地幔柱的发生机制研究——以Ferrar为例

利用三维数值模拟方法,根据地幔对流控制方程,以180 Ma喷发的Ferrar大火成岩省(LIP)为例,在模型中引入Pangea超大陆、大型横波低速带(LLSVPs)和Pangea超大陆边缘的俯冲带,模拟地幔对流过程,研究其对应地幔热柱从地球内部热边界层(例如核幔边界)的生成过程,并讨论导致该地幔柱产生的相关因素.结果表...     

塔里木大火成岩省瓦吉里塔格层状岩体的钼同位素组成特征及其地质意义

钼同位素地球化学是国际地学研究领域的一个前沿和热点问题。塔里木大火成岩省中的瓦吉里塔格镁铁质-超镁铁质层状岩体的Mo同位素研究结果表明,瓦吉里塔格镁铁质-超镁铁质岩石具有相近的Mo同位素组成,其平均值为-0.18‰±0.04‰(2 s.d.;n=11)。在瓦吉里塔格岩浆体系中,岩浆分异没有导致明显的Mo同位素分馏。瓦吉里塔格岩石中Mo同位素与其(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i和ε_(Nd)(t)值呈现一定相关性,指示其地幔源区不均一性。此外,这些岩石δ~(98)Mo值低于洋中脊玄武岩δ~(98)Mo值范围(～-0.15‰),指示它们的源区很可能受到早-中古生代南天山洋板片俯冲的熔体交代的影响。结合前人研究成果,塔里木大火成岩省中丰富的岩石系列可归因于不均一的地幔源区以及地幔柱-岩石圈-俯冲洋壳的相互作用。     

西太平洋洋底高原内部结构与形成演化

洋底高原是在深海盆地中最显著的大火成岩省,记录着海洋大规模的岩浆活动,对研究地壳结构、板块构造、地幔动力学乃至地球演化历史都具有重要意义。西太平洋是洋底高原分布最密集的区域,是研究洋底高原内部结构与形成演化的最佳场所。选取西太平洋中最具代表性的6座洋底高原——沙茨基海隆、赫斯海隆、麦哲伦海隆、翁通爪哇高原、马尼希基高原以及希古朗基高原,通过对这6座洋底高原地质概况的简要描述,归纳近年来获得的地球物理与地球化学重要观测结果,揭示其内部结构的共性,包括大面积地形隆起、异常厚的地壳、异常负的地幔重力异常以及形成于洋中脊之上或者附近的位置特征;探索了其形成机制,即地幔柱与洋中脊的相互作用可能是洋底高原的主要成因。     

中国岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床地质特点及其启示

我国岩浆硫化物矿床类型比较齐全,产出的构造背景比较复杂,尽管铂族元素矿床比较匮乏,但铜镍矿床资源总量名列世界前茅.不仅在华北克拉通西南缘和峨眉大火成岩省发现了一系列与地幔柱岩浆活动有关的铜镍(铂族元素)矿床,例如金川和杨柳坪超大型铜镍铂族元素矿床;还在中亚造山带南缘境内以及东昆仑造山带发现了一批规模可观的铜镍矿床,甚至超大型矿床,例如夏日哈木超大型镍钴矿床,使得我国产于板块聚合边界铜镍矿床在镍资源总量中所占的比例远高于世界平均值.这种特点一方面取决于我国特殊的地质背景,反映了我国铜镍矿床成因的特点;另一方面也说明我国这类矿床的勘查策略和技术具有优势,我国地质工作者卓有成效的找矿实践极大地丰富了铜镍硫化物矿床的找矿理论,拓展了这类矿床的找矿空间.对华北克拉通、峨眉大火成岩省、中亚造山带南缘及东昆仑造山带已发现矿床的地质特征进行总结,对于未来这些区域找矿潜力的合理评价及预测是非常重要的.     

论地幔柱构造与板块构造的矛盾性和相容性

为了揭示地幔柱构造与板块构造的内在关系,针对地幔柱独特的地球物理和地球化学特征,通过与板块构造的对比：阐明了两者虽然在许多方面存在着矛盾,但在诠释岩石圈的解体和俯冲带的演化过程中都发挥着重要的作用;拆沉的冷板片聚集产生了超级冷地幔柱,由此导致了超级热地幔柱,冷热两个超级地幔柱的活动又控制了板块的运动和发展,由此可见,地幔柱构造理论对板块构造理论起着重要的补充和拓展作用。     

地幔柱学说的发展

随着板块构造的发展和成熟,人们对地球表层的认识已经逐渐清晰起来,地球深层的动力机制还在进一步的认识中,地幔柱是个很值得研究的理论,从热点学说到地幔柱再到超级地幔柱和地幔柱构造,尽管地幔柱在解释地球现象的时候还有很多不尽人意的地方．更需要我们积极的去怀疑或者证实。峨眉山玄武岩被认为是地幔柱头的结果,它的喷发持续时间,物质来源,和古地磁的关系,和生物灭绝的关系以及潘基亚大陆的演化还在进一步的研究中。     

塔里木板块坡十侵入体地化特征及岩石成因

坡十侵入体位于塔里木板块东北部坡北岩体内,是该岩体第三阶段岩浆活动形成的小侵入体之一.主要岩石类型有纯橄岩、二辉橄榄岩、斜长二辉橄榄岩、橄榄二辉岩和斜长橄榄二辉岩.岩石化学组成属拉斑玄武岩系列,普遍富集大离子亲石元素,岩石εNd(t)=+1.3～+8.5,显示亏损型地幔特征.岩石学和地球化学特征表明原生岩浆为苦橄质岩浆,岩浆演化过程发生了一定程度的同化混染作用,坡十侵入体与塔里木板块东北部的二叠纪幔源岩浆岩应该是塔里木大火成岩省的组成部分.     

云南高钛辉绿岩与峨眉山玄武岩同源性分析

在云南中部昆明-武定一带出露40余个高钛基性岩体,钛铁矿产于强风化的高钛基性岩中。武定地区的高钛辉绿岩具有低Mg O(平均5.34wt%),高Ti O2(平均4.69wt%),较高碱质(Na2O+K2O平均3.48wt%),较高Fe O/Mg O(平均1.79)的特征,与峨眉山玄武岩化学成分相似。高钛辉绿岩与峨眉山高钛玄武岩稀土配分曲线及微量元素配分曲线形态也基本一致,这些说明它们是同源岩浆演化的产物。但从浅成侵入相的辉绿岩到喷出相的玄武岩,其固结指数SI没有逐渐减小的趋势,所以它们可能是同源但不同期次岩浆活动的产物。这些高钛辉绿岩体是峨眉山大火成岩省的重要组成部分,与峨眉山地幔柱活动有关。     

无水条件下碳酸岩浆形成的P-T条件

碳酸岩是一种浅灰色至灰白色的富含碳酸盐矿物（＆gt;50%）的火成岩石。碳酸岩浆在地幔环境和地壳环境下均可形成。根据最近几十年有关碳酸岩浆形成的实验和地质观察,总结了无水条件下碳酸盐化橄榄岩发生部分熔融形成碳酸岩浆的P-T条件和碳在地幔中的赋存状态。     

试论峨眉山玄武岩喷发构造环境——微量元素地球化学证据

本文讨论了峨眉山玄武岩微量元素地球化学和锶、钕同位素特征,并与不同构造环境火成岩进行了对比。研究表明,峨眉山玄武岩显示了次大陆地幔富集的特征和地幔部分熔融、分异结晶的成因特点,喷发在大陆边缘裂谷构造环境。这一结论与其他地质研究成果的一致性,说明微量元素地球化学特征可以提供基性岩浆喷发构造环境的重要信息。本文还提出了玄武岩浆喷发、裂谷作用可能的动力机制。     

Linking mantle plumes, large igneous provinces and environmental catastrophes

Large igneous provinces (LIPs) are known for their rapid production of enormous volumes of magma (up to several million cubic kilometres in less than a million years), for marked thinning of the lithosphere, often ending with a continental break-up, and for their links to global environmental catastrophes. Despite the importance of LIPs, controversy surrounds even the basic idea that they form through melting in the heads of thermal mantle plumes. The Permo-Triassic Siberian Traps--the type example and the largest continental LIP--is located on thick cratonic lithosphere and was synchronous with the largest known mass-extinction event. However, there is no evidence of pre-magmatic uplift or of a large lithospheric stretching, as predicted above a plume head. Moreover, estimates of magmatic CO(2) degassing from the Siberian Traps are considered insufficient to trigger climatic crises, leading to the hypothesis that the release of thermogenic gases from the sediment pile caused the mass extinction. Here we present petrological evidence for a large amount (15?wt%) of dense recycled oceanic crust in the head of the plume and develop a thermomechanical model that predicts no pre-magmatic uplift and requires no lithospheric extension. The model implies extensive plume melting and heterogeneous erosion of the thick cratonic lithosphere over the course of a few hundred thousand years. The model suggests that massive degassing of CO(2) and HCl, mostly from the recycled crust in the plume head, could alone trigger a mass extinction and predicts it happening before the main volcanic phase, in agreement with stratigraphic and geochronological data for the Siberian Traps and other LIPs.     

论峨眉地幔热柱活动的时效性

峨眉地幔热柱是目前世界上公认的少数几个地幔热柱之一.但是,它的活动时间一直是地学界争论的热点,观点一认为:它是指发生于早晚二叠世之间大量喷发的峨眉山玄武岩浆时期;观点二认为:它起源于晚泥盆世,包含石炭纪、二叠纪以及整个中生代,一直延续到新生代早期.作者通过对中国西南地区峨眉山玄武岩及相关岩浆活动的地质学、地球化学研究,...     

The chemical structure of the Hawaiian mantle plume

The Hawaiian-Emperor volcanic island and seamount chain is usually attributed to a hot mantle plume, located beneath the Pacific lithosphere, that delivers material sourced from deep in the mantle to the surface. The shield volcanoes of the Hawaiian islands are distributed in two curvilinear, parallel trends (termed 'Kea' and 'Loa'), whose rocks are characterized by general geochemical differences. This has led to the proposition that Hawaiian volcanoes sample compositionally distinct, concentrically zoned, regions of the underlying mantle plume. Melt inclusions, or samples of local magma 'frozen' in olivine phenocrysts during crystallization, may record complexities of mantle sources, thereby providing better insight into the chemical structure of plumes. Here we report the discovery of both Kea- and Loa-like major and trace element compositions in olivine-hosted melt inclusions in individual, shield-stage Hawaiian volcanoes--even within single rock samples. We infer from these data that one mantle source component may dominate a single lava flow, but that the two mantle source components are consistently represented to some extent in all lavas, regardless of the specific geographic location of the volcano. We therefore suggest that the Hawaiian mantle plume is unlikely to be compositionally concentrically zoned. Instead, the observed chemical variation is probably controlled by the thermal structure of the plume.     

黔西南高砷煤形成特殊性研究

本文以黔西南高砷煤为研究对象,通过资料收集、野外调研、采集代表性样品作相关分析测试、综合研究等手段重点从黔西南地区所处大地构造位置以及峨眉地幔岩浆活动——峨眉山玄武岩浆喷发带来成矿物质、峨眉地幔热柱活动形成晚二叠世黔西南岩相古地理格局、燕山期峨眉地幔热柱活动成就高砷煤的形成等方面认识、分析黔西南高砷煤的形成特殊性。     

Mapping the Hawaiian plume conduit with converted seismic waves

The volcanic edifice of the Hawaiian islands and seamounts, as well as the surrounding area of shallow sea floor known as the Hawaiian swell, are believed to result from the passage of the oceanic lithosphere over a mantle hotspot. Although geochemical and gravity observations indicate the existence of a mantle thermal plume beneath Hawaii, no direct seismic evidence for such a plume in the upper mantle has yet been found. Here we present an analysis of compressional-to-shear (P-to-S) converted seismic phases, recorded on seismograph stations on the Hawaiian islands, that indicate a zone of very low shear-wave velocity (< 4 km s(-1)) starting at 130-140 km depth beneath the central part of the island of Hawaii and extending deeper into the upper mantle. We also find that the upper-mantle transition zone (410-660 km depth) appears to be thinned by up to 40-50 km to the south-southwest of the island of Hawaii. We interpret these observations as localized effects of the Hawaiian plume conduit in the asthenosphere and mantle transition zone with excess temperature of approximately 300 degrees C. Large variations in the transition-zone thickness suggest a lower-mantle origin of the Hawaiian plume similar to the Iceland plume, but our results indicate a 100 degrees C higher temperature for the Hawaiian plume.     

Recycled dehydrated lithosphere observed in plume-influenced mid-ocean-ridge basalt

A substantial uncertainty in the Earth's global geochemical water cycle is the amount of water that enters the deep mantle through the subduction and recycling of hydrated oceanic lithosphere. Here we address the question of recycling of water into the deep mantle by characterizing the volatile contents of different mantle components as sampled by ocean island basalts and mid-ocean-ridge basalts. Although all mantle plume (ocean island) basalts seem to contain more water than mid-ocean-ridge basalts, we demonstrate that basalts associated with mantle plume components containing subducted lithosphere--'enriched-mantle' or 'EM-type' basalts--contain less water than those associated with a common mantle source. We interpret this depletion as indicating that water is extracted from the lithosphere during the subduction process, with greater than 92 per cent efficiency.     

Reykjanes "V"-shaped ridges originating from a pulsing and dehydrating mantle plume

Prominent crustal lineations straddle the Reykjanes ridge, south of Iceland (Fig. 1). These giant V-shaped features are thought to record temporal variations in magma production at the Reykjanes ridge axis, associated with along-axis flow of Icelandic plume material. It has been proposed that this flow is channelled preferentially along the ridge axis, and that temporal variability is induced by fluctuations of the Iceland plume itself or, alternatively, by relocations of the ridge axis on Iceland. Here I present a geodynamic model that predicts the formation of crustal V-shaped ridges from a pulsing and radially flowing mantle plume. In this model, plume pulses produce mantle temperature perturbations that expand away from the plume in all directions beneath the zone of partial melting. The melting zone has a high viscosity owing to mantle dehydration at the onset of partial melting. This high-viscosity region allows for reasonable variations in crustal thickness, produces crustal Vs that extend hundreds of kilometres along the axis, and prevents the plume material from being preferentially channelled along the ridge axis. The angle of the crustal V-shaped features relative to the ridge axis reflects the rate of lateral plume flow, which remains several times greater than the ridge half-spreading rate over the length of a crustal V. Consequently, this radially expanding plume produces lineations in crustal thickness and free-air gravity anomalies that appear to be nearly straight.     

Evidence for recycled Archaean oceanic mantle lithosphere in the Azores plume

The compositional differences between mid-ocean-ridge and ocean-island basalts place important constraints on the form of mantle convection. Also, it is thought that the scale and nature of heterogeneities within plumes and the degree to which heterogeneous material endures within the mantle might be reflected in spatial variations of basalt composition observed at the Earth's surface. Here we report osmium isotope data on lavas from a transect across the Azores archipelago which vary in a symmetrical pattern across what is thought to be a mantle plume. Many of the lavas from the centre of the plume have lower 187Os/188Os ratios than most ocean-island basalts and some extend to subchondritic 187Os/188Os ratios-lower than any yet reported from ocean-island basalts. These low ratios require derivation from a depleted, harzburgitic mantle, consistent with the low-iron signature of the Azores plume. Rhenium-depletion model ages extend to 2.5 Gyr, and we infer that the osmium isotope signature is unlikely to be derived from Iberian subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Instead, we interpret the osmium isotope signature as having a deep origin and infer that it may be recycled, Archaean oceanic mantle lithosphere that has delaminated from its overlying oceanic crust. If correct, our data provide evidence for deep mantle subduction and storage of oceanic mantle lithosphere during the Archaean era.     

Neon isotopes constrain convection and volatile origin in the Earth's mantle

Identifying the origin of primordial volatiles in the Earth's mantle provides a critical test between models that advocate magma-ocean equilibration with an early massive solar-nebula atmosphere and those that require subduction of volatiles implanted in late accreting material. Here we show that neon isotopes in the convecting mantle, resolved in magmatic CO2 well gases, are consistent with a volatile source related to solar corpuscular irradiation of accreting material. This contrasts with recent results that indicated a solar-nebula origin for neon in mantle plume material, which is thought to be sampling the deep mantle. Neon isotope heterogeneity in different mantle sources suggests that models in which the plume source supplies the convecting mantle with its volatile inventory require revision. Although higher than accepted noble gas concentrations in the convecting mantle may reduce the need for a deep mantle volatile flux, any such flux must be dominated by the neon (and helium) isotopic signature of late accreting material.