CO2环境介质下16Mn钢的高温高压腐蚀性能

利用高温高压釜,通过失重法、SEM、XRD以及电子探针微观结构分析等方法,对16Mn钢在3种不同高温条件下以及1 MPa分压的饱和CO2环境介质中的腐蚀性能进行研究.结果表明,在60、90、120℃下,16Mn钢发生严重的CO2腐蚀,表现出高的腐蚀速率,且伴有不同程度的点蚀、条状腐蚀特征.随着温度的升高,腐蚀速率呈下降再上升的趋势,90℃时最小,各温度下表面都生成了Fe3C为主的腐蚀产物膜。研究发现,Cl-为点蚀的"激发剂",并且在点蚀坑内富集,导致局部Cl-浓度差不同,形成电偶腐蚀,促进点蚀发生;腐蚀过程显示CO2腐蚀的局部腐蚀特征是各种因素相互作用的结果.     

管线钢在含硫化氢及高压二氧化碳饱和的NACE溶液中的腐蚀行为

利用高压釜研究了X60和X70钢在饱和H2S及CO2分压为2MPa的NACE溶液中高温高压腐蚀环境下的腐蚀行为．研究结果表明：1)在所研究的温度范围内,两种钢均表现出较高的腐蚀速率,且伴有不同程度的点蚀或蚀坑群,其中CO2引发点蚀,H2S会加速阴极和阳极的反应速率,造成严重点蚀．2)随着温度的升高,武钢X60的腐蚀速率呈上升→下降→上升的趋势,宝钢X70的腐蚀速率呈下降→上升→下降的趋势．3)两种钢的表面腐蚀产物膜结构主要为铁的硫化物．4)Cl^-为点蚀的“激发剂”,并且在点蚀坑内富集,导致局部Cl^-浓度差不同,形成电偶腐蚀,促进点蚀发生．     

SRB对AZ91镁合金在含氯离子溶液中腐蚀的影响

通过引入硫酸盐还原菌(SRB) 来改善AZ91镁合金在含氯离子溶液中的腐蚀情况.发现:镁合金在无菌和含菌介质中的腐蚀均为点蚀;当Cl-含量低于1.5 g/L时,含菌和无菌试样表面仅出现微小的点蚀坑,两种试样的腐蚀速度相差不大,说明在低Cl-含量的溶液中,SRB对镁合金腐蚀的影响作用不大;当Cl-含量高于1.5 g/L时,两种试样表面的点蚀坑扩展,腐蚀速度随着Cl-浓度的增加而增大,且含菌试样的腐蚀速度要明显低于无菌试样,腐蚀电流密度和腐蚀电位随着Cl-浓度的增加而分别增大和降低,说明在高Cl-含量的溶液中,SRB生物膜的存在显著地降低了镁合金对Cl-的腐蚀敏感性.     

X70钢在高温高压二氧化碳酸性溶液中的腐蚀行为

利用高温高压釜,通过失重法、SEM、XRD以及电子探针微观结构分析等方法,研究X70钢在3种不同高温条件下及2 MPa分压的饱和CO2环境介质中的腐蚀行为.结果表明,在所研究的温度范围内,X70钢在CO2环境介质中表现出高的腐蚀速率;随着温度的升高,腐蚀速率呈上升再下降的趋势,120℃时为最大值;表面腐蚀产物膜的主要成分为Fe3C和FeCO3;CO2腐蚀的作用形成了钢表面点蚀、条状腐蚀特征,EPMA分析显示碳元素也呈条状分布;试样中沿轧制方向的两相对平行侧面的点蚀特征明显,而垂直于轧制方向的两相对平行侧面点蚀极少;CO2腐蚀是各种因素相互作用的结果.     

SO_4~(2-)对X100管线钢在盐渍性溶液中点蚀行为的影响

通过电化学测试技术研究X100管线钢在不同质量分数SO_4~(2-)的盐渍性土壤模拟溶液中的点蚀行为,并利用扫描振动电极技术(SVET)分析其腐蚀机制,建立腐蚀模型。结果表明:试样在不同质量分数SO_4~(2-)的土壤模拟溶液中均表现为典型的活性溶解;随着SO_4~(2-)质量分数增加,极化电阻显著增加,自腐蚀电流密度降低,说明X100管线钢发生点蚀的倾向性减小,SO_4~(2-)在库尔勒土壤中属于抑制性腐蚀阴离子。其腐蚀机制主要是SO_4~(2-)与Cl-通过竞相吸附作用优先吸附在蚀坑表面,抑制Cl-对X100管线钢的腐蚀,同时生成的Fe S腐蚀产物膜覆盖在腐蚀孔表面,降低了腐蚀速率。     

X65钢在CO2/H2S介质中的高温高压腐蚀行为

利用高温高压釜,通过失重法、SEM、XRD以及电子探针进行微观结构分析,对90、120、150℃时X65钢在模拟油气田CO2/H2S环境中的腐蚀行为进行研究.结果表明:在实验条件下,X65钢发生严重的CO2/H2S腐蚀.随着温度的升高,腐蚀速率呈上升再下降的趋势(120℃时为最大值).表面都生成了FeCO3为主的腐蚀产物膜;CO2/H2S腐蚀的协同作用形成了钢表面独特的点蚀和台地腐蚀特征.CO2/H2S腐蚀是各种因素相互作用的结果.     

20CrMnTi齿轮钢的点蚀敏感性及裂纹萌生风险

利用弱腐蚀倾向的溶液环境,控制20CrMnTi钢产生有限的亚稳态蚀点分布.运用电化学噪声法,研究了20CrMnTi钢亚稳态蚀点的萌生规律,结合ANSYS有限元计算,导入真实腐蚀形貌,对比研究了不同腐蚀条件下蚀孔周边的应力分布与裂纹萌生风险.结果表明,20CrMnTi具有较高的点蚀敏感性,其亚稳态蚀点集中在杂质相边缘优先形核,随Cl-浓度的升高,点蚀孕育期明显缩短,点蚀敏感性增大.不同Cl-浓度下引起的形核速率上升会缩短蚀点间距,表面微裂纹易连接蚀点而发生扩展,增大裂纹萌生风险.     

马惠线储罐沉积水中常用管线钢的腐蚀性对比

【目的】通过腐蚀评价进行合理选材,预防新建长输原油管道内腐蚀。【方法】通过腐蚀失重实验,研究X42、X52、X60、X65和X70共5种常用管线钢在马惠线储罐沉积水中的腐蚀行为,并结合SEM和XPS表面分析技术分析其腐蚀产物特性。【结果】随着温度的升高,5种管线钢腐蚀速率先升高后降低,在48℃时腐蚀速率最高。随着流速的增加,腐蚀速率先升高后降低,在流速为0.18m/s时腐蚀速率最大。在静态下,不同钢级管线钢腐蚀速率差别不大,钢级较高的管材点蚀倾向性较高;而在流动的腐蚀环境中,钢级较高的管材耐蚀性相对较高。【结论】综合考虑管线钢的耐腐蚀、耐冲蚀和耐点蚀性能,在马惠线内腐蚀环境中建议选用X60和X65钢。     

温度对X70管线钢在含氧溶液中应力腐蚀的影响

通过扫描电镜观察X70管线钢表面铁素体微观形貌,采用能谱仪分析其化学元素质量分数。在常温及60℃时,采用慢应变速率法(SSRT),分别在空气和氧质量分数为1.0×10-4的NACE(Na C1与CH3COOH质量分数分别为5%和0.5%)溶液中进行X70管线钢应力腐蚀试验,对试样断口形貌进行分析,并研究温度对X70管线钢在氧质量分数为1.0×10-4溶液中应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC)敏感性的影响。研究结果表明:常温下X70管线钢应力腐蚀敏感性不明显,当温度升至60℃时应力腐蚀敏感性增加,有应力腐蚀倾向;氧元素对试样应力腐蚀性能有一定的促进作用,60℃时NACE溶液中Cl-与O2运动加剧,是应力腐蚀敏感性增强的重要因素。     

SO42-对X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位极化和交流阻抗技术研究在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中SO42-质量分数对X80管线钢腐蚀行为的影响,并利用金相显微镜观察不同SO42-质量分数下的腐蚀形貌.结果表明:X80管线钢在SO42-不同质量分数的库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中,其极化曲线呈现典型的活化溶解特征;随着SO42-质量分数的增加,X80钢的腐蚀速率呈现先增大、后减小的趋势;当SO42-质量分数为5％时,极化电阻Rp出现临界值,此时X80管线钢的腐蚀最严重;当SO42-质量分数为10％时,金属腐蚀反应严重受阻,其表面腐蚀现象不明显,只有几个小的腐蚀坑存在;溶液中的Cl-吸附在X80钢表面会导致金属发生腐蚀自催化过程;而SO42-优先于Cl-吸附在金属表面上,能够抑制Cl-对X80管线钢的腐蚀行为.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with