An engineered poliovirus chimaera elicits broadly reactive HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies

The Sabin type 1 vaccine strain of poliovirus is probably the safest and most successful live-attenuated vaccine virus used in humans. Its widespread use since the early 1960s has contributed significantly to the virtual eradication of poliomyelitis in developed countries. We have reported previously the construction of an intertypic antigen chimaera of poliovirus, based on the Sabin 1 strain, and proposed that this virus could be modified to express on its surface antigenic determinants from other pathogens. We describe here the construction and characterization of a poliovirus antigen chimaera containing an epitope from the transmembrane glycoprotein (gp41) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In antibody absorption experiments, the virus chimaera inhibited neutralization of HIV-1 by antipeptide monoclonal antibodies specific for the gp41 epitope and significantly reduced the group specific neutralizing activity of HIV-1-positive human sera. Rabbit antisera raised by subcutaneous injection of the polio/HIV chimaera in adjuvant was shown to be specific for HIV-1 gp41 in peptide-binding assays and by western blotting. Moreover, the antisera neutralized a wide range of American and African HIV-1 isolates and also inhibited virus-induced cell fusion. Monoclonal antibodies against the HIV-1 derived regions of the chimaera also neutralized HIV-1. These results establish the potential of using poliovirus for the presentation of foreign antigens and suggest that Sabin 1 poliovirus/HIV chimaeras could offer an approach to the development of an HIV vaccine.     

应用PCR－RFLP法作脊灰炎病毒型内分析的研究

用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ法对近年来从麻痹病人分离到的２６株脊灰炎病毒（ＰＶ）作了型内分析研究。１６株ＰＶ１的ＲＦＬＰ图式呈现多样性，毒株的图式可与Ｓａｂｉｎ１型疫苗株完全相同或不同，某些毒株亦可无电泳条带出现。７株ＰＶ２与３株ＰＶ３的ＲＦＬＰ图式则分别与疫苗株Ｓａｂｉｎ２型和３型完全相同。全面分析这些ＲＦＬＰ后，我们认为１６株ＰＶ１为野毒株，而７株ＰＶ２及３株ＰＶ３则可能是疫苗相似株。鉴于近年来广西的麻痹病例仍主要由ＰＶ１所致。故此，加强突击普服ＯＰＶ运动及作好分离毒株的型内分析已成为消灭脊灰炎的关键。     

Increased neurovirulence associated with a single nucleotide change in a noncoding region of the Sabin type 3 poliovaccine genome

Most of the small number of cases of poliomyelitis which occur in countries where Sabin's attenuated poliovirus vaccines are used are temporally associated with administration of vaccine and involve polioviruses of types 2 and 3 (ref. 1). Recent studies have provided convincing evidence that the Sabin type 2 and 3 viruses themselves may revert to a neurovirulent phenotype on passage in man. We report here that a point mutation in the 5' noncoding region of the genome of the poliovirus type 3 vaccine consistently reverts to wild type in strains isolated from cases of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis. Virus with this change is rapidly selected on passage through the human gastrointestinal tract. The change is associated with a demonstrable increase in the neurovirulence of the virus.     

Myristylation of picornavirus capsid protein VP4 and its structural significance

We have obtained evidence that poliovirus and other picornavirus particles are specifically modified by having myristic acid covalently bound to a capsid protein. The electron density map of poliovirus confirms the position of the myristate molecule and defines its location in the virus particle. Analogies with other myristylated proteins suggest that the myristate moiety in picornaviruses may be involved in capsid assembly or in the entry of virus into cells.     

应用PCR-RFLP法作脊灰炎病毒型内分析的研究

用PCR-RFLP法对近年来从麻痹病人分离到的26株脊灰炎病毒(PV)作了型内分析研究。16株PV₁的RFLP图式呈现多样性,毒株的图式可与Sabin1型疫苗株完全相同或不同,某些毒株亦可无电泳条带出现。7株PV₂与3株PV₃的RFLP图式则分别与疫苗株Sabin2型和3型完全相同。全面分析这些RFLP后,我们认为16株PV₁为野毒株,而7株PV₂及3株PV₃则可能是疫苗相似株。鉴于近年来广西的麻痹病例仍主要由PV₁所致。故此,加强突击普服OPV运动及作好分离毒株的型内分析已成为消灭脊灰炎的关键。     

Critical role of an eight-amino acid sequence of VP1 in neutralization of poliovirus type 3

The three serotypes of poliovirus are members of the picornaviradae, a group of viruses which cause a variety of diseases of considerable importance in man and animals. We have previously used antigenic mutants resistant to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to identify a single antigenic site for the neutralization of poliovirus type 3 (ref. 1). Evidence based on oligonucleotide mapping suggested that this site corresponded largely to one physicochemical region of the capsid protein viral polypeptide 1 (VP1). We now present conclusive evidence that most of the mutations conferring resistance to neutralization are confined to an eight-amino acid region of VP1, specified by a sequence of viral RNA 277-300 bases from the start of the region coding for VP1. These data strongly suggest that this small region constitutes a major antigenic site involved in virus neutralization and they provide the most detailed information currently available on the antigenic site of a human virus.     

Location and primary structure of a major antigenic site for poliovirus neutralization

We have determined a major antigenic site for virus neutralization on the capsid protein VP1 of poliovirus type 3. Antigenic mutant viruses selected for resistance to individual monoclonal antibodies had point mutations concentrated in a region 277-294 bases downstream from the start of the region of viral RNA coding for VP1. These findings provide the basis for an improved understanding of the molecular basis of virus neutralization.     

Sequence of reovirus haemagglutinin predicts a coiled-coil structure

The use of modern techniques has led to new insights into the molecular mechanisms of viral pathogenesis. Although the infectious process is quite complex, it is clear that one critical stage, the interaction of viral attachment proteins with cell-surface receptors, often has a major role in determining the pattern of infection. The mammalian reoviruses have served as useful models for understanding the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis. The mammalian reovirus haemagglutinin (sigma 1 protein), which is an outer capsid protein, has been shown to be a major factor in determining virus-host cell interactions. To further our understanding of the structure and function of the haemagglutinin, we have cloned a complementary DNA copy of the reovirus type 3 S1 double-stranded RNA gene which encodes the virus haemagglutinin and have sequenced the DNA complementary to the S1 gene. Analysis of the predicted amino-acid sequence of the virus haemagglutinin has allowed us to determine that the amino-terminal portion contains an alpha-helical coiled-coil structure and that the carboxy-terminal portion contains the receptor-interacting domains. Using this information, we propose here a model of how the reovirus haemagglutinin is attached to the virus particle.     

Sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus and its relationship to the human immunodeficiency viruses

The characterization of HIV-1 (HTLV-III/LAV), the human retrovirus associated with AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) has led to the identification of a group of related human and simian retroviruses which also infect CD4-bearing T lymphocytes. Simian T-lymphotropic virus type III (simian immodeficiency virus) from macaques (STLV-IIIMAC) induces symptoms similar to those of AIDS in infected macaques, but isolates from African green monkeys (STLV-IIIAGM) and mangabeys (STLV-IIMM) appear to be non-pathogenic in these animals. A human virus immunologically related to STLV-IIIAGM (HTLV-IV), reported to have been isolated from healthy humans, has been shown to be almost identical to STLV-IIIAGM, which has called into question the independent origin of these viruses. Here we report the complete DNA sequence of STLV-IIIAGM and analyse its relationship with the genomes of the HTLV-IIIB strain of HIV-1, HIV-2ROD (previously called LAV-2) and several ungulate lentiretroviruses. STLV-IIIAGM and HIV-2 are closely related, and more distantly related to HIV-1.     

新型宽域粒度分析仪

研制具有快速简便自动操作特点的颗分仪器,具有重要意义.笔者在GDY-l型光电颗分仪、NSY-1型泥沙颗粒分析仪的基础上,研制成第三代光电颗粒分析仪—NSY-2型宽域粒度分析仪.本文对这一成果作一详细介绍.主要内容有:(1)用分段混匀沉降、消光颗分法实现宽域粒度测量;(2)采用电脑控制操作及进行数据处理,以简化电路结构增加系统的稳定性及可靠性;(3)采用如自动判别最大粒径、含量分组法等几项新的颗分技术.     

Three-dimensional structure of aspartyl protease from human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1

The crystal structure of the protease of the human immunodeficiency virus type (HIV-1), which releases structural proteins and enzymes from viral polyprotein products, has been determined to 3 A resolution. Large regions of the protease dimer, including the active site, have structural homology to the family of microbial aspartyl proteases. The structure suggests a mechanism for the autoproteolytic release of protease and a role in the control of virus maturation.     

A novel selective broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus agent

A new compound has been found, (S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine ((S)-HPMPA), that has potent and selective activity against a broad spectrum of DNA viruses, including herpes simplex virus (types 1 and 2); varicella zoster virus; thymidine kinase-deficient (TK-) mutants of herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus; human cytomegalovirus; phocid, simian, suid, bovid and equid herpesviruses; African swine fever virus; vaccinia virus; and human adenoviruses. It is also active against retroviruses. We also report that, in mice and rabbits in vivo, the compound is effective against both local and systemic infections with herpes simplex virus type 1, including herpetic keratitis caused by a TK- mutant which is resistant to the classical anti-herpes drugs.     

两种浓缩方法在水样脊髓灰质病毒检测中的应用

水样中病毒颗粒的有效浓缩和富集是病毒检测的首要任务.分别应用氯化钠-氯化铝沉淀法和滤膜吸附法,对模拟水样和实际水样的脊髓灰质病毒进行浓缩分离.经过核酸提取后,通过RT-nest-PCR分子生物学技术扩增特异性核酸片段检测病毒,结果发现,两种浓缩方法对水样中的脊髓灰质病毒都能有效地回收富集及检测.通过计算,分别检测到污水处理厂进水口中病毒存在所用水样的有效体积,氯化钠-氯化铝沉淀法为3.5 mL,滤膜吸附法为2.1 mL.应用氯化钠-氯化铝沉淀法对另外3个污水处理厂水样的病毒检测发现,进水口和出水口均有脊髓灰质病毒的存在.另外,制备了包含脊髓灰质病毒特异性核酸片段的阳性质粒标准品,为开展水体环境中有害病毒的检测工作奠定研究基础.     

Scalable multiparticle entanglement of trapped ions

The generation, manipulation and fundamental understanding of entanglement lies at the very heart of quantum mechanics. Entangled particles are non-interacting but are described by a common wavefunction; consequently, individual particles are not independent of each other and their quantum properties are inextricably interwoven. The intriguing features of entanglement become particularly evident if the particles can be individually controlled and physically separated. However, both the experimental realization and characterization of entanglement become exceedingly difficult for systems with many particles. The main difficulty is to manipulate and detect the quantum state of individual particles as well as to control the interaction between them. So far, entanglement of four ions or five photons has been demonstrated experimentally. The creation of scalable multiparticle entanglement demands a non-exponential scaling of resources with particle number. Among the various kinds of entangled states, the 'W state' plays an important role as its entanglement is maximally persistent and robust even under particle loss. Such states are central as a resource in quantum information processing and multiparty quantum communication. Here we report the scalable and deterministic generation of four-, five-, six-, seven- and eight-particle entangled states of the W type with trapped ions. We obtain the maximum possible information on these states by performing full characterization via state tomography, using individual control and detection of the ions. A detailed analysis proves that the entanglement is genuine. The availability of such multiparticle entangled states, together with full information in the form of their density matrices, creates a test-bed for theoretical studies of multiparticle entanglement. Independently, 'Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger' entangled states with up to six ions have been created and analysed in Boulder.     

Cloning of HTLV-4 and its relation to simian and human immunodeficiency viruses

Although much is now known of the strain variation among the type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), which is the cause of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) in the United States, Europe, and Central Africa, much less is yet known about a second group of viruses that have been found in West Africans. One member of this group, named human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 4 (HTLV-4), has been isolated from healthy Senegalese. Another is the virus isolated from West Africans with AIDS-like illness and originally called LAV-2 but now renamed HIV-2. Both these viruses seem to be less closely related to HIV-1 than they are to a virus of healthy African green monkeys, known variously as simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3 (STLV-3) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which in turn is related to viruses isolated from healthy sooty mangabeys and captive macaques with a form of immunodeficiency (to distinguish these viruses they are referred to as STLV-3 (or SIV)agm, STLV-3mac, or STLV-3smm). To clarify the relationship between the various HIVs, STLV-3s and HTLV-4 we are determining and comparing the molecular and biological characteristics of several of them. Following our recent publication of a restriction-site map of STLV-3agm, we now report that the equivalent map of three isolates of HTLV-4 is remarkably similar to it. In addition we present comparative sequence data on the long terminal repeats (LTR) of HTLV-4, STLV-3agm, HIV-1 and HIV-2, together with evidence that cloned HTLV-4 uses the same receptor as HIV-1 and induces some, but not all, of the cytopathic effects attributed to most isolates of HIV-1 and HIV-2.     

应用聚合酶链反应检测环境污水脊髓灰质炎病毒的研究

用聚合酶链反应技术检测５个市县１５份环境污水中肠道病毒，其中１１份阳性，与细胞中和试验鉴定阳笥结果符合率９０．９０％－１００％，该法不仅简单，敏感，特异分型，而且可作型内鉴别，使细胞中和试验分型和Ｔ特征型内鉴别所需１４ｄ缩短到２ｄ。为环境样品中脊髓灰质炎病毒污染提供了检测手段。     

Inhibition of HIV replication by pokeweed antiviral protein targeted to CD4+ cells by monoclonal antibodies

Functional impairment and selective depletion of CD4+ T cells, the hallmark of AIDS, are at least partly caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) type 1 binding to the CD4 molecule and infecting CD4+ cells. It may, therefore, be of therapeutic value to target an antiviral agent to CD4+ cells to prevent infection and to inhibit HIV-1 production in patients' CD4+ cells which contain proviral DNA. We report here that HIV-1 replication in normal primary CD4+ T cells can be inhibited by pokeweed antiviral protein, a plant protein of relative molecular mass 30,000, which inhibits replication of certain plant RNA viruses, and of herpes simplex virus, poliovirus and influenza virus. Targeting pokeweed antiviral protein to CD4+ T cells by conjugating it to monoclonal antibodies reactive with CD5, CD7 or CD4 expressed on CD4+ cells, increased its anti-HIV potency up to 1,000-fold. HIV-1 replication is inhibited at picomolar concentrations of conjugates of pokeweed antiviral protein and monoclonal antibodies, which do not inhibit proliferation of normal CD4+ T cells or CD4-dependent responses. These conjugates inhibit HIV-1 protein synthesis and also strongly inhibit HIV-1 production in activated CD4+ T cells from infected patients.     

吉林地区病毒性肝炎分型分析

目的 了解吉林地区病毒性肝炎的型别分布及感染状况．方法 采用ELlSA法检测．结果 男性检出39例，女性检出21例，检出HAV23例，占38％；HBV25例，占42％，NCV6例，占10％；HVD未检出，HEV4例，占7％，HGV2例，占3％．乙型肝炎检出率最高，其次为甲型肝炎、丙型肝炎、戊型肝炎、庚型肝炎．丁型肝炎检出率为0．单纯感染56例；1例甲、丙、庚三重感染，1例为甲、乙二重感染．结论 甲、乙型肝炎仍为吉林地区人群感染的主要病原．     

SYNTHESIS OF PLASTIC PIGMENT WITH MULTIHOLLOW STRUCTURE

INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, seeded emulsion polymerization was often used to synthesis polymer/polymer composite particles used in many industrial field, such as in painting, print, coating and so on. Moreover, recently ,attention has been focused on the latex particle possessing hollow structure(1～4). For example, P(St -MAA) polymer particles was changed to those having hollow structure by alkali treatment, following by being cooled to room temperature, which was named as alkali/cool…