量子纠缠现象的历史性哲学启示——兼及因果描述的理论模型性质

量子纠缠现象对传统哲学观念的更深层次搅动,不仅涉及定域性与非定域性甚至因果性等基本概念的理解,而且深化了我们对概念规定本身性质的认识;不仅揭示了本体论思维方式的性质,而且揭示了本体论描述方式的意义和局限。量子纠缠的哲学意蕴是划时代的,它意味着本体论是整体性把握对象性关系的理论模型。其最终目的不是抽象普遍性终极追寻,而是为具体事物的认识提供不断合理化的整体观照。量子纠缠所涉因果性问题与因果描述模型密切相关。量子纠缠所表明的非定域性并不是量子领域本身的特性奇异,而是源于哲学理论的传统定位。     

量子纠缠及其哲学意义

20世纪90年代以来,兴起了量子信息论,量子纠缠从理论走向实践.量子纠缠是量子信息与量子隐形传态的关键.量子纠缠是一个特殊的超空间、非定域的量子关联.它涉及非定域性、内部时空、个体性、纠缠资源、相互作用、对称性、同一性等一系列重大的哲学问题,拓展出新的哲学意义.     

Perception: Embodiment and Beyond

In this commentary on Don Ihde’s paper “Stretching the in-between: embodiment and beyond” I argue that perceptions and observations are based on tacit frames and these frames are expressed through pre-reflexive intuitions thus giving meaning to the perceived content of observations. However, if the objective or given information in perception is incomplete or missing our brain and nervous system will intuitively and unconsciously fill in the missing information in order to act—these particular pieces of added information may not be relevant to the decoding of the given content of perception at all.     

The Role of Conscious Attention in Perception

Impressions, energy radiated by phenomena in the momentary environmental scene, enter sensory neurons, creating in afferent nerves a data stream. Following Kant, by our inner sense the mind perceives its own thoughts as it ties together sense data into an internalized scene. The mind, residing in the brain, logically a Language Machine, processes and stores items as coded grammatical entities. Kantian synthetic unity in the linguistic brain is able to deliver our experience of the scene as we appear to see it. Uniquely, the brain records its own history, synthesizing a Movie-in-the-Brain, called the Noumenal Cosmos. Attempting thereby to represent the actual Universe, this makes for a sovereign brain that governs itself. The brain is domicile of an Ego, with its selfhood at stake at all times. Yet, it can know itself only by its actions, in which it appears as an actor in its own movie. Phenomena enter garbled, as confused apparitions, and must be put in good form using top–down feedback control by Ego, so that each movie frame makes rational sense within the overall context of the Noumenal Cosmos. A stack of frames is processed typically in 40 Hz rhythm with 300 ms process time each, for about 12 in the stack at any time. Successive neural centers are processing the stack in the brain assembly line, based on data from increasingly global receptive fields. Ego stitches together the movie frames, but only the top frame is in consciousness for 25 ms. The top frame contains the whole scene where the Ego makes an appearance as the actor that imposes Kantian synthetic unity on the scene, merely an assembly of grammatical texts, in a system-internal coded process language, fitting the scene into the Noumenal Cosmos. But Ego observes Ego only to the extent permitted by the objectivity rule, only what it does and thinks, not its true face. From the Noumenal Cosmos, the Ego receives grammatical messages in the internal sense code. They are integrated into a whole in the reaction of the Ego to the momentary scene. The voluntary nature of Ego’s decisions is explained, based on its ability to code in advance its own actions sequentially in time, as it sees fit with a view to an orderly Noumenal Cosmos, records of code being arranged spatially in neural structures.     

专家与公众的风险感知差异

风险事件的频繁发生与严重后果引起社会各界的广泛关注。决策者、专家、媒体和公众对风险的感知不同,尤其是专家与公众对风险事件的感知存在很大差异。研究表明,影响专家与公众风险感知差异的因素除了知识之外,还有许多其他影响因素。通过综述前人对于专家与公众风险感知差异的实证研究,总结了影响公众与专家风险感知差异的多种影响因素,如价值观、生活经验、社会角色、风险感知中的偏见、风险感知差异中的相同点等,试图对于如何克服风险沟通中的障碍、保证风险沟通顺利进行提供一些启示。     

Spin and Wind Directions I: Identifying Entanglement in Nature and Cognition

We present a cognitive psychology experiment where participants were asked to select pairs of spatial directions that they considered to be the best example of Two different wind directions. Data are shown to violate the CHSH version of Bell’s inequality with the same magnitude as in typical Bell-test experiments with entangled spins. Wind directions thus appear to be conceptual entities connected through meaning, in human cognition, in a similar way as spins appear to be entangled in experiments conducted in physics laboratories. This is the first part of a two-part article. In the second part (Aerts et al. in Found Sci, 2017) we present a symmetrized version of the same experiment for which we provide a quantum modeling of the collected data in Hilbert space.     

The Generalised Liar Paradox: A Quantum Model and Interpretation

The formalism of abstracted quantum mechanics is applied in a model of the generalized Liar Paradox. Here, the Liar Paradox, a consistently testable configuration of logical truth properties, is considered a dynamic conceptual entity in the cognitive sphere (Aerts, Broekaert, &; Smets, [Foundations of Science 1999, 4, 115–132; International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 2000, 38, 3231–3239]; Aerts and colleagues[Dialogue in Psychology, 1999, 10; Proceedings of Fundamental Approachs to Consciousness, Tokyo ’99; Mind in Interaction]. Basically, the intrinsic contextuality of the truth-value of the Liar Paradox is appropriately covered by the abstracted quantum mechanical approach. The formal details of the model are explicited here for the generalized case. We prove the possibility of constructing a quantum model of the m-sentence generalizations of the Liar Paradox. This includes (i) the truth–falsehood state of the m-Liar Paradox can be represented by an embedded 2m-dimensional quantum vector in a (2m) ^m -dimensional complex Hilbert space, with cognitive interactions corresponding to projections, (ii) the construction of a continuous ‘time’ dynamics is possible: typical truth and falsehood value oscillations are described by Schrödinger evolution, (iii) Kirchoff and von Neumann axioms are satisfied by introduction of ‘truth-value by inference’ projectors, (iv) time invariance of unmeasured state.     

量子测量的还原困惑及其消解

量子测量是量子理论乃至整个物理学的一个最敏感部分,对它的研究激发了许多哲学上的争议。其中,关于还原的争议就是典型的一例。绝大多数人认为,量子测量理论表明了还原之路走到了终点。其中心理意识的介入、测量仪器及其量子属性的突生论以及量子纠缠显示的整体性构成了还原进路的三大死结。然而,还原真的就此寿终正寝了吗?本文将明确提出几种化解矛盾的有效方案:放弃强还原、寻求弱还原,重释还原概念的内涵,撇开理论还原、坚持问题还原,以达到继续坚持还原进路的目的。     

知觉二元论:二元化的另一种方式

从隐私论题出发,本文将精神事件定义为从内在的观点所得到的知觉,把物理事件定义为从外在的观点所得到的知觉,并以此为起点发展出一个关于心灵的知觉二元论。本文还试图以此理论来说明心灵哲学领域长期存在的心-物互动问题,试图恢复并证明笛卡尔和莱布尼兹曾经达到的某些观察和结论。知觉是心灵最本质的特征,本文在用知觉来定义精神事件和物理事件的同时也发展出一个关于知觉的新理论。     

视觉赋魅:领导人微视频在政治传播中的作用

近一年来,我国涌现出大量以国家领导人习近平为核心的原声微视频,其时长一般为1-3分钟,大量采用习近平的原声进行讲述,并使用通俗易懂、贴近人民的话语来传达习近平的治国理念,传播具有社交化、移动化、碎片化的特点,这些微视频在社交媒体上受到公众的喜爱而大量传播。领导人微视频是在一个什么样的传播语境下集中出现的?它反映了当下政治传播的哪些新特点?作为一种政治传播创新手段,它能否为新时期的政治传播重新"赋魅"?本文借助韦伯的"祛魅"理论对近期主流媒体发布的领导人微视频的传播内容、叙事风格、传播路径进行定量定性相结合的分析,探讨了主动祛魅与视觉赋魅的新命题,提出:视觉赋魅是当下政治传播的核心方式,基于社交媒体的领导人微视频是视觉赋魅的最佳形式。     

量子力学解释新的发展趋势及其问题

测量问题一直都是量子力学的核心问题,更是量子力学解释得以发展的根基。文章对量子力学中围绕测量问题而产生的几种解释思路进行了分析,对三种新的主流解释进行了说明,另外还对当下最流行的量子力学解释——埃弗雷特解释及其核心问题给出了解答,并对其成为新正统解释的可能性给出分析。     

“量子隐形传态”的概念及技术发展

量子隐形传态是学术界关注的新焦点。随着量子隐形传态技术不断取得突破,量子通信过程中的信息传输能力和可靠性有望获得极大提升。文章详细阐述了量子隐形传态的实现过程,介绍了量子隐形传态的最新研发成果、专利申请以及应用方向。     

The Liar-paradox in a Quantum Mechanical Perspective

In this paper we concentrate on the nature of the liar paradox asa cognitive entity; a consistently testable configuration of properties. We elaborate further on a quantum mechanical model (Aerts, Broekaert and Smets, 1999) that has been proposed to analyze the dynamics involved, and we focus on the interpretation and concomitant philosophical picture. Some conclusions we draw from our model favor an effective realistic interpretation of cognitive reality.     

量子多世界理论的范式转换

多世界理论的范式结构是在相对态解释的基础上,基于不同的理解和视角发展出的包括多世界解释、多心灵解释、多历史解释在内的多种解释范式的集合。整体来说这些解释范式都是对形式体系的一种理解,缺乏经验上和常识上的验证,完全是在理性推理和逻辑演算的基础上加入了个人的理解而做出的论证。因此,要深入理解多世界解释的内涵和本质,需要从整体上对各个解释的范式结构及其转换进行全面的理解和透视。本文将对多世界理论的诸多范式结构转换进行系统的梳理和评述。     

“心”的探索:从东方到西方

心是中国传统文化的一个核心范畴,儒、道、佛都对心的内涵、功能以及修心养心的方法进行了深入的探索。因此,中国文化实质上就是一种心文化,包含着深邃而独特的东方智慧。西方心理学对心的认识与东方心文化既有着根本差异,同时又存在共通互补之处。随着当代心理学与自然科学对人类精神世界探索的深化,西方心理学界与科学界开始越来越多地关注东方心文化,并从中吸取有益的成分。这同时也表明,有必要开辟一条理解中国文化的心角度并架设东西方文化沟通的心桥梁。     

Systems of Logical Systems: Neuroscience and Quantum Logic

Nervous systems are intricately organized on many levels of analysis.The intricate organization invites the development of mathematicalsystems that reflect its logical structure. Particular logical structures and choices of invariants within those structures narrowthe ranges of perceptions that are possible and sensorimotorcoordination that may be selected. As in quantum logic, choicesaffect outcomes. Some of the mathematical tools in use in quantum logic havealready also been used in neurobiology, including the mathematicsof ordered structures and a product like a tensor product. Astheoretical neurobiology is developed on its own foundation, wemay expect a rich dialogue between theoretical neurobiology andquantum logic.     

量子计算机的本质特征及其哲学意义

文章在介绍了量子计算机产生的历史背景与基本概念的基础上．论述了量子计算机的本质特征及其哲学意义。     

量子测量的相对态解释及其理解

本文系统地考察了量子测量的相对态解释语境，阐述了解读相对态解释的两种意义语境——多世界解释与多心解释——的主要观点。     

Counterfactuals and Non-locality of Quantum Mechanics: The Bedford–Stapp Version of the GHZ Theorem

In the paper, the proof of the non-locality of quantum mechanics, given by Bedford and Stapp (1995), and appealing to the GHZ example, is analyzed. The proof does not contain any explicit assumption of realism, but instead it uses formal methods and techniques of the Lewis calculus of counterfactuals. To ascertain the validity of the proof, a formal semantic model for counterfactuals is constructed. With the help of this model it can be shown that the proof is faulty, because it appeals to the unwarranted principle of “elimination of eliminated conditions” (EEC). As an additional way of showing unreasonableness of the assumption (EEC), it is argued that yet another alleged and highly controversial proof of non-locality of QM, using the Hardy example, can be made almost trivial with the help of (EEC). Finally, a general argument is produced to the effect that the locality condition in the form accepted by Stapp and Bedford is consistent with the quantum-mechanical predictions for the GHZ case under the assumption of indeterminism. This result undermines any future attempts of proving the incompatibility between the predictions of quantum theory and the idea of no faster-than-light influence in the GHZ case, quite independently of the negative assessment of the particular derivation proposed by Stapp and Bedford.     

21世纪量子通信技术研发热潮及其多行业推广——量子信息技术发明与专利战略背景研究

进入21世纪,出于促进社会全面信息化和维护国家总体性安全利益的客观需要,越未越多的大国都在密切关注如何能找到一种比电子信息技术更为高效、安全的信息传输方式、途径和手段,并纷纷投以巨资,开展系统尝试与艰巨研发.而此前先在欧美国家悄然兴起,稍后即有我国科学家共同参加开创研究的量子通信技术及量子信息技术,恰恰是这种具备绝对安全性的追求目标.本文围绕电子信息技术所必然会出现的进一步更新和转换趋势,量子通信及下一代信息技术的优异性能特征与目前研发热潮,量子通信及新型信息技术在社会多行业的应用与推广前途等现实重大态势,进行了前瞻性探讨和背景分析.