室外涂料对山毛榉木材气体渗透性的影响

通过比较山毛榉木材在4种室外用涂料涂饰前和涂饰后的气体渗透能力,研究木材弦向和径向的气体渗透能力的变化.结果表明:漆膜可较好地保护木材免受空气和水的侵害,经4种涂料涂饰后,山毛榉木材的气体渗透值均有所下降;溶剂型涂料的气体渗透性能比水溶性涂料差,色漆比清漆更难渗透;山毛榉基材弦向的气体渗透能力在涂饰前和涂饰后均比径向略大.     

自熔合金粉末性能对喷焊涂层组织的影响

利用扫描电镜SEM和X射线衍射仪分析研究了自熔合金粉末颗粒内部形貌和夹杂物对涂层组织的影响.结果表明,在空心粉率相同的情况下,空心粉末中气泡在中心形成,内部壁厚均匀且较厚的粉粒比颗粒内部气泡出现偏移或开口的粉粒更易产生喷焊涂层微观缺陷(针孔);粉末颗粒内部存在着少量金属Cr夹杂,由于夹杂物表面生成了保护性氧化膜,喷焊时夹杂物不能溶解到基体中,涂层在进行磨削加工时出现剥离,形成不规则状缺陷.     

Electrochemistry: building on bubbles in metal electrodeposition

In the electrodeposition of metals, a widely used industrial technique, bubbles of gas generated near the cathode can adversely affect the quality of the metal coating. Here we use phase-contrast radiology with synchrotron radiation to witness directly and in real time the accumulation of zinc on hydrogen bubbles. This process explains the origin of the bubble-shaped defects that are common in electrodeposited coatings.     

高强度涂层结合性能的试验研究

利用自由射流流场的特点,设计了一种六孔环形加速喷嘴,明显改进了常规火焰喷涂层的性能,获得了适合烧结的势喷涂层,采用线切割沿涂层／基体界面切成对称切口,两边粘结后直接拉伸的实验方法对高强涂层抗拉结合强度进行评价,按此方法对不同工艺参数的热喷涂烧结涂层结合强度进行了评价,结果表明,此方法可对高强涂层与基体的结合强度进行评价。     

Microstructure and corrosion resistance of Fe/Mo composite amorphous coatings prepared by air plasma spraying

Fe/Mo composite coatings were prepared by air plasma spraying (APS) using Fe-based and Mo-based amorphous and nanocrystalline mixed powders. Microstructural studies show that the composite coatings present a layered structure with low porosity due to adding the self-bonded Mo-based alloy. Corrosion behaviors of the composite coatings, the Fe-based coatings and the Mo-based coatings were investigated by electrochemical measurements and salt spray tests. Electrochemical results show that the composite coatings exhibit a lower polarization current density and higher corrosion potentials than the Fe-based coating when tested in 3.5wt% NaCl solutions, indicating superior corrosion resistance compared with the Fe-based coating. Also with the increase in addition of the Mo-based alloy, a raised corrosion resistance, inferred by an increase in corrosion potential and a decrease in polarization current density, can be found. The results of salt spray tests again show that the corrosion resistance is enhanced by adding the Mo-based alloy, which helps to reduce the porosity of the composite coatings and enhance the stability of the passive films.     

水体大气复氧能力研究综述

大气复氧是水体中溶解氧的一个重要来源,复氧能力的研究是正确确定水中溶解氧浓度的一个重要课题.通过对大气复氧理论简要分析,指出水体中存在大量气泡情况下,如大坝泄洪下游水体或波浪破碎水体中,不仅需考虑自由液面质量传输,更需考虑气泡界面传质.概括了水体自由界面传质和气泡界面传质计算公式,指出目前还没有一个公式对所有河流水体有较好适用性,而误差较小的公式,也可能漏掉了一个或多个主要的影响因素.引入水体中溶解氧的"有效"饱和浓度和气泡穿透水体的"有效"水深两个参数,指出水中溶解氧的饱和浓度与水深相关,水深越大,溶解氧的"有效"饱和浓度越大,水体中溶解氧浓度愈有可能超饱和.     

ZrO2-ZiCrAl系功能梯度热障涂层界面残余热应力研究

研究用等离子喷涂方法制备Ｚｒｏ２－ＮｉＣｒＡｌ系功能梯度热障涂层的不同梯度过渡层之间,以及与基体之间界面的残余热应力和功能梯度热障涂层厚度、组分对残余热应力的影响．方法来用热弹性有限元方法．结果所设计的功能梯度热障涂层的界面残余热应力得到有效缓和．结论对于所要保护的基体,可用有限元数值分析结果选择适当的功能梯度材料体系．     

电压对纯镁微弧氧化膜层电化学腐蚀行为的影响

采用循环伏安(CV)、动电位极化(Tafel)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)技术、结合纯镁微弧氧化膜微观形貌,研究电压对膜层电化学腐蚀行为的影响.结果表明:电压对膜层耐蚀性影响显著,随着电压升高,膜层耐蚀性增强,这是因为较厚的膜层厚度为抵御腐蚀介质的侵蚀提供了良好的物理屏障.在整个腐蚀试验过程中,高电压下制备的膜层经历三个阶段:腐蚀介质逐渐渗入膜层,腐蚀介质渗透膜层到达膜基面侵蚀基体,腐蚀产物填充微孔和微裂纹等缺陷.相比而言,低电压下制备的膜层随着浸泡时间的延长,膜层外部疏松层和内部致密层的电阻均逐渐减小,致使耐蚀性降低,最终膜层完全失效.     

Simulation study on factors influencing the entrainment behavior of liquid steel as bubbles pass through the steel/slag interface

In this study, a water/silicone oil interface was used to simulate the steel/slag interface in a converter. A high-speed camera was used to record the entrainment process of droplets when air bubbles were passed through the water/silicone oil interface. Motion parameters of the bubbles and droplets were obtained using particle kinematic analysis software, and the entrainment rate of the droplets was calculated. It was found that the entrainment rate decreased from 29.5% to 0 when the viscosity of the silicone oil was increased from 60 mPa·s to 820 mPa·s in the case of bubbles with a 5 mm equivalent diameter passing through the water/silicone oil interface. The results indicate that increasing the viscosity of the silicone oil is conducive to reducing the entrainment rate. The entrainment rate increased from 0 to 136.3% in the case of silicone oil with a viscosity of 60 mPa·s when the equivalent diameter of the bubbles was increased from 3 mm to 7 mm. We therefore conclude that small bubbles are also conductive to reducing the entrainment rate. The force analysis results for the water column indicate that the entrainment rate of droplets is affected by the velocity of the bubble passing through the water/silicone oil interface and that the entrainment rate decreases with the bubble velocity.     

Negative wake behind bubbles in non-newtonian liquids

GAS bubbles rising by gravity in non-newtonian elastic liquids(1-4) are different to gas bubbles in viscous newtonian fluids in at least two ways. First, the bubbles in the non-newtonian liquids often have a peculiar tip at the rear pole, and second, the terminal rise velocity versus volume curve often has a discontinuity at a certain 'critical' volume. To investigate this unusual flow situation further we have used laser-Doppler anemometry(5) to measure the liquid velocity in the wake behind air bubbles in a non-newtonian liquid. The measurements described here reveal the unexpected result that the liquid velocity behind the bubbles is in the downwards direction away from the rising bubbles (the velocities are referred to an observer at rest with respect to the liquid far from the bubbles). Thus the liquid velocity is opposite to the velocity in the usual wake behind objects moving in viscous newtonian fluids and we have called the phenomenon 'negative wake'.     

部分回流溶气气浮法溶气系统的设计

溶气气浮法是在待处理的水中通入大量密集的微细气泡,使其与杂质、絮粒互相粘附形成整体比重小于水的浮体,从而依靠浮力上至水面,以完成固、液,液、液分离的净水方法。介绍了溶气系统的回流比和需气量具体确定方法,工程实例表明,用该方法设计的气浮设备溶气效率高,效果稳定。     

含油污水气浮旋流耦合分离方法的研究

为了提高含油污水旋流分离器的分离性能,应用了气浮理论．利用气液混合泵边吸水边吸气,在泵内含油污水和空气在一定的压力下均匀混合,产生大量的微细气泡,然后泵入旋流器内进行分离。研究了加入气泡对压力降和入口流量的关系、分流比和压力降的关系、含油浓度和分离效率的关系、气泡量和分离效率的关系的影响。发现在一定的充气量范围内(标况下体积比4％～5％),微细气泡的存在能够明显提高油水旋流分离器的分离效率(约20％)。     

熔焊工艺对自熔合金涂层组织的影响

利用显微镜和X射线衍射仪对感应熔焊、火焰喷焊、等离子堆焊Ni基自熔合金涂层的金相组织、结合面形态、涂层微区成分及焊层合金化学成分进行了分析。研究结果表明，感应熔焊涂层与基体界面出现了白亮带，焊层底部形成了明显的针条状组织，并且涂层中部w（Fe）整体高于粉末本身；火焰喷焊层得到均匀一致的奥氏体和碳化物共晶析出物，涂层与基体也属于冶金结合，扩散熔合区w（Cr）和w（Ni）较感应熔焊涂层的有所降低；等离子堆焊层在快速冷凝过程中生成了树枝状结晶组织，焊层中的C、B、Si、Cr等元素烧损率以等离子堆焊最大，火焰喷焊重熔次之，感应熔焊最小；感应熔焊对基体与涂层界面处Fe原子的激活度最大。     

真空灌浆浆体配比及其工艺性能的研究

在真空灌浆工艺中采用适当配比的浆体能达到混凝土结构安全度和耐久度的标准。其作用降低水灰比，减少孔隙、泌水，消除离析，降低水泥浆的硬化收缩变形，增加水泥浆的均匀性和密实度；消除混在稀浆中的气泡，减少工程隐患；能提供连续、迅速的施工。     

用三种方法研究双频超声空化增强效应

分别使用TA荧光法、碘释放法和电学法对28kHz分别与1．04MHz和1．7MHz组成的双频超声辐照系统的空化增强效应进行了研究．结果表明，双频超声辐照能明显增强空化效应，其声空化产额均显大于各频率单独辐照方式的声空化产额之代数和．对双束超声空化增强效应的机理从3个方面进行了分析：(1)双频辐射增强样品的机械振动，有助于更多的空气经液体表面进入液体而导致空化核增加；(2)在双频超声作用下，各自产生空化过程，当各自空化内爆时，会产生许多新的空化核，这些空化核为另一频率的空化提供了更多与其共振频率接近的空化核；(3)由于气泡在低频负压相内准静压力减小，从而降低丁空化的阀值．而在低频的正压相内，气泡的内爆强度增加，因而提高了其声空化产额．     

粘结层中的Co对热障涂层界面结合因子的影响

用固体与分子经验电子理论(EET)和改进的TFD理论的结合,计算了热障涂层不同粘结层Co含量下的陶瓷层/粘结层界面的界面结合因子,结果表明:含Co界面的最小电子密度差Δρmin比不含Co时小,Co有利于缓解界面的应力;加Co后使该界面电子密度保持连续的原子状态组数σ′比不加Co至少增加一个数量级,Co有利于使界面稳定,且从σ_equal和σ_super可知这种稳定性不会由于应力的升高受到破坏;当粘结层的表面为(110)时,加Co后电子密度ρ总是提高,有利于提高界面的结合力;当粘结层的表面为(100)和 (111)时,界面的结合力不受Co含量影响。所以,Ni基粘结层中的Co可改善热障涂层的陶瓷层/粘结层的界面结合。     

TiN-MOS2/Ti复合薄膜的摩擦性能

采用纳米复合非平衡等离子体镀膜方法制作了应用于月球车活动关节的新型TiN-MoS2/Ti复合润滑薄膜,通过SEM、XPS等对复合薄膜的微观结构和成分进行了分析,并进行了耐磨和抗潮湿性能试验。研究结果显示,与传统多层膜结构相比,TiN-MoS2/Ti新型复合膜的钻孔数从278个提高到356个;潮湿储存10d后,其耐磨性能与多层膜相比,提高了2.5倍。因此,通过优化制备工艺及加入Ti添加剂等方法可以有效提高月球车活动关节处润滑薄膜的耐磨和抗潮性能。     

感应重熔对高速轧机轴承热喷涂层微观组织性能的影响

为了改善高速轧机轴承热喷涂层的微观组织性能,采用感应重熔技术对GCr15轴承钢表面预制备的高能火焰喷涂Ni60A涂层进行感应重熔处理,并利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计对感应重熔前后涂层的孔隙率、微观组织、显微硬度等进行对比研究,探讨感应重熔对涂层以及界面微观组织、显微硬度的影响.结果表明,高能火焰喷...     

Colloid science: non-spherical bubbles

Surface tension gives gas bubbles their perfect spherical shape by minimizing the surface area for a given volume. Here we show that gas bubbles and liquid drops can exist in stable, non-spherical shapes if the surface is covered, or 'armoured', with a close-packed monolayer of particles. When two spherical armoured bubbles are fused, jamming of the particles on the interface supports the unequal stresses that are necessary to stabilize a non-spherical shape.     

等离子喷涂AI_2O_3涂层内粒子间结合的研究

论述了通过对等离子喷涂Al_2O_3涂层内电镀铜,利用镀入的铜在涂层断面上的分布,定量地测定涂层内粒子间结合的方法及结果.结果表明,粒子间最大的平均结合率占所有界面的32%.这种有限的结合被认为是受熔化粒子的温度及熔滴与涂层的作用时间影响所致.