Influence of wettability on flow characteristics of water through microtubes and cores

The flow characteristics of deionized water in hydrophilic and hydrophobic microtubes with diameters of 14.9, 5.03 and 2.05 μm are investigated experimentally. The results indicate that the flow characteristics of deionized water in microtubes with diameter of 14.9 μm are in agreement with the classical Hagen-Poiseuille （H-P） equation, but for hydrophilic and hydrophobic microtubes with smaller diameters, the results show significant departure from the prediction of conventional theory, and the discrepancies are influenced by wettability of the microtubes and increase as the Reynolds numbers decrease. Besides, flows of fluid in cores are the macroscopic reflection of flows in countless mi- cron-sized pore throats, the influence of wettability on microscale flow in pore throats will cause the change of seepage characteristic in cores. Therefore, flow experiments of brine through cores with different wettabilities are conducted. The results demonstrate that wettability exerts similar influence on water flows in cores and microtubes.     

高压气体在微圆管中的流动特性

在高压条件下,试验研究氮气在直径为14.9、10.1、5.03、2.05μm微圆管中的流动特性。结合毛管束模型,研究气体的高压微尺度流动特性对气体在低渗多孔介质中渗流特性的影响。结果表明:气体在14.9μm微圆管中的高压流动特性与经典流体力学规律相符;随着管径的减小,气体的流动出现了明显的微尺度效应,表现为实测流量偏离经典流体力学理论预测流量,且管径越小,这种微尺度流动效应越显著;研究稀薄气体效应时提出的Kn数不能用来表征高压条件下气体的微尺度效应;气体在微小孔喉中的高压微尺度流动效应导致气体在低渗多孔介质中的渗流具有非达西渗流特征,表现为实际渗透率大于由经典H-P方程和达西公式计算的绝对渗透率。     

微圆管中纳微米聚合物流动规律

 针对低渗透油藏储集层孔道微细、孔隙结构复杂等特点,采用管径为20、15、10 μm的微圆管,以纳微米聚合物颗粒溶液为流动介质,研究微圆管中流体微观流动规律,分析纳微米聚合物颗粒溶液的实验流速与压力梯度的关系,研究纳微米聚合物颗粒溶液在窄小孔道中微尺度效应下的微观流动规律,明确在微管内所受微观力和流体动力学特性。研究表明：随着微管内径的逐渐减小,纳微米聚合物溶液的流速均明显减小;随着纳微米聚合物颗粒尺寸和溶液质量浓度的增加,流体流速逐渐降低;实验压力范围内,纳微米聚合物流速与压力梯度基本呈线性关系;微管管径越小,颗粒粒径越大,非达西流动特征越显著。     

Influence of location-dependent protuberance damage on cell viability

The influence of femtosecond laser-induced damages on viability of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) is investigated. Several cytokinetic processes including cellular damage, recovery and death are discussed. Using femtosecond laser with the power of 100 μW and cutting speed of 2 μm/s, we cut the cellular protuberance with smaller diameter twice in different locations, and then observe the viability of the damaged cells. Under the same conditions, the root of protuberance with larger diameter is cut six times to observe changes of cellular shape. Whether the damage is located in the end, middle or root of protuberance with smaller diameter, the cell viability can recover within 3 h. When the damage is located in the root of protuberance with larger diameter, the damaged cell will die in the way of oncosis. Cytokinetic phenomena including intracellular high Ca²⁺ concentration, cellular morphologic change, recovery and oncosis are discussed. Meanwhile, high Ca²⁺ concentration is observed after femtosecond laser surgery. Therefore, femtosecond laser surgery is an important tool for establishing cell damage model and studying cytokinetics. Supported by National High Technology Research & Development Program of China (Grant No. 2006AA04Z307), Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of PR China (Grant No. 2006039), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50775104), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK2006507) and Jiangsu Provincial Research Innovation Program for College Graduates (Grant No. CX07B_086z)     

Flow characteristics and reaction properties of carbon dioxide in microtubules and porous media

Carbon dioxide reacts with porous media while flowing through them enhancing their permeability. Its flow behavior as well as the permeability enhancement effects were studied in synthetic cores, natural cores and microtubes with an inner diameter of 5 μm. The results show that the permeability of H2O-saturated cores （containing carbonate ingredients） was enhanced by increasing the injection volume of a CO2-H2O solution. This enhancement is attributable to carbon dioxide＇s corrosion, which is justified by SEM scanning. The same phenomenon occurs with a CO2-H2O solution in microtubes, but for a different reason. The gas flow velocity of carbon dioxide in microtubes was approximately 100% faster than that of nitrogen because of the scale and the squeezing effects. Carbon dioxide molecules dissolved in water accelerate the diffusion rate of water molecules within the boundary layer, which in turn diminishes the thickness of the water film and enlarges the effective pore size. This flow behavior facilitates the injection of carbon dioxide into low-permeability reservoirs for oil-displacement and formation energy buildup purposes. This behavior also increases the potential for carbon dioxide channeling or release from the formation.     

Statistic characteristics of severe convective storm during Warm-Season in the Beijing-Tianjin region and its vicinity

This study analyzed the climatological characteristics of severe convective storms in the Beijing and Tianjin region and its vicinity based on the Doppler radar data of Tanggu during May-August of 2003-2007. The climatological characteristics, e.g. storm area, volume, top height, max reflectivity, life time and motion, are analyzed. The results include： 75% of all storms in the Beijing-Tianjin region last no more than 30 minutes, and most storms have a volume less than 400 kin3; most storms move from southwest to northeast while the speed is between 10-30 km/h; the mean storm top height is about 6 km, but some strong convective storms can have a top height larger than 15 kin; finally, storm area and volume have a similar geographical distribution character showing increasing trends from west to east. Compared with the statistic results based on the conventional surface meteorological observations, the results based on the radar data can present not only 3D spatial statistic results of convective storms （e.g., volume and top height）, but also the quantitative climatological characteristics, such as the lifetime and speed distributions. These statistical results are useful for studying the climatic characteristics of convective storms in the Beijing-Tianjin region and its vicinity.     

Structural dependences of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">η</Emphasis><Superscript>6</Superscript> complexes of 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole with chromium tricarbonyl fragment on third-order optical nonlinearities

Degenerate four-wave mixing measurements, using the 35 ps pulses at 532 nm, have been employed to investigate the third-order nonlinear optical parameters of two chromium tricarbonyl complexes η6-bonded to 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole at either the NH2-substituted aryl ring （1） or the unsubstituted ring （2） and their precursor 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole （AECz）. The second-order hyperpolarizability y of the compounds 1 and 2 were found to be 42.9×10^-31 and 35.9×10^-31 esu, respectively, approximately one order of magnitude greater than AECz. The relation between the molecular structure and second-order hyperpolarizability of the compounds I and 2 was explored in detail based on the three-level model and the density functional theory （DFT） calculation. The theoretical results indicate that the spatial distribution of electron density has the profound role in the third-order nonlinear optical properties.     

An in-pipe micro robot actuated by piezoelectric bimorphs

A novel in-pipe micro robot providing stable and accurate locomotion inside a tubular structure with diameters ranging from 16 mm to 18 mm is presented in this paper. Driven by impulsive voltages, deflections of the piezoelectric bimorphs are generated and then converted into translational locomotion by the principle of the Impact Drive Mechanism （IDM）. Theoretical analysis of the proposed system is performed based on a simplified mechanical model. Then dynamic simulations of the dynamic behavior are performed. Finally, an experiment is conducted to investigate the moving ability of this device. The results demonstrate that a maximum translational velocity of 3.5 mm/s can be obtained under an im- pulsive driving voltage with peak value at 50 V and frequency of 1100 Hz. Both theoretical analysis and experimental trials prove that the principle of IDM actuated by piezoelectric bimorphs is feasible and robust for achieving accurate locomotion of the micro robot in pipes with diameters of less than 20 mm.     

Field emission characteristics of ZnO nanotetrapods and the effect of thermal annealing in hydrogen

Large-scale tetrapod-like ZnO nanostructures have been synthesized using a thermal chemical vapor deposition method on a silicon substrate. The high-purity nanotetrapods show sharp tips geometry with a wurtzite structure. The field emission properties of the uniform ZnO nanostructural material are investigated at different anode-cathode distances. The turn-on field for the ZnO nanotetrapods is found to be about 3.7 V/μm at a current density of 1 μA/cm^2. The field emission behavior obeys Fowler-Nordheim relationship. More importantly, the field emission properties are improved after annearing in hydrogen, and therefore high emission current and low turn-on field are obtained. These results indicate that tetrapod-like ZnO nanostructures are a promising candidate for cold cathode emitters.     

Pollen flux and vertical dispersion in coniferous and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest in the Changbai Mountains

The pollen flux in coniferous and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest in the Changbai Mountains is presented in one year's experiments. The results indicate that arboreal pollen percentages are more than 65% and pollen flux is higher than 5000 grain·cm-2·a-1,while less than 2% and lower than 1000 grain·cm-2·a-1 for shrubby pollen,and less than 20% and lower than 3000 grain·cm-1·a-1 for herbaceous pollen for most samples at different heights. The pollen assemblages are similar to those in the samples under 8 m height where Pinus and Ouercus are dominant and followed by the few non-local pollen types,and Fraxinus percentages are high with a few non-local pollen types at 16 m to 32 m height as well as non-local pollen clearly increased at 40 m height. Comparisons between pollen assemblages and vegetation composition suggest that similarities are higher for pollen trap samples than for surface moss samples.     

Synthesis and characterization of BiFeO3 nanotube arrays and Y-junction BiFeO3 nanotubes

Multiferroic BiFeO₃ (BFO) nanotube arrays (∼100 nm in diameter and ∼50 μm in length) were synthesized by the sol-gel method utilizing the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane technique. The microstructure and chemical components of the BFO nanotubes were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). The BFO nanotubes exhibited polycrystalline microstructures. The novel Y-junction BFO nanotubes were simultaneously fabricated. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 90306010), Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (Grant No. NCET-04-0653) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB616911)     

微管道内溶液的等效电阻与外加电压相关性

搭建测量微米级管道内溶液电阻的实验平台,研究了直径在50～300 μm玻璃管道内溶液的等效电阻,建立了在直流小电压作用下,微管内溶液的等效电阻与外加电压的相互关系,并对实验中的误差因素进行了分析.结果表明:在一定的电压范围内,微管内溶液的等效电阻与施加在两端的电压成非线性关系.在电压比较小的初始阶段,随着电压值的增大,微管的等效电阻值迅速减少;当电压增大到临界值(4～6 V)时,等效电阻的变化量减小,最后趋于一定的阻值,该阻值近似为对应本体溶液的电阻值.研究结果表明在电压较小的初始阶段,电解及电极极化作用主导微管等效电阻,随着电压的增大,由于离子电流的增加,这种影响会迅速减少.     

Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography with femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser and photonic crystal fiber

Optical coherence tomography （OCT） with ultrahigh axial resolution was achieved by the super-continuum generated by coupling femtosecond pulses from a commercial Ti：sapphire laser into an air-silica microstructure fiber. The visible spectrum of the super-continuum from 450 to 700 nm centered at 540 nm can be generated. A free-space axial OCT resolution of 0.64 pm was achieved. The sensitivity of OCT system was 108 dB with incident light power 3 mW at sample, only 7dB below the theoretical limit. Subcellular OCT imaging was also demonstrated, showing great potential for biomedical application.     

Tracing the major source area of the mountainous runoff generation of the Heihe River in northwest China using stable isotope technique

Based on the data of δ^18O in precipitation during the period of April 2006 through May 2007 in the upper catchment of the main stream of the Heihe River in the Qilian Mountains, we found that there existed an evident altitude effect on δ^18O in precipitation, and the δ^18O-altitude gradient was -0.18‰/100 m. When δ^18O in river water at the outlet of the mountainous drainage area of the main stream of the Heihe River was combined with the δ^18O-altitude relation, it was realized that the mountainous runoff was generated mostly at high altitudes. Using two component models, we revealed that 80.2% of the annual total mountainous runoff amount was generated at the alpine permafrost-snow-ice zone with an altitude of above 3600 m a.s.I.     

Effects of ultraviolet radiation B （UV-B） on photosynthesis of natural phytoplankton assemblages in a marine bay in Southern China

Solar ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) is known to have inhibitive effects on phytoplankton photosynthesis. UVB light decreases rapidly with increasing depth in the water column and exerts different degrees of UVB inhibitive effects on phytoplankton photosynthesis. In this study, the objectives were to quantify effects of UVB on phytoplankton photosynthesis and quantum yield, and to examine UVB effects on phytoplankton photosynthesis when light varies. The insitu experiments were conducted in Da Ya Bay, which is a semienclosed area in the subtropical South China. The results showed a significant reduction of photosynthetic rates and quantum yield in the presence of UVB. Maximum photosynthetic rates (Pmax) and maximum quantum yield (Φmax) were 11%-22% and 17%-49% less under solar radiation with UVB than without UVB. A simplified model was developed to describe the UVB biologically effective fluence rate (E*inh) as an exponential decay function of depth. Light-shift experiments, in which water samples from the surface and at depth of 4 m were divided into several subsamples, and each subsamples were then incubated at different depths with and without UVB in the water column, showed that phytoplankton from the deeper water (4 m) had more inhibitive rates by UVB than that from the surface when exposed to the same light condition.     

Optical limiting of niobic tellurite glass induced by self-trapped exciton absorption of the AgCl nanocrystal dopant

Niobic tellurite glass doped by silver chloride nanocrystal was prepared with the melting-quenching and heat treatment method, and the self-trapped exciton absorption band of the silver chloride nanocrystal was observed at 532 nm in the UV-visible absorption spectrum. The glass structure characteristics were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, and the mechanism of self-trapped exciton was analyzed by Jahn-Teller model. Its optical limiting was measured with 532 nm picosecond laser pulses, and the corresponding nonlinear absorption coefficient was measured with open-aperture Z-scan. The experimental results showed that optical limiting at 532 nm was attributed to free carrier absorption between the self-trapped state and the continuum band. Supported by Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (Grant No. B408), National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2006CB806006, 2006CB921105), Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University, Doctoral Program of High Education (Grant No. 20050269011) and Project sponsored by Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (Grant Nos. 06DJ14008, 07dz22025, 06QH14003)     

Paleoproterozoic reworking of ancient crust in the Cathaysia Block, South China: Evidence from zircon trace elements, U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes

A combined study of zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating, trace elements and Hf isotope was carried out for gneissic granite from the Sanzhishu area in Jingning, SW Zhejiang Province. Nearly all the zircons separated from the granite exhibited oscillatory zoning and high Th/U ratios (>0.1). The REE profile showed a pronounced positive Ce anomaly, negative Eu anomaly and an enrichment of HREE, which are typical characteristics of magmatic zircon. Thirteen concordant or nearly concordant analytical data yielded a weighted mean ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age of 1860±13 Ma (MSWD=0.084), representing the formation age of the granite. The magmatic zircons had negative εHf(t) values of −15.6 to −10.0 and two-stage Hf model ages of 3.1 to 3.4 Ga, indicating that the granites were formed by reworking of ancient crust. The major- and trace-element data indicate that the gneissic granites are metaluminous high-K calc-alkaline rocks and exhibit the same geochemical characteristics as aluminous A-type granites, implying the emplacement of the granite in a post-orogenic extensional tectonic setting. We conclude that the Paleoproterozoic crustal reworking event in the Cathaysia Block of South China marked the transition from assembly to break-up of the Columbia supercontinent. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40873004), Special Funds for National Scientific Research of Commonweal Industries, the Ministry of Land and Resources of China (Grant No. 2008110015), Opening Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University (Grant No. 06LCD12) and the Project of Land and Resources Bureau of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. 2004005)     

The application of large volume airgun sources to the onshore-offshore seismic surveys： implication of the experimental results in northern South China Sea

Onshore-offshore seismic experiments were carried out for the first time in northern South China Sea using large volume airgun sources at sea and seismic stations on land. The experimental results indicate that seismic signals from the new airgun array of R/V Shiyan 2 can be detected as far as 255 km. The signal effective area reaches nearly 50000 km2, which covers Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta. Compared with the old airgun array, the signal amplitude, propagation distance and effective area of the new airgun array have been increased notably, which demonstrates that the upgrade of the airgun source was successful. Comparisons with previous experimental results in other regions show that the shooting effect of the new airgun array is similar to those best airgun sources in the world. Especially, it is a new breakthrough in using the permanent seismic stations onshore to record long distance airgun signals offshore, which has great significance to the realization of the "seismic radar" concept and the 3D seismic surveys of crustal structure in coastal areas.     

A numerical study of cavitating flows in high-pressure diesel injection nozzle holes using a two-fluid model

Cavitating flows inside a diesel injection nozzle hole were simulated using a two-fluid model. Attention was focused on the complex cavitation processes and flow characteristics under constant inlet pressure and fluctuant inlet pressure modes. To validate the two-fluid model, model predictions were compared with the experimental data available in the literatures, and good agreement was achieved. The numerical results show that the appearance of supercavitation in the diesel nozzle hole induces obvious changes of flow field structures and exit flow conditions. The distributions of liquid phase turbulent kinetic energy and exit velocity profiles corresponding to the supercavitation regime indicate the potential for promoting the primary breakup of a diesel jet. Furthermore, the upstream pressure fluctuations significantly influence the cavitation processes. Both partial cavitation and supercavitation show unsteady behaviors as the rapid rise or fall of upstream pressure. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Key Project Funding (Grant No. 50636040) and Major State Basic Research Development Program (Grant No. 2007CB210001)     

A new way to generate seismic waves for continental crustal exploration

An airgun experiment was conducted in a reservoir,with the total volume of the airgun array being 6000 cubic inch. The energy released by one excitation was estimated to be 6.68×106 J,which corresponded to a 3.4 kg TNT explosion. A 180 km long profile composed of 100 portable short period seismometers was deployed as a receiver system of the airgun signals. Two remarkable results can be drawn from the experiment: (1) the airgun explosion is harmless to the dam and the fish,and this kind of airguns can be regarded as a green and environmental protection seismic source on land; (2) seismic wave gener-ated by this airgun source can be recorded by permanent stations with offset larger than 200 km. And the wave amplitudes recorded by nearby and remote stations are equivalent to the wave generated by 800 kg dynamite explosion. The airguns can be used as a light to illuminate the continental crustal structure of an area of about 100000 km2.