植物细胞壁中富含甘氨酸的蛋白质

在植物的某些组织中存在富含甘氨酸的蛋白质，根据ＧＲＰｓ中甘氨酸的含量和氨基酸的种类、数目及排列顺序的差异，推测植物的ＧＲＰｓ存在３种类型，这些ＧＲＰｓ在植物的生长发育及植物防御过程中起重要作用，已有大量的ＧＲＰ基因被分离鉴定，并对一些ＧＲＰ基因的启动子进行了分析，ＧＲＰｓ基因的表达受植物发育的调节，具有组织或器官特异性，很多ＧＲＰ基因的表达还受环境因素的影响。     

Apoptotic signal pathways and regulatory mechanisms of cancer cells induced by IL-24

The melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7(mda-7),IL-24,has the specific functions that induce cancer cell apoptosis without doing harm to normal cells. We systematically review the apoptotic signal pathways and their regulatory mechanisms induced by Ad.IL-24 and IL-24 in diverse cancer cells. IL-24 can participate in varied signal transduction pathways,including JAK,p38 MAPK,Wnt/β-catenin,JNK,ER stress and mitochondria-associated signal pathways. And we review five proteins interacting with IL-24,including Bip/GRP78,S1 R,PKR,Beclin1 and soluble clusterin,which are relative to the tumor-specific effect of IL-24. It is speculated that ER stress,G-protein pathways and MAPK signal pathways may be the primary upstream effectors which activate the sequential downstream mediators resulting in apoptosis induced by IL-24 in tumor cells. Experimental results also show that IL-24 sensitizes cancer cells and indirectly promotes apoptosis rather than functions as a direct apoptosis inducer itself.     

S-nitrosylated protein-disulphide isomerase links protein misfolding to neurodegeneration

Stress proteins located in the cytosol or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) maintain cell homeostasis and afford tolerance to severe insults. In neurodegenerative diseases, several chaperones ameliorate the accumulation of misfolded proteins triggered by oxidative or nitrosative stress, or of mutated gene products. Although severe ER stress can induce apoptosis, the ER withstands relatively mild insults through the expression of stress proteins or chaperones such as glucose-regulated protein (GRP) and protein-disulphide isomerase (PDI), which assist in the maturation and transport of unfolded secretory proteins. PDI catalyses thiol-disulphide exchange, thus facilitating disulphide bond formation and rearrangement reactions. PDI has two domains that function as independent active sites with homology to the small, redox-active protein thioredoxin. During neurodegenerative disorders and cerebral ischaemia, the accumulation of immature and denatured proteins results in ER dysfunction, but the upregulation of PDI represents an adaptive response to protect neuronal cells. Here we show, in brains manifesting sporadic Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease, that PDI is S-nitrosylated, a reaction transferring a nitric oxide (NO) group to a critical cysteine thiol to affect protein function. NO-induced S-nitrosylation of PDI inhibits its enzymatic activity, leads to the accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins, and activates the unfolded protein response. S-nitrosylation also abrogates PDI-mediated attenuation of neuronal cell death triggered by ER stress, misfolded proteins or proteasome inhibition. Thus, PDI prevents neurotoxicity associated with ER stress and protein misfolding, but NO blocks this protective effect in neurodegenerative disorders through the S-nitrosylation of PDI.     

The AAA ATPase Cdc48/p97 and its partners transport proteins from the ER into the cytosol.

In eukaryotic cells, incorrectly folded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are exported into the cytosol and degraded by the proteasome. This pathway is co-opted by some viruses. For example, the US11 protein of the human cytomegalovirus targets the major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chain for cytosolic degradation. How proteins are extracted from the ER membrane is unknown. In bacteria and mitochondria, members of the AAA ATPase family are involved in extracting and degrading membrane proteins. Here we demonstrate that another member of this family, Cdc48 in yeast and p97 in mammals, is required for the export of ER proteins into the cytosol. Whereas Cdc48/p97 was previously known to function in a complex with the cofactor p47 (ref. 5) in membrane fusion, we demonstrate that its role in ER protein export requires the interacting partners Ufd1 and Npl4. The AAA ATPase interacts with substrates at the ER membrane and is needed to release them as polyubiquitinated species into the cytosol. We propose that the Cdc48/p97-Ufd1-Npl4 complex extracts proteins from the ER membrane for cytosolic degradation.     

棉花细胞壁蛋白基因分离鉴定与表达分析

棉纤维起源于棉花胚珠外层表皮细胞．研究棉纤维发育,具有重要理论和实践意义．从棉纤维等组织cDNA文库中分离了186个棉花细胞壁结构蛋白基因,按照所编码的蛋白质结构特点,可将这些基因分为三类;富含脯氨酸细胞壁蛋白（Proline—rich cell wall proteins,PRPs）基因、伸展蛋白（Extensins）或者富含羟脯氨酸糖蛋白（Hydroxyproline—rich glycoprotein,HRGP）基因,富含甘氨酸蛋白（Glycine—rich proteins,GRPs）基因．采用cDNA microarray技术,比较上述基因在开花后10天的野生型棉花纤维和无絮无绒（fuzzless—lintless,fl）突变体胚珠表皮中表达谱发现,其中有7个基因在野生型纤维中特异性或高效性表达,表明它们可能与纤维发育有关．     

阿托伐他汀对高温高湿应激大鼠心肌细胞GRP78和CHOP表达的影响

探讨阿托伐他汀对高温高湿应激大鼠心肌细胞内内质网应激相关因子葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose-regulated proteinof 78kD,GRP78)和C/EBP环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合转录因子同源蛋白(CAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein,CHOP)表达的影响。将60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、高温高湿组、阿托伐他汀组,每组20只。按实验时间(2 w、4 w、6w、8 w)的不同,各组又分为4个亚组,每个亚组5只大鼠。用颈动脉插管法测定各组大鼠的平均动脉压(MAP)。心脏超声心动图检测左心室形态结构。用免疫组织化学法检测心脏GRP78和CHOP的表达水平。①高温高湿各亚组的MAP随着实验时间的延长呈逐渐递增的趋势,高温高湿4 w、6 w、8 w亚组的MAP均高于相应的对照组和阿托伐他汀组(P<0.05)。②高温高湿组心肌细胞中GRP78在2 w即有低水平表达,高于对照组,但无统计学意义。随着实验时间的延长,高温高湿组GRP78表达量不断增加,6 w达到最大值,8 w表达减弱。高温高湿4 w、6 w、8 w亚组GRP78表达量均高于相应对照组和阿托伐他汀组,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③高温高湿组2 w、4 w、6 w、8 w亚组CHOP表达量组间比较有统计学意义(P<0.05),8 w亚组表达达到最高值。高温高湿组2 w、4 w亚组与相应对照组比较无统计学意义(P>0.05);高温高湿组6 w、8 w亚组与相应对照组和阿托伐他汀组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。说明高温高湿应激可引起心肌细胞内质网应激反应,导致GRP78表达及CHOP表达的不对称增加,提示高温高湿应激可引起心肌细胞的损害。阿托伐他汀可以减轻内质网应激,逆转高温高湿应激所致的心肌细胞的损伤作用,对心肌细胞有保护作用。     

高血压大鼠血管平滑肌细胞GRP94和CHOP的表达及替米沙坦的影响

观察替米沙坦对高血压大鼠动脉血管平滑肌细胞内质网应激相关因子葡萄糖调节蛋白94(GRP94)和C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)的表达,以及血管中层厚度的变化的影响。将48只成年雄性SD大鼠随机等分为假手术对照组(对照组)、手术模型组和替米沙坦组。对照组分离腹主动脉,但不行狭窄术;模型组行腹主动脉狭窄术(TAC);替米沙坦组行腹主动脉狭窄术并给予每天替米沙坦1.5 mg/kg。喂养6周用颈动脉插管法测定各组大鼠的动脉压(MAP);利用图像分析软件测量血管中层的厚度。用免疫组织化学法和western-blot法检测GRP94和CHOP的表达水平。结果:①手术模型组大鼠的MAP显著高于相应的对照组和替米沙坦组,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②手术模型组的GRP94表达量高于对照组和替米沙坦组,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③手术模型组的CHOP蛋白表达量高于对照组和替米沙坦组,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。④手术模型组大鼠血管平滑肌中层厚度厚于对照组和替米沙坦组,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。说明腹主动脉狭窄致高血压可引起血管平滑肌细胞内质网应激反应,导致GRP94表达及CHOP表达的增加。替米沙坦可能通过减轻内质网应激,逆转高血压所致的血管平滑肌细胞的损伤作用,对血管平滑肌细胞有保护作用。     

Caspase-12 mediates endoplasmic-reticulum-specific apoptosis and cytotoxicity by amyloid-beta

Apoptosis, or cellular suicide, is important for normal development and tissue homeostasis, but too much or too little apoptosis can also cause disease. The family of cysteine proteases, the so- called caspases, are critical mediators of programmed cell death, and thus far 14 family members have been identified. Some of these, such as caspase-8, mediate signal transduction downstream of death receptors located on the plasma membrane. Others, such as caspase-9, mediate apoptotic signals after mitochondrial damage. Stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can also result in apoptosis. Here we show that caspase-12 is localized to the ER and activated by ER stress, including disruption of ER calcium homeostasis and accumulation of excess proteins in ER, but not by membrane- or mitochondrial-targeted apoptotic signals. Mice that are deficient in caspase-12 are resistant to ER stress-induced apoptosis, but their cells undergo apoptosis in response to other death stimuli. Furthermore, we show that caspase-12-deficient cortical neurons are defective in apoptosis induced by amyloid-beta protein but not by staurosporine or trophic factor deprivation. Thus, caspase-12 mediates an ER-specific apoptosis pathway and may contribute to amyloid-beta neurotoxicity.     

水杨酸对烟草GRPs基因表达的影响

通过RT-PCR得到富含甘氨酸RNA结合蛋白（GRPs）基因片段,利用northern杂交技术对水杨酸诱导不同时间不同烟草GRPs基因的表达模式进行研究.结果表明：水杨酸能诱导烟草GRPs基因上调表达,3 h达到最高,然后开始下降;但3个TMV抗性不同的供试烟草增加幅度不同,基因表达幅度与抗性有一定关系,抗性强的红花大金元表达增幅大于抗性较弱的云烟85.本研究明确了水杨酸诱导下烟草该基因的表达谱,揭示了SA诱导烟草不同抗性的品种的幅度不同,并且发现诱导后3 h为关键点,表明GRPs基因可作为烟草水杨酸代谢途径中的一个标记基因研究其途径对逆境的应答.     

Protein degradation and protection against misfolded or damaged proteins

The ultimate mechanism that cells use to ensure the quality of intracellular proteins is the selective destruction of misfolded or damaged polypeptides. In eukaryotic cells, the large ATP-dependent proteolytic machine, the 26S proteasome, prevents the accumulation of non-functional, potentially toxic proteins. This process is of particular importance in protecting cells against harsh conditions (for example, heat shock or oxidative stress) and in a variety of diseases (for example, cystic fibrosis and the major neurodegenerative diseases). A full understanding of the pathogenesis of the protein-folding diseases will require greater knowledge of how misfolded proteins are recognized and selectively degraded.     

Assembly of yeast Sec proteins involved in translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum into a membrane-bound multisubunit complex

Secretory-protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is thought to be catalysed by integral membrane proteins. Genetic selections uncovered three Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes (SEC61, SEC62 and SEC63), mutations in which block import of precursor proteins into the ER lumen in vivo and in vitro. The DNA sequences of SEC62 and SEC63 predict multispanning membrane proteins, and biochemical characterization of the SEC62 protein (Sec62) confirms that it is an integral ER membrane protein. Here we show that Sec61, Sec62 and Sec63 are assembled with two additional proteins into a multisubunit membrane-associated complex. These results confirm previous predictions, based upon genetic interactions between the SEC genes, that Sec61, Sec62 and Sec63 act together to facilitate protein translocation into the ER.     

MHC class II region encoding proteins related to the multidrug resistance family of transmembrane transporters

The T-cell immune response is directed against antigenic peptide fragments generated in intracellular compartments, the cytosol or the endocytic system. Peptides derived from cytosolic proteins, usually of biosynthetic origin, are presented efficiently to T-cell receptors by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, with which they assemble, probably in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the absence of recognizable N-terminal signal sequences, such cytosolic peptides must be translocated across the ER membrane by a novel mechanism. Genes apparently involved in the normal assembly and transport of class I molecules may themselves be encoded in the MHC. Here we show that one of these, the rat cim gene, maps to a highly polymorphic part of the MHC class II region encoding two novel members of the family of transmembrane transporters related to multidrug resistance. Other members of this family of transporter proteins are known to be capable of transporting proteins and peptides across membranes independently of the classical secretory pathway. Such molecules are credible candidates for peptide pumps that move fragments of antigenic proteins from the cytosol into the ER.     

A membrane protein required for dislocation of misfolded proteins from the ER

After insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), proteins that fail to fold there are destroyed. Through a process termed dislocation such misfolded proteins arrive in the cytosol, where ubiquitination, deglycosylation and finally proteasomal proteolysis dispense with the unwanted polypeptides. The machinery involved in the extraction of misfolded proteins from the ER is poorly defined. The human cytomegalovirus-encoded glycoproteins US2 and US11 catalyse the dislocation of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products, resulting in their rapid degradation. Here we show that US11 uses its transmembrane domain to recruit class I MHC products to a human homologue of yeast Der1p, a protein essential for the degradation of a subset of misfolded ER proteins. We show that this protein, Derlin-1, is essential for the degradation of class I MHC molecules catalysed by US11, but not by US2. We conclude that Derlin-1 is an important factor for the extraction of certain aberrantly folded proteins from the mammalian ER.     

Messenger RNA targeting of rice seed storage proteins to specific ER subdomains

Rice seeds, a rich reserve of starch and protein, are a major food source in many countries. Unlike the seeds of other plants, which typically accumulate one major type of storage protein, rice seeds use two major classes, prolamines and globulin-like glutelins. Both storage proteins are synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and translocated to the ER lumen, but are then sorted into separate intracellular compartments. Prolamines are retained in the ER lumen as protein bodies whereas glutelins are transported and stored in protein storage vacuoles. Mechanisms responsible for the retention of prolamines within the ER lumen and their assembly into intracisternal inclusion granules are unknown, but the involvement of RNA localization has been suggested. Here we show that the storage protein RNAs are localized to distinct ER membranes and that prolamine RNAs are targeted to the prolamine protein bodies by a mechanism based on RNA signal(s), a process that also requires a translation initiation codon. Our results indicate that the ER may be composed of subdomains that specialize in the synthesis of proteins directed to different compartments of the plant endomembrane system.     

Specific dephosphorylation of membrane proteins in Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chick embryo fibroblasts

Chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) infected with avian sarcoma virus become rapidly transformed as a result of expression of the viral src gene in the form of a single polypeptide of molecular weight 60,000 (pp60src) with protein kinase activity and suggested preferential association with the plasma membrane. Studies with normal avian and mammalian cells have revealed the presence of an antigenically related protein which seems to have similar kinase activity, but which is present at less than 1% of the levels of virally induced src protein found in transformed cells. As dynamic phosphorylation is important in numerous regulatory processes, the phenotypic expression of transformation may arise from an imbalance in one or more regulatory mechanisms that are controlled by protein phosphorylation. The cell membrane is affected during transformation, including its phosphotransferase activity. The latter has been shown using isolated membrane fractions whose properties may be changed during preparation. Therefore, we have compared the phosphorylation state of individual membrane proteins found in intact normal and RSV-transformed cells and report here the identification of two heavily phosphorylated, acidic membrane proteins in normal CEF which are specifically dephosphorylated on transformation by wild-type and temperature-sensitive Rous sarcoma viruses.     

运动对自发性高血压大鼠主动脉平滑肌内质网应激及胶原含量的影响

目的：观察运动对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）胸主动脉胶原含量及TGFβ1表达的影响及平滑肌细胞内质网应激（ERS）的调节作用,探讨运动对ERS与血管重构关系的作用.方法：80只自发性高血压大鼠随机分为运动组和对照组,运动组进行连续16周的运动.每隔4周监测血压.分别于实验第0、4、8、12、16周时随机分批处死SHR（每次每组6只）,取胸主动脉行Masson染色,观察病理变化并计算主动脉胶原容积分数（CVF）,免疫组化法测定SHR胸主动脉管壁转化生长因子β1（TGFβ1）、主动脉平滑肌细胞GRP78和caspase-12的蛋白表达.结果：（1）实验第12、16周,对照组SHR主动脉CVF均较运动组高（P〈0.05）.（2）实验第4、8、12周时运动组SHR主动脉TGFβ1的表达均较对照组低（P〈0.05）.（3）SHR运动组大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞GRP78和caspase-12蛋白表达较SHR对照组明显减弱.结论：运动可能抑制高血压大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞内质网应激反应的激活,也可使SHR胸主动脉胶原含量的增龄性变化减缓,而局部TGFβ1含量降低可能是导致其胶原含量减少的重要机制之一.     

A membrane protein complex mediates retro-translocation from the ER lumen into the cytosol

Elimination of misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by retro-translocation is an important physiological adaptation to ER stress. This process requires recognition of a substrate in the ER lumen and its subsequent movement through the membrane by the cytosolic p97 ATPase. Here we identify a p97-interacting membrane protein complex in the mammalian ER that links these two events. The central component of the complex, Derlin-1, is a homologue of Der1, a yeast protein whose inactivation prevents the elimination of misfolded luminal ER proteins. Derlin-1 associates with different substrates as they move through the membrane, and inactivation of Derlin-1 in C. elegans causes ER stress. Derlin-1 interacts with US11, a virally encoded ER protein that specifically targets MHC class I heavy chains for export from the ER, as well as with VIMP, a novel membrane protein that recruits the p97 ATPase and its cofactor.     

Molecular characterization of human reticulon 3 as a potential marker during the differentiation of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells

Neuroendocrine-specific protein (NSP) -reticulons are endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein complexes, which are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and identified as markers for neuroendocrine differentiation. In the present study, human reticulon 3 gene (hRTN3) was cloned and its expression pattern in a variety of tissues was investigated. Truncated hRTN3s corresponding to the C-terminal (hRTN3-C) domain were expressed and purified. hRTN3 mRNA was down-regulated during the differentiation of human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y induced by all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), which suggests that, like other members of the reticulon family, hRTN3 is a potential marker for neuroendocrine differentiation.