Ionospheric structure in the region of East-Asian equatorial anomaly reconstructed by tomography

A chain of low latitudinal ionospheric tomography along 120°E meridian has been operating since 1993. This chain is composed of six stations from Shanghai to Manila receiving signals from the transit NNSS satellites. In this paper several reconstruction examples are presented, which give the 2-D imaging of electron density distribution obtained from the observed TEC data by means of computerized tomography technique. In reconstruction process a multi-station method was used to determine the unknown phase offset. To overcome the limitation of incomplete projection data, a technique of backprojection in combination with a normalized ionospheric model was introduced to obtain the initial guess of electron density distribution. The results demonstrate that ionospheric tomographic technology is very useful and effective to investigate the equatorial and low-latitudinal ionospheric structures and dynamics. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation, of China & the Science Fourdation of State Education Committee of China Xu Jisheng: born in Nov. 1946, Professor     

Automatic data acquisition system and reconstruction algorithm for computerized ionospheric tomography

The design and operation features of the automatic data acquisition system for the low-latitude ionospheric tomography along the 120°E meridian are presented. The system, automatically collects the differential Doppler phase data, and GPS satellite beacon signal is simultaneously collected to achieve time synchronization of all recelvers in whole station-chain. An improved reconstruction algorithm of computerized ionospheric tomography is also proposed, in which calculating of the integral phase constant and choosing of the initial guess are integrated in the procedure of reconstruction and evaluated by the reconstructed image. Both numerical simulation examples and reconstructed results from observed data show that the new algorithm works reasonably and effectively with ionospheric CT problems. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (49584006) Biography: WU Xiong-bin (1968-), male, Ph. D candidate. Research direction: computerized ionospheric tomography.     

Performance analysis of a 3D ionosphere tomographic model

A 3D high precision ionospheric model is developed based on tomography technique. This tomographic model employs GPS data observed by an operational network of dual-frequency GPS receivers. The methodology of developing a 3D ionospheric tomography model is briefly summarized. However emphasis is put on the analysis and evaluation of the accuracy variation of 3D ionosphere modeling with respect to the change of GPS data cutoff angle.Three typical cutoff angle values (15°, 20° and 25°) are tested. For each testing cutoff angle, the performances of the3D ionospheric model constructed using tomography technique are assessed by calibrating the model predicted ionospheric TEC with the GPS measured TEC and by employing the model predicted TEC to a practical GPS positioning application single point positioning (SPP).Test results indicate the 3D model predicted VTEC has about 0.4 TECU improvement in accuracy when cutoff angle rises from 15° to 20°. However, no apparent improvement is found from 20° to 25°. The model's improvement is also validated by the better SPP accuracy of 3D model than its counterpart-dual frequency model in the 20° and 25° cases.     

利用单站电离层测高仪与GPS数据的同化反演试验

利用测高仪和GPS观测数据进行了单站电离层电子密度廓线的同化反演实验,实验中设计了一套基于Kalman滤波的电离层数据同化系统,采用了水平和垂直方向可分离的高斯型误差协方差矩阵,利用IRI2000模式作为同化反演的背景场,分别使用了测高仪数据和GPS数据进行了单独同化反演和联合同化反演实验,结果显示：在各类同化参数不改变的情况下,单独利用GPS数据反演结果较好,不仅可以得到较为准确的TEC,电子密度廓线结果也有较好的提升;单独使用测高仪反演的结果较差,在峰高以下电子密度廓线和观测较一致,但峰高以上电子密度廓线和观测比较的结果较差,并且TEC结果和观测也有一定误差;而利用GPS和测高仪数据联合反演的结果最好,无论是反演的电子密度廓线还是TEC值都和观测最为接近.     

Analysis of ionospheric anomalies before the 2011 <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>w</Subscript> 9.0 Japan earthquake

On March 11, 2011, a large earthquake of Mw=9.0 occurred near the east coast of Honshu, Japan. This paper investigates preearthquake ionospheric anomalies during the earthquake period, using data from global navigation satellite systems and ionosonde stations near the epicenter. A clear anomaly that occurred on March 8 lasted 6 hours. Eliminating ionospheric anomalies that may have been caused by solar activities and magnetic storms, we believe that a positive anomaly on March 8 was very possibly an ionospheric precursor. The affected ionospheric area on March 8, which is evident on a vertical total electron content distribution map, extended to 50° in longitude and 20° in latitude, with length ratio approximately 3:1. The anomaly peak arose from 15:00-19:00 LT, and its location did not coincide with the vertical projection of the epicenter, but was instead to its south. Corresponding ionospheric anomalies are also observed in the magnetically conjugated region. There were no obvious ionospheric anomalies in other parts of the world. To analyze changes in the ionospheric anomaly, computerized ionospheric tomography technology was used to invert the spatial and temporal distribution of electron density in the ionosphere. The ionospheric anomaly on March 8, 2011 is suggested to be an ionospheric precursor of the March 11 earthquake in Japan.     

激光能量密度分布的测量方法

提出一种用于激光能量密度分布测量与分析的方法, 首先采用图像处理方法对激光光斑图像进行检测处理, 再对激光光斑波面进行拟合, 并采用伪彩色对激光能量分布进行三维显示. 采用Zernike多项式对波前进行拟合和重构, 讨论了拟合采样点的布设方法, 并用激光能量密度测试精度平均误差较小的同心放射状采样点布局方案. 采用伪彩色算法对二维光斑图像进行三维模型显示, 反映光斑不同区域能量分布的相对 大小和位置. 实验结果表明, 该方法基本满足激光能量密度分布检测的要求.     

基于广义奇异值分解算法的电离层三维层析模拟

为了研究广义奇异值分解(GSVD)算法在电离层三维层析中的可行性,利用 IRI2001模型所提供的电子密度场构建的TEC模拟观测值.根据不同的测站、卫星源和初值,设计了4组模拟实验,利用广义奇异值分解算法反演电子密度.通过对比电子密度的模拟反演值和模拟真值,分析了站点分布、射线数量和初值选取对层析结果的影响.研究结果表明,广义奇异值分解算法理论上可用于电离层三维层析研究.在理想情况下,利用广义奇异值分解算法可较好地重建电离层电子密度三维分布.但当测站分布不好,或有效射线数较少时,重建质量将会受到较大的影响,在实际应用中合理选取初值可较好地重建电离层三维电子密度分布.     

Development of an ionospheric scintillation monitor using single frequency GPS receiver

Besides their intended use in radio navigation, global positioning system (GPS) satellite signals provide convenient radio beacons for ionospheric studies. Among other propagation phenomena, the ionosphere affects GPS signal propagation through amplitude scintillations that develop after radio waves propagation through ionospheric electron density irregularities. This paper outlines the design, testing, and results of a specialized GPS receiver to monitorL-band scintillations. The scintillation monitor system consists of a commercial GPS receiver development kit with its software designed to log signal strength and carrier phase from up to 12 channels at one sample per second rate. Other prime features of the monitor include the data compression transmission and processing. Here is the fact that they are inexpensive and compact and therefore can be readily proliferated. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49984001) Biography: Shu Di-fei (1973-), male, Master candidate, research direction: studying ionosphere on GPS beacons.     

厚样品电子断层成像中的电子透过率非线性效应

为提高透射电子显微术中厚样品电子断层成像的质量,研究了电子透过率与样品质量厚度之间的非线性关系对厚样品电子断层成像的影响.在微米量级厚样品电子透过率实测结果的基础上,通过计算机模拟生成系列投影像并进行了图像重构.模拟结果表明,电子透过率的非线性会在重构结果中产生伪结构,投影值偏离量随投影位置的变化率与伪结构相关.进一步评价了样品在不同倾斜角度范围时电子的非线性透过率对图像重构质量的影响,发现这种影响随样品倾斜角度增大而增强,并有可能降低图像重构的质量.     

Ionospheric eclipse factor method (IEFM) for determining the ionospheric delay using GPS data

By establishing the ionospheric eclipse factor (IEF) λ of the ionospheric pierce point (IPP) and its ionospheric influence factor (IFF) λ, and combining λ, λ with t of IPP, a new method of modeling high-precision ionospheric delay using GPS data-ionospheric eclipse factor method (IEFM)-is presented in this paper. The IEFM can effectively select the proper ionospheric models to model the total electron content (TEC) with different changes corresponding to annual, seasonal and diurnal variations. Initial experimental results show that the correction precision of ionospheric delay modeled by the IEFM seems to be close to that of using L3 GPS observations to directly correct the corresponding ionospheric delay.     

A generalized trigonometric series function model for determining ionospheric delay

A generalized trigonometric series function (GTSF) model, with an adjustable number of parameters, is proposed and analyzed to study ionosphere by using GPS, especially to provide ionospheric delay correction for single frequency GPS users. The preliminary results show that, in comparison with the trigonometric series function (TSF) model and the polynomial (POLY) model, the GTSF model can more precisely describe the ionospheric variation and more efficiently provide the ionospheric correction when GPS data are used to investigate or extract the earth's ionospheric total electron content. It is also shown that the GTSF model can further improve the precision and accuracy of modeling local ionospheric delays.     

Three-dimensional atomic imaging of crystalline nanoparticles

Determining the three-dimensional (3D) arrangement of atoms in crystalline nanoparticles is important for nanometre-scale device engineering and also for applications involving nanoparticles, such as optoelectronics or catalysis. A nanoparticle's physical and chemical properties are controlled by its exact 3D morphology, structure and composition. Electron tomography enables the recovery of the shape of a nanoparticle from a series of projection images. Although atomic-resolution electron microscopy has been feasible for nearly four decades, neither electron tomography nor any other experimental technique has yet demonstrated atomic resolution in three dimensions. Here we report the 3D reconstruction of a complex crystalline nanoparticle at atomic resolution. To achieve this, we combined aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, statistical parameter estimation theory and discrete tomography. Unlike conventional electron tomography, only two images of the target--a silver nanoparticle embedded in an aluminium matrix--are sufficient for the reconstruction when combined with available knowledge about the particle's crystallographic structure. Additional projections confirm the reliability of the result. The results we present help close the gap between the atomic resolution achievable in two-dimensional electron micrographs and the coarser resolution that has hitherto been obtained by conventional electron tomography.     

单电流注入的三维MREIT快速重建及实验

磁共振电阻抗成像（MREIT）是将磁共振成像（MRI）与传统电阻抗成像（EIT）技术相结合的一种电导率成像技术,通过提供成像体精确的几何信息与成像体内部的磁通密度值,改善了电阻抗成像的病态性,使得电导率图像的分辨率显著提高．针对MREIT系统的快速成像问题,在分析磁共振电阻抗成像的数学模型和正逆问题的基础上,提出利用单次电流的磁通密度分量即可进行电导率图像重建的方法,缩短了测量时间,并降低了电极间的电磁干扰;将灵敏度矩阵法扩展到三维MREIT,采用半解析法计算灵敏度矩阵,使得图像重建速度得到提高;并通过仿真与仿体实验验证了该方法的有效性．结果表明获得的电导率分布图像具有较高的分辨率和图像质量,测量与重建时间的缩短为MREIT的临床应用奠定了基础．     

Preliminary results and analyses of using IGS GPS data to determine global ionospheric TEC

Using the spherical harmonic (SH) function model and the dual frequency GPS data of 139 International GPS Service (IGS) stations for July 15 of 2000, the global ionospheric total electron content (TEC) is calculated and the basic method is investigated. Here, preliminary results are reported and the problems and difficulties to be solved for using GPS data to determine the global ionospheric TEC are discussed.     

Quality Evaluation of Image Recording Strategies for Limited Angle Tomography

In this paper we propose a new method for evaluating image recording strategies for limited angle tomography.In limited angle tomography exact three-dimensional(3-D) reconstruction is not achievable.With this method a metric for the reachable reconstruction quality by defined X-ray source trajectories is calculated.The result of our method is independent of reconstruction algorithms.Our approach is based on the gradients of the scanned volume and their grade of determinability.Compared to simulated reconstr...     

Simulation of EUV Imaging and 3-D Cone-Beam CT Reconstruction on the Plasmasphere

A three-dimensional(3-D) phantom for the density distribution of the plasmasphere is established .The imaging processes of the extreme ultraviolet(EUV) Imager are computer-simulated,in which the Earth shelter is treated as a main problem.A modified ART method is devised to resolve the incomplete data reconstruction problem to validate and evaluate the proposed methods.The cone-beam EUV data are simulated based on the 3-D phantom from both a circular and semi-circular trajectories.Quantitative reconstruction...     

经颅直流电刺激有限元仿真的研究进展

经颅直流电刺激有限元仿真是一种基于头部有限元实体三维模型分析经颅直流电刺激电流分布的数学分析方法。作为一种理论研究方法,其目的是为实际经颅直流电刺激的应用提供相应的理论基础,对实际的操作和实验具有一定的指导意义。综述了经颅直流电刺激有限元仿真的研究现状,分析了经颅直流电刺激的头部三维实体模型的建立及优化、电极片设计及定位等关键技术,展望了经颅直流电刺激的研究趋势和方向。     

Storm-time ionospheric disturbances monitored by GPS beacon measurements

The Total Electron Content (TEC) during three great storms, from April to August 2000, was collected by means of a GPS receiver located in Jingzhou (30.4° N, 112.2° E). The time-latitude-dependent features of ionospheric storms are identified using TEC difference images based on the deviations of TEC during storm relative to quiet time. The responses of ionospheric TEC to magnetic storms were analyzed. The results show that: 1) In middle and low latitude, ionospheric storms effects are more apparent in local day time than at night: 2) Ionospheric storm effects are more dominant near the hump of the equatorial anomaly region than in other regions of TEC measurements; 3) The positive effects during the main phase of ionospheric storm may be caused by electric fields in low latitude; 4) During the recovery period of ionospheric storm, the negative phase of storm may be due to the perturbation of the neutral gas composition. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (49984001) Biography: Pei Xiao-hong (1977-), male, Master candidate, research direction: studying ionosphere on GPS beacons.     

光谱层析成像法重建温度场

介绍一种用高速分层摄像控制系统重建火焰温度场的方法。连续的三维发光体可以看成若干个互相平行的二维发光断层的组合 ,对发光体某断层进行聚焦摄像 ,得到的图像是该断层的高斯像和其它断层的离焦像的叠加像。对不同断层分别快速聚焦摄像 ,得到一组辐射图像 ,采用图像反演算法 ,可以重建各断层的原始图像 ,运用彩色三基色测温方法 ,处理所得到的原始图像 ,即可建立火焰的三维温度场。通过蜡烛火焰的试验 ,验证了该方法的可行性     

越野环境的三维地图重建

针对移动机器人越野环境下地图重建的问题,提出了一种三维网格地图的更新算法.该算法利用四线激光雷达(LD_ML)获取环境局部位置信息,结合机器人同一时刻DGPS/INS联合定位系统的位姿,依据障碍的坡度与高度阈值进行障碍区域检测.分别对障碍与非障碍区域采用最大值和均值法进行更新,完成环境地图的重建.试验结果表明:该算法在越野环境中具有良好的重建效果,可将机器人沿途经过的路面及周围环境构建出来.