废轮胎热解油轻质馏分成分分布与柠檬烯提纯

通过减压精馏的方式富集了废轮胎热解油的轻质馏分，并通过常压精馏的方式将轻质馏分分为6段，系统地研究了甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、对伞花烃和柠檬烯等高价值物质的分布情况；随后使用乙二醇-环丁砜作为二元萃取剂针对柠檬烯富集馏分进行提纯研究.结果表明：甲苯主要分布在100～120℃馏段，乙苯和二甲苯主要分布在120～140℃馏段，柠檬烯和对伞花烃主要分布在160～180℃馏段.柠檬烯提纯方面，在20℃,乙二醇与环丁砜的质量比为3∶1,剂与油的质量比为5∶1的条件下对柠檬烯富集馏分进行10级萃取实验，可完全去除非烃类杂质，芳香烃杂质的质量分数下降至24.99%,柠檬烯的质量分数从33.81%提升至48.03%,柠檬烯萃取提纯的效果优于精馏提纯的效果.     

温度及水洗预处理对生物质氧气-水蒸气气化特性的影响

为研究气化温度和水洗预处理对玉米秸秆氧气-水蒸气气化特性的影响,借助扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、比表面积与孔隙度分析仪、气相色谱仪(GC)和气质联用仪(GC-MS)等表征不同工况下的气化产物。研究结果表明：在400℃和600℃下制得的焦油中2,3-二氢苯并呋喃的质量分数最高,在800℃和1 000℃下制得的焦油中苯酚的质量分数最高。从400℃到1 000℃,含氧官能团取代的芳香族化合物逐渐转变为多环芳烃,苯酚的质量分数从5.07%增加至17.37%,合成气中H₂和CO的体积分数升高,CH₄和CO₂的体积分数降低,热值和H₂与CO的物质的量比增加。水洗预处理降低了在800℃下由玉米秸秆气化所得合成气中H₂和CO的体积分数,其热值较水洗前降低了2.55%。水洗后制得的生物质焦比表面积、总孔体积和平均孔径均增大,促进了焦油的裂解反应,提高了CO₂和CH₄的产率。水洗促进了焦油中M1类化合物的形成,抑制了环烷烃、多环芳香...     

新疆黑山煤液化重质油组成结构研究

用气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)分析馏程为360～380 ℃的新疆黑山煤液化重质油,检测出的主要成分为稠环芳烃及其衍生物,此外还有少量正构烷烃和以酮的形式存在的含杂原子化合物.用硅胶柱层析法分离煤液化重质油,所得洗脱馏分中质量分数较大的为石油醚洗脱馏分和石油醚/乙酸乙酯(体积比为2:1)混合溶剂洗脱馏分,表明煤液化重质油的主要成分呈弱极性.各洗脱馏分用GC/MS分析,其可测成分与直接检测相比,多检测出偶碳烯烃、邻苯二甲酸酯类和含氮化合物等,表明合适的预分离对提高GC/MS分析的灵敏度非常重要.     

单溶剂抽提分离FCC油浆影响因素分析

以大庆催化裂化(FCC)油浆为原料,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为抽提溶剂,采用三因素三水平BBD(box-behnken design)正交试验设计,考察分析抽提温度、剂油比和抽提时间对抽提油收率及芳香烃质量分数的影响,得到抽提油收率和芳烃质量分数与影响因素间的多项式回归模型。响应面法分析表明,单溶剂抽提分离FCC,抽提温度和剂油比对抽提结果有明显影响,且两者对芳烃质量分数具有交互作用,而抽提时间对抽提结果的影响不显著。模型分析表明,DMF抽提分离油浆的最优操作条件为抽提温度61.3℃、剂油比3.3,抽提时间35 min,模型预测结果与重复性验证试验具有非常好的一致性。     

沙柳、柠条、杨木的苯酚液化工艺研究

以苯酚作液化剂,稀硫酸作催化剂,对沙柳(Salix psammophila)、柠条(Caragana intermedia)和杨木(Populus×Euramericana(Doda)Guineir cv.’I-214)进行了液化实验,分析了反应温度、液比、催化剂用量及液化时间对液化反应的影响。结果表明:(1)在适宜的液化条件下,沙柳、柠条和杨木均能达到理想的液化效果,且杨木比沙柳和柠条更易于液化。(2)反应温度对液化过程的影响最大,液比、催化剂用量等对液化过程也有不同程度的影响。(3)杨木液化适宜的工艺条件为:温度150℃,液比(酚/木)为3,催化剂质量分数7%,时间120 min;沙柳和柠条适宜的液化工艺条件为:温度150℃,液比(酚/木)为4,催化剂质量分数7%,时间120 min。     

废润滑油酸洗-碱洗-白土复合再生试验研究

以油品的透光率为考察指标,重点考察了影响再生效果的主要条件及因素。研究表明:在硫酸添加量为8%左右,酸洗接触时间为20～30 min;碱洗反应温度为95℃左右,碱的添加方式为纯碱和碱液相结合为好,纯碱添加量为废油重的0.6%左右和碱液10 mL较佳;白土添加量15%,白土反应温度130℃左右,白土搅拌反应接触时间20 min左右时,具有较好的再生效果。再生后油品的主要参数基本上可以达到相应级别油的标准。     

冶金级硅酸洗提纯研究

冶金工艺被认为是非常有前途的一种有别于传统的西门子工艺而且能够满足市场对太阳能级硅需求的工艺.冶金级硅的预处理是冶金提纯工艺路径中非常重要的一个环节,因为酸洗可以有效地去除硅中的金属杂质例如铝、铁和钙等.通过系统性的对比试验对酸洗工艺去除硅中杂质的效果进行了详细的研究,分别探讨了酸的种类、酸的浓度、酸洗时间、酸洗温度以及硅粉颗粒粒径对杂质去除效率的影响.研究结果表明最佳的酸洗工艺参数为15%的盐酸,80℃,10h和100μm.在最佳酸洗工艺参数条件下金属杂质铝、铁和钙的去除率分别为70.90%、94.82%和82.69%.     

利用C5馏分中的环戊二烯制降冰片烯二酸酐的工艺研究

通过对石油烃类裂解制乙烯过程中的副产物-C5馏分与顺酐发生Diel-Alder反应制备降冰片烯二酸酐[1](以下简称降酐)的工艺条件研究,结果表明将C5馏分原料分割成~50 ℃,~100 ℃,＞100 ℃三种馏分,选择~100 ℃馏分作为洗液,＞100 ℃馏分不经蒸馏作为反应溶剂,＞100 ℃馏分经170 ℃高温解聚后作为反应原料,合成条件顺酐环戊二烯=1∶1.2 ( 摩尔比),温度40 ℃,反应时间3 h,产品收率为85 %左右(以顺酐计).本工艺所生产的降酐成本低,质量稳定,纯度高,无三废排放,对环境无污染.     

炭化型煤的水蒸气气化特性及动力学

以褐煤等粉煤为原料,采用冷压成型和低温炭化工艺,研制出高热稳定性的气化用炭化型煤。在固定床气化装置中,研究了炭化型煤的水蒸气气化特性和动力学。研究表明,气化温度从880℃提高到1 000℃,碳转化率达到85%的时间从40~50min缩短至20min以内;反应进行5~8min时,炭化型煤气化反应速率达到最大值;气化温度为880℃时,反应全程处在化学反应控制区;气化温度为920℃、960℃和1 000℃时,反应过程由化学控制区向内扩散控制区转移,转移的拐点在碳转化率为90%~95%之间出现。炭化型煤气化动力学可用二维扩散模式的缩核模型描述,在化学反应控制区,表观活化能为93.83~104.11kJ/mol,表观活化能与指前因子存在动力学补偿效应;在内扩散控制区,表观活化能为76.45~87.05kJ/mol。     

管式炉中温度对玉米秸秆慢速热解特性的影响分析

热解终温和升温速率是玉米秸秆热解的重要影响因素。基于玉米秸秆慢速热解原理,采用热重和管式炉热解取样方法对玉米秸秆的慢速热解特性进行实验分析。取升温速率(20℃/min,30℃/min,40℃/min,50℃/min,60℃/min)和终温(300℃,400℃,500℃,600℃,700℃)作为影响因素,以热解产物(残炭、生物质焦油和热解气体)的产率作为评价分析指标,并对不同终温条件下的热解气体成分进行定量分析。试验结果表明,随着升温速率的增加(20~60℃/min),残炭产率和气体产率略有变化;而焦油产率有较大幅度的提升,可从12%提升至18%。热解终温的升高,使固体残渣中的挥发分进一步析出,残炭产率下降;终温为600℃时,焦油产率达到极大峰值,最高可达18%,峰值温度前,焦油产率随终温的增加而增加,当终温大于峰值温度后,焦油产率迅速减少;气体产率随温度的升高而增加,热值也随之增加,在700℃时,低位热值为10.22MJ/Nm~3。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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