非离子表面活性剂静吸附特性研究

针对S/P二元复合体系在油层岩石上的吸附问题,利用室内仪器等检测分析方法,对无碱二元复合体系在润湿和非润湿大庆油砂吸附后活性剂体系浓度、界面张力进行了测定评价.结果表明：二元体系表面活性剂在大庆油砂上的吸附等温线为“S”型,最大吸附量为2.43mg/g;更换油砂单次吸附时,吸附次数增加,界面张力增加,活性剂浓度降低;,二元体系经聚合物和污水浸泡的油砂第三次吸附时界面张力由10-3mN/m上升到10-1mN/m;多次吸附对二元体系界面张力的影响很小。随着吸附次数的增加,活性剂浓度逐渐降低。     

马20块复合驱油效果研究

选用大庆炼化相对分子质量为1 900×104,浓度为1 500 mg/L的聚合物溶液,与SS(石油磺酸盐)无碱二元体系;与SS、碳酸钠三元体系。二元体系和三元体系均能达到超低界面张力。对单聚体、二元体和三元体进行了黏弹性、黏度及驱油试验。研究表明,三元体系在表活剂浓度为0.3%、碱浓度为1.2%时,界面张力达到3~10 mN/m,二元体系表活剂浓度为0.3%时也能达到3~10 mN/m;由于没有碱的加入,单聚的黏弹特性要高于复合体系,在复合体系中,二元体系的黏弹特性高于三元体系。人造非均质驱油实验结果得出,SS无碱二元体系的采收率达到了30.1%,比单聚高出6.7%,比三元复合体系高出2.7%。     

复合驱体系在长露头岩心中的渗流规律及其性能变化

为了克服人造岩心的孔喉分布差异的局限,建立了一套长露头岩心物模系统,通过监测沿程压力和检测出口采出液的浓度及性能变化,研究了三元复合体系在露头岩心中运移渗流规律及其性能变化对采出程度的影响。结果表明,露头岩心的岩石矿物组成及孔喉分布更接近于天然油藏。复合驱采收率为26.3%,提高采收率的效果显著。岩心沿程压力变化表明复合体系能深入到岩心的深部位置,聚合物在岩心沿程均产生严重的吸附滞留。复合体系中碱、表面活性剂的浓度峰值损失率达到90%以上,黏度峰值损失率高达95%,低界面张力性能完全损失,复合体系在露头岩心孔喉中的吸附滞留十分显著。     

化学驱微观机理及体系优选实验研究*

通过微观仿真刻蚀模型,结合河南油田某区块的孔隙结构,在水驱基础上进行表活剂驱、聚合物驱、聚合物/表活剂二元驱。分析研究了每种驱替体系对水驱产生的盲端、膜状、吸附、簇(柱)状、孤岛状的启动机理,同时量化三种化学体系对各类剩余油在模型中的驱替效率。实验结果表明,盲端剩余油适合高黏聚合物体系,针对不同形状盲端不同界面张力的体系作用效果不同;孤岛状剩余油适合高黏体系,界面张力对其影响不大;吸附状剩余油适合聚合物体系的黏度为(10~20)m Pa·s,且降低体系界面张力有利于启动此类型残余油,但在模型中多会形成此类残余油;膜状剩余油在低黏度聚合物体系下即可以很好启动,适宜体系界面张力数量级在10-1~10-2之间;化学驱启动剩余油,后续油启动运移过程中易形成小径簇状油,其含量在剩余油中占的饱和度较大。     

聚合物/甜菜碱表面活性剂提高水驱后残余油采收率研究

利用不加碱可形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂/聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系,通过流变性实验,分析了甜菜碱表面活性剂对聚合物/表面活性剂二元复合体系流变性的影响;通过可视化的微观驱油实验和人造岩心驱油实验,分析了聚合物/表面活性剂二元体系的粘弹性和界面张力对采收率的影响,研究了该二元复合体系对水驱后残余油的作用机理.结果表明,实验用的两性表面活性剂体系与油可以达到超低界面张力,表面活性剂体系对无碱二元体系的粘弹性影响非常小.在驱替水驱残余油过程中,形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂/聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系可以同时发挥活性剂的超低界面张力作用和聚合物溶液的粘弹性作用,使该二元体系的采收率高于单一的表面活性剂体系和聚合物驱油体系,并且该二元体系的粘弹性越大,采收率越高.界面张力由10-2 mN/m降至10-3 mN/m时的最终采收率均高于界面张力为10-2 mN/m时增加聚合物溶液的质量浓度和相对分子质量两种情况下的最终采收率.     

聚表二元相互作用对提高采收率的影响研究

实验证明,聚合物和表面活性剂之间存在相互作用。由于高分子聚合物的增黏作用,表面活性剂分子在聚合物溶液中的运移速度明显降低,使得界面张力的稳定时间变长;同时,由于聚合物分子和表面活性剂分子在油水界面上的竞争吸附,通常情况下二元共存时的界面张力比单一表面活性剂时的界面张力高。此外,对于不同的二元体系,二元共存时的溶液黏度与单一聚合物溶液的黏度也可能不同。首先对聚表二元共存时的界面张力和溶液黏度进行了测试,然后采用多元回归方法得到了聚表二元共存时的界面张力表征模型;并将该模型应用在数值模拟模型中进行了编程求解;最后以五点法井网的四分之一为研究对象,对比了聚表二元的相互作用对提高采收率的影响。     

聚驱后聚表二元复合体系提高残余油采收率研究

利用不加碱可形成超低界面张力的聚丙烯酰胺/甜菜碱表面活性剂二元复合体系,通过流变性实验,分析了活性剂质量浓度对聚表二元复合体系黏弹性的影响;通过在仿真岩心模型上的驱油实验,分析了不同黏弹性的聚表二元复合体系对聚驱后采收率的影响.研究表明:实验用的两性表面活性剂体系对无碱二元体系的黏弹性影响很小,二元驱油体系的黏弹性越大,聚驱后二元驱的采收率增加幅度也越大.在注入压力允许的条件下,界面张力不一定要达到超低,适当增加聚合物溶液的黏弹性,也可以达到超低界面张力时的驱油效果.     

耐温抗盐强乳化聚-表二元复合驱油体系研究及应用

针对高温高盐油藏采用常规聚合物和表面活性剂驱油效果较差的问题,将耐温抗盐型聚合物SPAM-1和阴-非离子复合型表面活性剂YANC-E进行复配,研制了一种适合高温高盐油藏的耐温抗盐强乳化聚-表二元复合驱油体系,并通过室内实验评价了驱油体系的综合性能。结果表明：该二元复合驱油体系的耐温性能较强,在115℃下老化后,体系的黏度保留率仍能达到90%以上,界面张力仍能达到10^-3mN/m数量级;体系具有良好的抗盐性能,当矿化度大于100 000 mg/L时,体系仍能保持较高的黏度和较低的界面张力;体系具有良好的长时间老化稳定性能,在储层温度和矿化度条件下老化60 d后的黏度保留率在85%以上,界面张力始终维持在10^-3mN/m范围内;驱油体系与原油形成的乳状液稳定性较强,放置120 min后乳状液的分水率小于20%,具有较强的乳化性能;驱油体系在地层条件下吸附6次后仍能保持较高的黏度和较低的界面张力,具有良好的抗吸附性能。另外,岩心水驱结束后注入0.5 PV二元复合驱油体系,能使采收率继续提高25%以上,驱油效果较好。A区块内5口采油井在实施耐温抗盐强...     

二元复合体系稳定性室内研究

针对二元复合体系黏度及界面张力稳定性开展室内实验研究,实验结果表明:2 500万分子量聚合物和3 500万分子量聚合物,在前7天黏度均降低较快,15天之后体系黏度渐趋稳定,但是后者抗老化能力明显比前者强;体系界面张力值随时间变化呈现出先降低,然后再升高,逐渐平稳的趋势,15天之后体系界面张力渐趋稳定;老化时间和表活剂浓度一定时,聚合物浓度越高,体系黏度越大,体系的界面张力越大;当老化时间和聚合物浓度一定时,二元体系表面活性剂浓度增大黏度略微增大,界面张力值随表面活性剂浓度增加而降低。     

聚合物/表活剂二元体系在多孔介质中运移的黏度和界面张力变化

 黏度和界面张力是评价聚合物/表活剂二元体系驱油能力的主要指标,研究二者在多孔介质中运移过程中的变化对提高二元体系驱油能力有重要指导意义。设计4 种注入段塞的二元体系在3 种长度的填砂模型运移的室内实验,对体系运移过程中黏度和界面张力的变化进行研究。结果表明：在注入速度和运移距离相同的条件下,注入段塞越大,流出液的最低界面张力更低,保持低界面张力的时间更长,黏度保留率也更高;在注入速度和段塞相同的条件下,运移距离越长,流出液的界面张力保持低界面张力程度越高,黏度保留率越高。研究结果对现场二元体系的注入方案设计具有一定指导作用。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that