论器乐演奏中的和谐原则

音乐是和谐的艺术,音乐中处处体现出和谐,这是音乐之所以能感化人心的基本特征.器乐演奏无论是独奏与合奏,只有遵循和谐的原则,才能表现出音乐的基本特征,产生动人心弦的效果,这既是音乐艺术的原则,也是为人处世所要达到的一种境界.     

Neolithic rice paddy from the Zhaojiazhuang site, Shandong, China

To identify and study the Neolithic rice paddy in Shandong, eastern China, is not only an important issue in the development of Chinese rice agriculture, but also a key part of the study on rice spread in East Asia. Due to the limitation of archaeological materials and the research methods, there have been no discoveries about the Neolithic rice paddy in Shandong Province for a long time. Based on the identification of possible rice paddy by archaeological excavation, phytolith analysis of soil samples from this \"paddy\" has been systematically carried out and the results have shown a 4600—4300 years old rice paddy preserved at the Zhaojiazhuang site. This is the first examination and study of the rice paddy in North China by systematic phytolith analysis, which is very important for the Neolithic archaeological research and the study of the eastward spread of rice agricultural techniques in East Asia.     

Culinary archaeology: Millet noodles in Late Neolithic China

Noodles have been a popular staple food in many parts of the world for at least 2,000 years, although it is debatable whether the Chinese, the Italians or the Arabs invented them first. Here we analyse a prehistoric sample of noodles contained in a well preserved, sealed earthenware bowl discovered in the Late Neolithic archaeological site of Lajia in northwestern China. We identify millet as the source of the abundant seed-husk phytoliths and starch grains present in the vessel. This shows that the conversion of ground millet flour into dough that could be repeatedly stretched into long, thin strands for the preparation of boiled noodles was already established in this region 4,000 years ago.     

大学生对中国民族器乐认知度的研究———以南京6所高校大学生为例

对南京市6所高校的大学生进行关于中国民族器乐认知度的问卷调查,分析大学生对中国民族器乐的认知现状及其影响因素,提出了加强学校民族器乐课程建设、发展多元化的民族器乐、提升民族器乐的传播力度等促进大学生更好了解中国民族器乐及本土音乐文化的对策与建议.     

Heat treatment and associated early modern human behaviors in the Late Paleolithic at the Shuidonggou site

Unearthed artifacts and cultural relics from the Shuidonggou site revealed extensive information and insights regarding the activities of early modern humans.A series of experimental research and physical analysis suggest that stone artifacts from Locality 2 and Locality 12 have undergone heat treatment.The utilization ratio and knapping properties of raw materials were consequently enhanced.Heat treatment technology reflects the production capacities and the survival strategies in the Upper Paleolithic period.This discovery indicates the earliest existence of this technology in the East Asia and thus confirms a wider geographic distribution of this technology which provides new perspectives and evidence for understanding the associated early modern human behaviors.     

Research on the relationship between site function and environment at the site of Zhongba,Chongqing City, China

The Zhongba site has been demonstrated to be a location of salt production based on multi-disciplinary research including salt archaeology,environmental archaeology,zooarchaeology,paleobotany,and other natural science examinations.The continuity of salt production from the Han Dynasty to the present day as understood primarily from ancient texts can now be traced back to even earlier times. Based on the characteristics of cultural layer deposits,features,and artifacts,Zhongba can be clearly distinguished from known settlements,and from bronze,iron,pottery and porcelain workshops.According to various natural science examinations,the major impurities in local salt brine are also found in floor features,brine troughs,and rounded bottom pots at the site even though NaCl itself was not preserved.These traces were left over from the salt production process rather than being naturally deposited.Zhongba and its constituent features and artifacts share many common characters with other salt production sites around the world.Consequently,the Zhongba site can be confidently identified as a salt production site where activity continued for several thousand years.The formation of the site cannot be separated from salt production,and it is also highly related to its natural environment.     

山南邦嘎新石器时代遗址考古新发现与初步认识

邦嗄新石器时代遗址位于山南地区琼结县下水乡,现存遗址面积约3000平方米,遗址呈条状形分布,东西长约100米,南北宽约30米,海拔3900米。该遗址于20世纪80年代由原西藏自治区文物管理委员会进行全区文物普查时发现。2000年9月至10月由中国社会科学院考古研究所、西藏博物馆及山南文物局组成的联合考古队对该遗址进行了第一次田野考古考察与发掘,获得了重大考古发现。邦嘎遗址是继拉萨曲贡遗址、山南贡嘎昌果沟遗址在西藏腹心地区雅砻河谷地带发现的另一重要的史前遗址,其在西藏考古学的学术地位和文物保护、研究的重要性是不可忽视的。为进一步了解遗址的文化内涵,对遗址的性质、绝对年代、分布范围、地层堆积、出土物类型学等方面获得进一步的科学认识,联合考古队于2001年5月至6月进行了第三次科学的田野考古发掘。在此,本文将对此次发掘情况做个简单介绍。     

Further geological and palaeoanthropological investigations at the Maludong hominin site, Yunnan Province, Southwest China

Three-dimensional mapping and section work undertaken by us in 2008 have identified 11 stratigraphic units at Maludong site. AMS radiocarbon dating of charcoal established an accurate and internally consistent age profile for the sequence of 17.8±0.2 ka to 13.2±0.1 ka. Archaeomagnetic analysis showed changes in externally derived pedogenically enhanced material consistent with a warming in climate between the cold period of Henrich Event 1 and the Blling-AllerCd interstadial. Human remains recovered during the 1989 excavation were derived from a deposit dating to this interstadial, or between 14.3±0.3 ka and 13.5±0.1 ka. An- thropogenic features, including burnt rocks, baked sediment and thick charcoal and ash layers, were identified and examined through archaeomagnetic analysis. Two monkey fossils are described here, one of them being reassigned from Macaca robustus to M. aft＇. M. assamensis. They confirm the young age of the site and also show signs of anthropogenic alteration in the form of burning. Additional human cranial remains are reported for the first time and new data are provided for some specimens described previously. A range of new features is identified that strengthen the affinities of the Maludong remains to archaic humans. The presence of this globally unique mosaic of archaic and modern features raises important questions about human evolutionary his- tory in East Asia during the Late Upper Pleistocene.     

填埋场CH4排放量的预测

填埋场产气模型大致可以分为统计模型、动力学模型及经验模型三种类型，通过对各种产气模型的比较，本文运用Manicorena模型对CH4的产气量进行预测，预测结果表明，到2010年我国城市垃圾填埋场的CH4产生量将达到65．8亿m^3，为填埋场气体控制和利用提供可靠的依据。     

中国早期的名词翻译与科学传播——以折射名词的翻译与演变为个案

以折射一词为主体,梳理了明末以来关于折射名词的翻译与演变情况,简要分析了其演变过程中反映的对明清两代学者的影响,并对折射一词经过长期的演变最后得以确定的原因和影响进行了讨论.     

中国早期的名词翻译与科学传播——以折射名词的翻译与演变为个案

以折射一词为主体，梳理了明末以来关于折射名词的翻译与演变情况，简要分析了其演变过程中反映的对明清两代学者的影响，并对折射一词经过长期的演变最后得以确定的原因和影响进行了讨论．     

太湖地区新石器时代以来文化断层的成因探讨

多年来考古发掘表明，太湖地区乃至整个长江三角洲地区许多新石器化遗址中普遍存在多期化断层，取而代之的是在连续的化层序中出现不含化遗物的自然沉积地层。 本通过对太湖地区化断层与特征沉积物（埋藏古树和埋藏泥炭）时空分布的比较研究，并结合典型剖面所反映的古气候演变状况，分析研究结果表明：太湖地区普遍存在着两层埋藏古树和埋藏泥炭层，它们的年代与化断层形成时代具有良好的对应关系；各期化断层的形成均非海侵造成，而是与全新世中晚期气候－海面波动有关。崧泽晚期化断层的形成主要是由于海面上升，地下水位抬高，引起地表低洼处泥炭沼泽的扩大所致，而良渚晚期化断层则是因大规模的陆地洪水泛滥，引起地表水域扩张造成的；唐宋前期化断层与太湖水系的变迁密切相关。 在整个历史时期，太湖水系大致沿着三江→湖泊→水网化的方向演变。本区湖面曾几度扩展，这是该期化断层形成的主要原因。     

Gravity wave activity and spectra in the upper mesosphere at Wuhan, China during early March 1996

Sodium layers (75–105 km) were measured by Na lidar on three nights from 1 to 3 of March 1996. The lidar data were used to calculate the relative atmospheric density perturbations and their spectra. The average r. m. s. density perturbations for early March at Wuhan are 5%. The Vertical wave number spectra exhibit power-law shapes with an average slpoes of −2. 12 in the upper mesosphere when the associated density mean quantity of the day was used. Supported by the Fundation of Chinese Academy of Science Ai Yong: born in 1958, Ph. D. graduate student     

Gravity wave activity and spectra in the upper mesosphere at Wuhan, China during early March 1996

Sodium layers (75–105 km) were measured by Na lidar on three nights from 1 to 3 of March 1996. The lidar data were used to calculate the relative atmospheric density perturbations and their spectra. The average r. m. s. density perturbations for early March at Wuhan are 5%. The Vertical wave number spectra exhibit power-law shapes with an average slpoes of −2. 12 in the upper mesosphere when the associated density mean quantity of the day was used. Supported by the Fundation of Chinese Academy of Science Ai Yong: born in 1958, Ph. D. graduate student     

大柳树坝址岩体渗漏量物理模拟

在对拟建的黄河大柳树坝址岩体地质情况及渗漏情况分析的基础上,根据相似定理及规律,选取普通烧结砖作为实验材料,确定了渗漏的物理模型,包括几何条件、物理条件、边界条件及初始条件.并通过模型试验的数据计算得出渗透量.与根据传统方式分析计算出的结果进行对比,其值较接近.     

某水电站坝肩顺坡向变倾角岩质边坡变形破坏机制研究

受岩层倾角变化的影响,某电站右坝肩变倾角岩质边坡在工程开挖后,上部和下部岩体均出现不同程度变形破坏迹象,并且其特征存在较大差异.作者在大量现场调查的基础上,从边坡工程地质条件、岩体结构特征着手分析了边坡变形和破坏特征产生差异的内在原因;并结合有限元数值模拟方法,研究了边坡产生变形和破坏的力学机制.在此基础上提出了这类边坡变形破坏特征及其成因机制的概念性模型.     

Epidemiological and risk analysis of the H7N9 subtype influenza outbreak in China at its early stage

Dozens of human cases infected with H7N9 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) have been confirmed in China since March, 2013. Distribution data of sexes, ages, professions and regions of the cases were analyzed in this report. The results showed that the elderly cases, especially the male elderly, were significantly more than expected, which is different from human cases of H5N1 avian influenza and human cases of the pandemic H1N1 influenza. The outbreak was rated as a Grade Ⅲ (severe) outbreak, and it would evolve into a Grade IV (very severe) outbreak soon, using a method reported previously. The H7N9 AIV will probably circulate in humans, birds and pigs for years. Moreover, with the driving force of natural selection, the virus will probably evolve into highly pathogenic AIV in birds, and into a deadly pandemic influenza virus in humans. Therefore, the H7N9 outbreak has been assumed severe, and it is likely to become very or extremely severe in the future, highlighting the emergent need of forceful scientific measures to eliminate any infected animal flocks. We also described two possible mild scenarios of the future evolution of the outbreak.     

南京近郊主要大气污染物的观测分析研究

2007年10月至2008年9月在南京的一个近郊站点(32°03′N,118°78′E)对可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、臭氧(O3)、二氧化硫(SO2)、一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NOx)和氨气(NH3)等6种大气中的主要污染物进行了为期一年的连续监测.本文利用统计方法研究了这些污染物不同时间尺度(小时、日、周、月)的浓度变化特征和相互关系,并利用后向轨迹和聚类分析方法研究了不同季节到达该测站的气团来源及化学特征.结果表明,PM10、O3、SO2、CO、NOX和NH3的年均浓度和标准差分别为0.14±0.08 mg/m3(、18.52±14.05)×10-9(、21.14±15.96)×10-9(、1.08±0.98)×10-6(、24.57±24.65)×10-9(、24.33±15.73)×10-9.O3浓度表现出明显的白天高、夜间低的日变化特征,SO2和PM10一般在早上9、10点钟达到一天中的最大值,NOX呈双峰结构;O3春季浓度高,2008年2月出现峰值,可能与当年冬季持续降雪有关.NOX、NH3浓度呈现秋冬季节低、春季高的特点,而PM10和SO2则相反;O3周末浓度低,工作日浓度高,SO2和O3前体...     

Chromatin remodelling at a DNA double-strand break site in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is crucial for maintaining genome stability. Eukaryotic cells repair DSBs by both non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination. How chromatin structure is altered in response to DSBs and how such alterations influence DSB repair processes are important issues. In vertebrates, phosphorylation of the histone variant H2A.X occurs rapidly after DSB formation, spreads over megabase chromatin domains, and is required for stable accumulation of repair proteins at damage foci. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phosphorylation of the two principal H2A species is also signalled by DSB formation, which spreads approximately 40 kb in either direction from the DSB. Here we show that near a DSB phosphorylation of H2A is followed by loss of histones H2B and H3 and increased sensitivity of chromatin to digestion by micrococcal nuclease; however, phosphorylation of H2A and nucleosome loss occur independently. The DNA damage sensor MRX is required for histone loss, which also depends on INO80, a nucleosome remodelling complex. The repair protein Rad51 (ref. 6) shows delayed recruitment to DSBs in the absence of histone loss, suggesting that MRX-dependent nucleosome remodelling regulates the accessibility of factors directly involved in DNA repair by homologous recombination. Thus, MRX may regulate two pathways of chromatin changes: nucleosome displacement for efficient recruitment of homologous recombination proteins; and phosphorylation of H2A, which modulates checkpoint responses to DNA damage.