脂联素对1型糖尿病小鼠视网膜节细胞和血管的影响

目的:研究脂联素对1型糖尿病小鼠视网膜节细胞和血管的影响.方法:使用玻璃体腔内注射脂联素,腹腔内注射链脲佐菌素(STZ),免疫荧光,非侵入性眼压测量等实验方法,对1型糖尿病的视网膜节细胞数量的改变和血管形态的变化做研究.结果:1型糖尿病鼠脂联素组的眼压比1型糖尿病鼠对照组明显低(p＜0.01),而与正常鼠脂联素组相比明显升高(p＜0.01).与1型糖尿病鼠对照组相比,1型糖尿病鼠脂联素组的视网膜血管管径更粗一点.Brn3a+视网膜神经节细胞在1型糖尿病鼠脂联素组明显比1型糖尿病鼠对照组要多(p＜0.05),而与正常鼠脂联素组比较明显低一些(p＜0.01).结论:脂联素可明显改善1型糖尿病小鼠视网膜神经节细胞数量的下降,并可延缓视网膜血管形态的变化.APN有成为一种治疗糖尿病性视网膜病变的潜在可能性.     

Precocious retina development caused by receptor cell independent light effect

In the retina of the mouth-brooding teleost Tilapia leucosticta, light causes and accelerated development of ganglion cells. This effect is presumably not mediated by receptor and interneuronal cells.     

Cell death and phagocytosis in the neuroepithelium of the developing retina. A TEM and SEM study.

Phagocytosis by neuroepithelial cells independent of the presence of pseudopodes is observed as the main mechanism of elimination of physiologically degenerating cells during the early development of the retina in the chick embryo.     

Characterization of neurite outgrowth and ectopic synaptogenesis in response to photoreceptor dysfunction

In the mammalian retina, light signals generated in photoreceptors are passed to bipolar and horizontal cells via synaptic contacts. In various pathological conditions, these second-order neurons extend neurites into the outer nuclear layer (ONL). However, the molecular events associated with this neurite outgrowth are not known. Here, we characterized the morphological synaptic changes in the CNGA3/CNGB1 double-knockout (A3B1) mouse, a model of retinitis pigmentosa. In these mice, horizontal cells looked normal until postnatal day (p) 11, but started growing neurites into the ONL 1 day later. At p28, the number of sprouting processes decreased, but the remaining sprouts developed synapse-like contacts at rod cell bodies, with an ultrastructural appearance reminiscent of ribbon synapses. Hence, neurite outgrowth and ectopic synaptogenesis in the A3B1 retina were precisely timed events starting at p12 and p28, respectively. We therefore performed microarray analysis of retinal gene expression in A3B1 and wild-type mice at those ages to evaluate the genomic response underlying these two events. This analysis identified 163 differentially regulated genes in the A3B1 retina related to neurite outgrowth or plasticity of synapses. The global changes in gene expression in the A3B1 retina were consistent with activation of signaling pathways related to Tp53, Smad, and Stat3. Moreover, key molecules of these signaling pathways could be localized at or in close proximity to outgrowing neurites. We therefore propose that Tp53, Smad, and Stat3 signaling pathways contribute to the synaptic plasticity in the A3B1 retina.     

Precocious retina development caused by receptor cell independent light effect

Summary In the retina of the mouth-brooding teleostTilapia leucosticta, light causes an accelerated development of ganglion cells. This effect is presumably not mediated by receptor and interneuronal cells.     

Cell surface proteolytic activity of suspended embryonic cells isolated with and without proteolytic enzyme

Summary Although trypsin-disaggregated embryonic chick neural retina cells are incapable while EDTA-disaggregated cells are capable of immediate aggregation in culture, cells from both populations exhibit equally negligible levels of cell surface proteolytic activity as measured by substrate assay. The trypsin-induced lag does not appear, therefore, to depend upon adsorbed enzyme.     

Soluble factors and the development of rod photoreceptors

Photoreceptors are the most abundant cell type in the vertebrate neural retina. Like the other retinal neurons and the Müller glia, they arise from a population of precursor cells that are multipotent and intrinsic to the retina. Approximately 10 years ago, several studies demonstrated that retinal precursor cells (RPCs) are competent to respond to environmental factors that promote cell type determination and differentiation. Since those studies, significant effort has been directed at identifying the molecular nature of these environmental signals and understanding the precise mechanisms they employ to drive RPCs towards the different retinal fates. In this review, we describe the recent progress toward understanding how environmental factors influence the development of vertebrate rod photoreceptors.     

A stereoscan analysis of cell surface characteristics during the interkinetic nuclear migration in normal and colchicine-treated developing chick retina

Summary The cell surface and shape changes taking place during the interkinetic nuclear migration are reported in normal neuroepithelial cells of chick retina, and after metaphase-arrest induced by colchicine. Persistence of the apical junctions and loss of basal connections during the preparation for mitosis have been demonstrated in these cells.     

Intercellular junctions of hyperplastic retinal pigment epithelium

In rats with retinopathies induced by excess fluorescent light or injections of urethane, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) undergoes focal hyperplasia. Neither intravascularly injected horseradish peroxidase or lanthanum nitrate penetrated the sensory retina at these hyperplastic sites. Electron microscopy revealed that this was due to the persistence of intact tight junctions among a single layer of hyperplastic cells facing the sensory retina. These junctions prevented intraocularly injected microperoxidase from passing as well. Cells within the hyperplastic foci were connected only by adherent junctions that presented no permeability barrier.     

Mitochondrial quality control in AMD: does mitophagy play a pivotal role?

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the predominant cause of visual loss in old people in the developed world, whose incidence is increasing. This disease is caused by the decrease in macular function, due to the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. The aged retina is characterised by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), impaired autophagy, and DNA damage that are linked to AMD pathogenesis. Mitophagy, a mitochondria-specific type of autophagy, is an essential part of mitochondrial quality control, the collective mechanism responsible for this organelle’s homeostasis. The abundance of ROS, DNA damage, and the excessive energy consumption in the ageing retina all contribute to the degeneration of RPE cells and their mitochondria. We discuss the role of mitophagy in the cell and argue that its impairment may play a role in AMD pathogenesis. Thus, mitophagy as a potential therapeutic target in AMD and other degenerative diseases is as well explored.     

Innervation by W-type retinal ganglion cells of superior colliculus neurons projecting to pulvinar nuclei in cats.

Neurons of the cat superior colliculus (SC) sending their axons to the pulvinar nuclei were identified electrophysiologically as the ones responding antidromically to electrical stimulation of the pulvinar nuclei. They were located in the superficial layers of SC and found to be innervated by axons of W-type ganglion cells of the retina.     

Short axon ganglion cells in the chick retina

Using Golgi's staining technique, we investigated some ganglion cells whose axons do not project out of the retina area. These axons, after following a short trajectory through the optic nerve fiber layer or through the 5th stratum of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), change their direction and end in the inner stratum of the IPL.     

Short axon ganglion cells in the chick retina

Summary Using Golgi's staining technique, we investigated some ganglion cells whose axons do not project out of the retina area. These axons, after following a short trajectory through the optic nerve fiber layer or through the 5th stratum of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), change their direction and end in the inner stratum of the IPL.     

Intercellular junctions of hyperplastic retinal pigment epithelium

Summary In rats with retinopathies induced by excess fluorescent light or injections of urethane, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) undergoes focal hyperplasia. Neither intravascularly injected horseradish peroxidase or lanthanum nitrate penetrated the sensory retina at these hyperplastic sites. Electron microscopy revealed that this was due to the persistence of intact, tight junctions among a single layer of hyperplastic cells facing the sensory retina. These junctions prevented intraocularly injected microperoxidase from passing as well. Cells within the hyperplastic foci were connected only by adherent junctions that presented no permeability barrier.Supported by a grant from the National Eye Institute to Dr R. Bellhorn, whose support is greatly appreciated, and an unrestricted grant and a Research Manpower Award from Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc.     

Summing properties of the surround response mechanism of cat retinal ganglion cells

Summary Evidence is presented that, in the cat retina, the region in the visual field over which the surrounds of type X ganglion cells pool adaptive information corresponds to the region over which they pool signals.Acknowledgments. We wish to thank Mr O. Navarro for his valuable technical assistance. This research is supported by Public Health Service grant No. EY 00701.     

Lipoperoxide formation in the retina in ocular siderosis

Summary Insertion of iron nail into the vitreous cavity provoked the formation of lipoperoxide in the retina. In accord with the increase in lipoperoxide in the retina, ERG began to decrease. In vitro experiment using isolated retina, lipoperoxide was found to be increased in the presence of ferric or ferrous ions, while it was inhibited by adding antioxidants or ethylenediamine tetraacetate. From these results, direct cause of retinal degeneration in siderosis could be ascribed to the formation of lipoperoxide by iron-ions liberated from the piece of iron, resulting into the degeneration of the visual cell layers of the retina.     

Cell lineage and cell migration in the developing cerebral cortex

Summary Modern techniques which trace lineages of individual progenitor cells have provided some clues about the processes that determine cell fate in the brain, and have also given us some information about migratory patterns of clonally related cells. In many parts of the central nervous system, progenitors are multipotent; single clones can contain multiple neuronal types or even mixtures of neurons and glia. In addition, one can observe a wide distribution in clone size, even when marking is done in a narrow time window. This suggests that progenitor cells may be fairly plastic and responsive to environmental signals. In the developing cortex, clonally related cells are initially grouped near each other, as in the retina and tectum. However, the subsequent migration of these cells from the ventricular zone to the cortex along glial fibers is accompanied by a progressive dispersion of clonally related neurons.     

Formation of lipoperoxide in the retina of rabbit exposed to high concentration of oxygen.

When rabbit was exposed to high concentrations of oxygen, lipoperoxide in the retina was increased at 12 h of the exposure, after which period amplitude of electro-retinogram decreased. The degeneration was observed in the visual cell layer of the retina of the exposed animal.The exposure increased lipoperoxide in isolated retina. These data show the intervention of lipoperoxide in retinal degeneration by exposure to high concentration of oxygen.     

Susceptibility of chick neural retina to viral multiplication in vitro during embryonic development

Decrease in the susceptibility of embryonic chick neural retina cultures to the multiplication of various viruses was observed with increasing age of the embryo. In contrast the retinal cells supported the multiplication of Sindbis virus irrespective of the age when they were infected with the viral RNA. These results suggest that the restricted multiplication of the viruses observed is due to the modulated inability of the cell to process the adsorbed viruses for subsequent replication.