赤点石斑鱼7个地理群体的AFLP分析

 应用AFLP技术对赤点石斑鱼Epinephelus akaara 7个地理群体进行了遗传多样性及遗传分化的分析。结果显示：不同群体的遗传多样性差异较大,大亚湾群体和舟山群体遗传多样性最低,湛江群体最高;通过UPGMA聚类,7个群体88个个体明显分成3支,三亚群体单独聚为一支（Clade A）,湛江群体的部分个体聚类为一支（Clade B）,湛江群体剩余个体和其他5个群体的个体聚为一支（Clade C）。其中在分支C中存6个小的分支,这6支中个体间基本以地理群体进行聚类。研究结果为赤点石斑鱼种质资源保护和遗传改良提供了遗传学依据。     

基于线粒体Cytb基因序列的褐石斑鱼种群遗传多样性分析

为评估种质资源状况被世界自然保护联盟(International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN)评定为易危物种的褐石斑鱼(Epinephelus bruneus)野生种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化水平，采用PCR方法测定褐石斑鱼西太平洋海区的中国海南岛(HN)、福建厦门(XM)和韩国济州岛(HG)3个地理群体的线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)基因的部分序列，并对其基因序列遗传变异、谱系结构和群体扩张历史特征进行分析。结果显示，褐石斑鱼3个地理种群(88个个体)共检测出18个多态位点，共有7种单倍型；各地理群体遗传多样性水平较低，而且单倍型在群体间分布不均，韩国群体遗传多样性最高，中国海南和厦门群体遗传多样性较低。地理距离最远的韩国群体和中国海南群体遗传分化最高(F_ST=0.177 5),地理距离最近的中国海南群体和厦门群体的遗传分化最低(F_ST=0.013 4)。Mantel检验结果显示，3个褐石斑鱼群体间遗传距离和地理距离间存在显著相关，距离隔离(Isolation by Distance, IBD)...     

斜带石斑鱼、赤点石斑鱼RAPD和线粒体Cyt b基因序列变异分析

斜带石斑鱼和赤点石斑鱼为具有重要经济价值的海水鱼类。对这两种石斑鱼进行了随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)和线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因序列变异分析。计算多态位点百分率、基因多样性和香农信息指数等遗传参数,以此评估种内遗传变异水平;通过统计变异位点、平均核苷酸差异数、核苷酸多样性以及种间平均每位点核苷酸替代数进行基因序列变异分析,并构建UPGMA系统树。结果表明:斜带石斑鱼的遗传多样性水平高于赤点石斑鱼,这可能与它们在种内特定遗传结构、分布范围大小、自然资源状况的差异有关;斜带石斑鱼和赤点石斑鱼之间检测到的种特异RAPD条带以及基因序列的变异,可作为种间分子鉴定标记。     

西藏石榴野生群体的SSR遗传多样性分析

【目的】调查西藏地区野生石榴种质资源,分析西藏野生石榴群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构,为野生石榴资源的保护和利用提供理论依据。【方法】使用13对SSR引物对3个自然群体共42份西藏地区野生石榴种质资源材料DNA进行PCR扩增,毛细管电泳检测扩增片段长度,使用GenAlEx和Arlequin等软件对SSR数据进行分析。【结果】13对引物共检测到44个等位基因,平均3.385个,引物的平均有效等位基因数(N_e)、香农信息指数(I)、期望杂合度(H_e)和多态信息量(PIC)分别为1.971、0.771、0.481和0.393。3个野生群体的平均有效等位基因数(N_e)、平均香农信息指数(I)和平均期望杂合度(H_e)分别为1.867、0.646和0.421,林芝b(LZb)群体的遗传多样性水平高于其他2个群体。AMOVA分析表明,群体内遗传变异高达88.43%,3个群体间的遗传分化系数(F_st)为0.116。种质聚类分析将供试种质划分为3个亚群,结果与种质地理来源具有一定关联性。遗传结构分析显示西藏野生石榴有4个可能的基因库来源。【结论】13对SSR引物可用于西藏野生石榴种质的遗传多样性等研究。西藏野生石榴种质的遗传变异主要存在于群体内;林芝b(LZb)群体遗传多样性最高,遗传结构复杂,且含有最多的野生种质采样点,可予以优先保护。     

中国鲌亚科鱼类遗传多样性研究进展

鲌亚科鱼类在我国有较广泛的分布,但有关其种群遗传学研究的报道相对较少.本文从鲌亚科鱼类在我国的地理分布、遗传多样性研究现状等方面进行综述,重点阐述鲌亚科鱼类种群遗传多样性、种群遗传结构、种群间系统发育关系、群体历史动态和谱系地理格局等方面的研究进展,并概括遗传多样性研究在鲌亚科鱼类分子育种、种质鉴定等方面的应用.以期进一步促进我国鲌亚科鱼类遗传多样性的研究,提高其种质资源的保护和评估,加快优良种质的培育,实现鲌亚科鱼类资源的合理开发和可持续利用.     

唐鱼野生与养殖群体遗传多样性的随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分析

应用随机扩增DNA多态性(RAPD)技术对唐鱼野生与养殖群体的遗传多样性进行了分析。从40个10BP引物中选取15个用于群体遗传多样性分析,共检测出93个位点,其中46个(49.46%)呈多态;两群体的多态位点比例分别为43.01%和41.94%;用香农指数量化的遗传多样性指数,野生群体(0.23)略高于养殖群体(0.20),平均遗传多样性指数为0.22,群体内和群体间的遗传变异比例分别为85%和15%;群体的遗传相似度高达0.96,彼此间的遗传距离仅为0.04。研究表明,唐鱼目前的种质资源状况令人堪忧,恢复唐鱼有效种群大小、丰富物种遗传多样性是资源保护的基础。     

兰属植物遗传资源核心种质构建探讨

兰属植物遗传资源是兰属植物遗传与育种研究的基础材料,由于其存在数量庞大、生境地域复杂、利用效率低、优异基因筛选困难等问题,给兰属资源的收集、保存、研究和利用带来了困难,因此,尝试开展兰属植物遗传资源核心种质研究是十分急迫和必要的.借鉴农作物成功的经验,本文基于形态、农艺性状和SSR分子标记数据对兰属植物核心种质基本内涵、构建核心种质的步骤和检测指标与评价方法等方面进行了阐述,并探讨其存在的问题和发展方向,以期为兰属植物核心种质的构建和种质创新与利用提供理论参考.     

台湾海区斜带石斑鱼群体遗传学的等位酶研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶和淀粉凝胶技术对台湾海区斜带石斑鱼的遗传结构和遗传多样性水平进行了等位酶分析。对18种酶系统共27个等位酶基因座位的检测表明。ADH—l、ODH-2、FDH-1和Est-3等5个基因座位具多态性，其群体的多态位点百分率P为18．5％。有效等位基因平均数Ne为1．185，平均杂合度的观测值Ho为0．0469，预期值He为0．0662，反映了该群体的遗传多样性水平在鱼类中处于中等程度，而其Hardy-Weinberg遗传偏离指数(D)为-0．246，表明该群体仍存在着明显的杂合子缺失现象，相对于捕捞压力，海岸线的工程改造是对其资源的更主要威胁。     

基于SSR标记的白栎天然居群遗传多样性分析

[目的]利用SSR分子标记,对白栎天然居群进行遗传多样性分析,为其种质资源的合理开发与保护提供指导.[方法]采用筛选出的SSR引物对3个群体进行遗传多样性与遗传结构研究,并计算遗传参数;基于个体间的遗传距离进行主成分分析,运用GenAlEx 6.5进行遗传距离与地理距离的相关性Mantel检验,软件Arlequin用于...     

赤点石斑鱼室内水泥池养殖技术的初步研究

本文以赤点石斑鱼为对象，研究其在室内水泥池养殖过程中周年的日增重量、日摄食率和水温的关系；探讨赤点石斑鱼在室内水泥池的养殖管理技术。经４００天的饲养，鱼体成活率为８０．６％，平均日增重量０．４９克／尾，平均净增重１９５．５克／尾，平均日摄食率为２．０１％，饵料系数为８．８。因此认为，室内水泥池养殖赤点石斑鱼是可行的。     

Genetic diversity in Penaeus chinensis shrimp as revealed by RAPD technique

The random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis was used to estimate genetic diversity in one successively cultivated stock and three wild stocks of Penaeus chinensis shrimp, two of which were collected from the spawning and wintering grounds in the west coast of Korean Peninsula, and one from the feeding ground in the China coast of the Yellow Sea. A random primer kit was employed to scan the genomic DNA in 20 individuals of each index stock. A total of 110 reproducible RAPD markers were obtained, 68.2 % of which showed a sound eonformability within all the individuals detected, implying that the genetic variability in P. chinensis is relatively low. The proportions of polymorphic loci among these four stocks ranged from 20% to 33.3%, while the degrees of genetic polymorphisms varied from 0.0093 to 0.0307. The genetic variability of inter-stocks was higher than that of intra-stock. The genetic diversity in different stocks differed from each other; that is, a less genetic differentiation in the spawning and wintering stocks from the west coast of Korean Peninsula was revealed and their genetic diversities were higher than that of the spawning stock in the Bohai Sea and the China coast of the Yellow Sea. As detected, the genetic diversity in the successively cultivated stock was the lowest among these four stocks. Through genetic distance analysis between a random pair of individuals, a dendrogram of the above-mentioned four stocks was constructed by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean. The results based on cluster analysis well fitted with the geographical distribution of P. chinensis in the Bohai and Yellow Seas.     

用营养动态模式估算东海区大陆架渔场渔业资源蕴藏量

引用在东海区渔场进行的"海洋生物资源补充调查和资源评价"获得的初级生产力调查结果,综合已有的研究数据,采用PARSONS和CUSHING营养动态模式,对东海区渔场的渔业资源蕴藏量进行了估算。结果表明:1996～2005年东海区大陆架渔场渔业资源平均营养级为3.531级,近10年渔业资源年平均蕴藏量为836×104t,可捕量为418×104t左右;其中东海陆架渔场平均资源量为591×104t,可捕量296×104t;黄海南部平均资源量为245×104t,可捕量123×104t。2002～2005年东海区大陆架渔场平均资源蕴藏量为855×104t,可捕量为428×104t左右;东海区大陆架单位面积渔业资源蕴藏量为14.59t/km2,可捕量7.5t/km2;有机碳与鱼的比例为10.32:1,在世界各渔场中均属于较高水平;东海的单位面积渔业资源蕴藏量为8.89t/km2,东海区海域单位面积渔业资源蕴藏量为10.20t/km2,可捕量分别为4.5t/km2和5.1t/km2,高于黄渤海区和南海,略低于福建海区。目前东海区大陆架渔场的年渔获量已达750×104t左右,远远超过估算的420×104t左右年可捕量水平,使渔业资源始终处于过度捕捞状态。要使渔业资源恢复到良好状态,至少要减少目前40%的渔获量。     

东海野生灰鲳mtDNA D-loop序列遗传变异分析

以东海区野生灰鲳背部肌肉的线粒体DNA为模板,采用PCR技术对7个个体的D-loop序列进行了扩增,通过对PCR产物进行双向测序,最终得到了471 bp的核苷酸片断(除去两端部分序列)。用DNAMAN6.0软件进行了排序比较发现,东海野生灰鲳的D-loop序列同源性高达99.48%;用DNASP4.0软件分析得知,7个序列共有6个单倍型(在GenBank登录号:GU970085-GU970087,GU970089-GU970091),在7个个体中,共检测到14个变异位点,包括13个转换和1个颠换位点。运用MEGA4.0软件计算出了不同个体间的遗传距离,并据此构建了MP和NJ系统树。用DNASP4.0软件计算出的多态位点数为14,核苷酸多样性指数和平均核苷酸差异数分别为0.009 71和4.571。研究结果表明,东海野生灰鲳的D-loop序列个体变异程度并不丰富。     

东海北部近海夏秋季鲐鲹渔场与海洋水文环境的关系

本文叙述了东海北部近海夏秋季鲐鲹鱼中心渔场的分布、海洋水文环境(包括水温、盐度、水系的消长变化)特点以及两者之间的关系。     

中国南方沿海13种石斑鱼类的分子系统进化关系分析

石斑鱼类(Groupers)是世界性海洋经济鱼类,也是中国南方沿海省份重要的海水增养殖对象,其种类繁多,由于缺乏明显的种间外部形态区别特征,石斑鱼的分类一直是鱼类系统分类学的一个难题,存在着较多的争议和混淆。为了从分子水平揭示石斑鱼类的系统进化关系,应用线粒体细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)及两个核糖体RNA基因(16S和12S)序列联合构建系统进化树对中国近海石斑鱼亚科3属13种进行种类鉴定及亲缘关系分析,探讨了石斑鱼类的分子系统进化。结果表明:①线粒体基因序列在石斑鱼类种间存在较大的变异,种内变异极小,是进行石斑鱼类种类鉴定较为适宜的分子标记;②所研究的3属13种石斑鱼类中,石斑鱼属与九棘鲈属的亲缘关系较近,与鳃棘鲈属的较远;③赤点石斑鱼和青石斑鱼、蜂巢石斑鱼与鲑点石斑鱼、斜带石斑鱼与棕斑石斑鱼两两间具有较近的亲缘关系。     

Genetic evidence against panmixia in the European eel

The panmixia hypothesis--that all European eel (Anguilla anguilla) migrate to the Sargasso Sea for reproduction and comprise a single, randomly mating population--is widely accepted. If true, then this peculiar life history strategy would directly impact the population genetics of this species, and eels from European and north African rivers should belong to the same breeding population through the random dispersal of larvae. To date, the panmixia hypothesis has remained unchallenged: genetic studies realized on eel's mitochondrial DNA failed to detect any genetic structure; and a similar lack of structure was found using allozymes, with the exception of clinal variation imposed by selection. Here we have used highly polymorphic genetic markers that provide better resolution to investigate genetic structure in European eel. Analysis of seven microsatellite loci among 13 samples from the north Atlantic, the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea basins reveals that there is global genetic differentiation. Moreover, pairwise Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards chord distances correlate significantly with coastal geographical distance. This pattern of genetic structure implies non-random mating and restricted gene flow among eels from different sampled locations, which therefore refute the hypothesis of panmixia. Consequently, the reproductive biology of European eel must be reconsidered.     

日本海鱿钓作业技术初探

本文采用１９９３年６～１１月日本海鱿鱼试钓结果，结合日本有关资料，对日本海鱿钓作业的资源与渔场、渔具与渔法等作了阐述，并对钓具作了对比试验，得出了钓具有效使用意见，为今后更好地开发日本海鱿鱼资源，发展鱿钓生产提供了技术资料。     

Migration and population genetics of the grain aphid Macrosiphum miscanti (Takahashi) in relation to the geographic distance and gene flow

The population genetics of the grain aphid Macrosiphum miscanti (Takahashi) is analyzed by microsatellite markers. Samples collected from 15 locations in China have been examined at 5 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Overall, genetic diversity displays a relation between the migration and gene flow in the grain aphid: a free and frequent gene flow is found in the eastern populations, and gene isolation occurs in the two western populations, especially Datong population and Guiyang population. The natural barriers may present an insurmountable obstacle preventing gene flow and aphid migration. However, a spatial genetic differentiation between populations is correlated with their geographical separation, indicating the geographic differentiation may play an important role in shaping the genetic structure of M. miscanti populations. In addition, most populations of grain aphids are out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and there is heterozygote deficit. Based on F statistics, the average genetic differentiation among different geographical populations is relatively low. It seems that the long distance migration of the grain aphid may enhance gene flow and decrease genetic differentiation among different populations.     

Organotin compounds in surface sediments from selected fishing ports along the Chinese coast

The concentrations and species of organotin compounds(OTCs) in 52 surface sediment samples from nine fishing ports along the Chinese coast were studied.Butyltins(BTs) and phenyltins(PhTs) were derivatized using sodium tetraethylborate(NaBEt 4) and determined by head-space solid-phase microextraction(HS-SPME) gas chromatography coupled with a flame photometric detector(GC-FPD).The concentrations of OTCs ranged from <3.6 to 194 ng(Sn) g-1 dry weight(dw) for monobutyltin(MBT),<2.3 to 41.5 ng(Sn) g-1 dw for dibutyltin(DBT),<0.7 to 86.0 ng(Sn) g-1 dw for tributyltin(TBT) and <5.1 to 66.1 ng(Sn) g-1 dw for monophenyltin(MPhT),respectively.The concentrations of diphenyltin(DPhT) and triphenyltin(TPhT) were below the limit of detection(LOD).BTs were the main species in the sediments except for the samples collected from Shazikou fishing port in Qingdao.The concentrations of MBT were higher than DBT and TBT.The concentrations of OTCs in the sediments varied widely among different sampling locations.The concentrations of BTs were much higher in the samples collected from fishing ports close to the South China Sea than those in coast of the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea.MPhT was prevalent in most sampling stations except for those in coast of the East China Sea.The environmental and ecotoxicological risks of TBT in most sediment samples were low.     

东海北部、黄海南部刺鲳的资源状况

根据对5艘深水流网资源信息船1998年8月～2001年3月连续渔捞调查资料进行分析研究,结果表明:刺鲳是本海域深水流网渔业的三大优势种之一(方头鱼占首位,刺鲳和白姑鱼年间变动量相互交替),占年总渔获量的8.68%～27.16%;周年数量分布集中在夏、秋季,全年数量最高值出现在夏末初秋.渔获物重量分布以舟外渔场最多,为49.71%,其次是鱼山、鱼外、沙外、江外等渔场.