分数变化在13%～23%之间,均属铁白云石.(2)鞍形白云石沉淀开始于碎屑石英次生加大之前,沉淀温度80～120℃.(3)鞍形白云石沉淀流体的δ18O值大致变化在+3‰～-6‰之间,沉淀流体盐度高于二叠纪海水.(4)鞍形白云石的碳同位素组成表明与海水有关的无机碳是其主要碳源.(5)鞍形白云石极其富集的放射性成因锶(87Sr/86Sr变化在0.707 116～0.725 223之间),这与上古生界鞍形白云石本身产于碎屑岩地层有关.(6)低含量的鞍形白云石胶结物对碎屑岩储层物性的影响是正面的,属于保持性成岩作用;但过度的鞍形白云石胶结作用对储层的影响则是负面的,属于破坏性成岩作用.这两种成岩作用鞍形白云石胶结物质量分数的界线可能在5%左右.