青藏铁路低温热管应用的能量基础条件

针对青藏铁路冻土路基工程中广泛应用的低温热管,研究了其工作的能量条件和工作效果.依据观测数据对低温热管的降温效果进行了分析研究,并采用有限元方法,在实测数据作为边界条件的基础上对低温热管的30年长期工作效果的变化趋势进行了数值模拟研究.对实测数据的分析以及数值模拟计算的结果都反映出相同的趋势:热管的应用有效地降低了土体温度,并在长期工作中能够持续降低土体温度.研究表明,在气温升高趋势下,低温热管应用于寒区工程的能量基础条件未有重大改变,并能够在30年的寿命期内持续地发挥作用,使应用这种热管的冻土区路基工程热稳定性得到保证.     

基于反演参数的多年冻土路基长期温度场预测

利用青藏铁路清水河试验段路基3 a的现场温度场及沉降监测数据,采用模拟退火算法改进的BP神经网络算法反演了冻土路基的热力学参数,并在反演参数的基础上应用有限元法模拟预测了冻土路基在不同保温处理方案下的长期温度场变化情况.结果表明:保温材料路基阴阳坡地的温度场差异小于素填土路基,多年冻土季节性活动层厚度也远低于素填土路基;保温材料路基施工后3 a内仍将发生冻融变形,形成路基病害,但破坏程度低于素填土路基;50 a后,保温材料路基将与青藏高原气候环境达到新的热平衡状态,施工对多年冻土造成的破坏可得到修复,路基稳定性良好,但素填土路基仍存在较厚的季节性活动层,这将会使路基发生严重的变形破坏;保温处理方案可较为有效地减少冻土路基的不均匀沉降.     

动荷载作用下高温冻土路基的动力响应分析

采用有限元计算和模拟试验相结合的方法,研究了高温冻土路基在列车动荷载作用下的动力响应。首先,通过数值计算分析了路基的地表变形、内部土压力的变化规律。根据相似理论确定并没计了冻土路基模拟试验装置,通过在路基周围地表及其内部布设压力和变形传感器,并用自行设计的列车动荷载加载装置对路基施加模拟荷载,进行了冻土路基的模拟试验。模拟试验和数值计算的结果分析表明:采用的数值计算模型和模拟试验方法基本可行,研究结果可为青藏铁路的安全运营以及维护提供参考。     

热管之谜

青藏铁路东起青海格尔木,西至西藏拉萨,全长1200千米,其中有600千米属于高海拔寒冷区冻土地质。冻土层地基的稳定性是青藏铁路面临的最大难题!为保证青藏铁路路基的稳固,我国科学家使用了世界上最先进的科学技术——热管。     

青藏铁路多年冻土区路基温度场的模拟与预测

在多年冻土区修建铁路站场路基,打破了原来天然地表与外界的热力平衡,地下温度场将重新分布.根据此特征可推断多年冻土的发展演化趋势以及评定路基的稳定状况.结合青藏铁路某段站场路基实际监测数据,利用ANSYS软件对2002年～2030年地下温度场进行有限元数值模拟.模拟计算结果表明:路基下冻土上限发生上移,多年冻土得到了保护;在年平均气温增长0.02 ℃的条件下,试验段内冻土人为上限和未受路基影响的冻土天然上限均逐年下降;同时,路基阳坡、阴坡两侧地下温度场分布特征的差异构成了路基不均匀变形和路面裂缝的潜在威胁.     

青藏铁路保温板热棒复合结构路基保护冻土效果数值分析

根据带相变热传导有限元方法,对普通路基、含保温板路基、热棒路基和保温板热棒复合结构路基在未来50年青藏铁路沿线气温上升2.0℃情况下的温度场进行了预报分析和比较.计算结果表明,在年平均气温为-3.5℃或地表年平均温度为-1℃的地区,在青藏铁路50年的使用期内,普通路基、含保温板路基和热棒路基在气温升高条件下路基下伏、冻土都将发生融化,路基将会产生较大融沉变形,不能保证青藏铁路路基的稳定性.而保温板热棒复式结构充分利用了保温板和热棒两种措施的优点,可以更好的提高保护冻土的效率.     

青藏铁路运营期间冻土路基裂缝问题研究

运营期青藏铁路冻土区路基工程最值得关注的变化是不同部位裂缝的发生和发展以及对线路安全运行的影响.通过对不同时期青藏铁路多年冻土区路基工程裂缝发生发展影响因素的分析,认为冻土区路基工程基底地温场的不对称以及基底土体冻融过程不同步是路基工程变形裂缝发生的主要原因,路基坡脚和周围冻土水热环境变化是裂缝发展的拉动力,路基填料性质也是不容忽略的因素;根据运营期间冻土路基热状态和工程状态分析,对运营期青藏铁路冻土路基工程状态进行了初步评价,并提出了减少或消除地温场的不对称及保护路基坡脚冻土环境,从而抑制冻土路基裂缝的工程对策.     

解决青藏铁路建设中冻土工程问题的思路与思考

围绕青藏铁路冻土工程地质、气候变化对冻土及铁路路基稳定性、生态环境变化与保护问题,分析了青藏铁路工程建设中存在的冻土工程技术问题,提出了青藏铁路建设中应对这些问题的新思路,采取积极保护多年冻土的主动冷却路基的思路和动态设计思路,并给出了青藏铁路建设中下一步应思考和研究的问题。     

用冷却路基的原则修建青藏铁路

青藏铁路将要穿越的多年冻土半数以上属高温冻土，有40％为高含冰量冻土。在全球转暖的情况下，青藏铁路的修建必须考虑50～100年的气候变化。最近的预测认为：至2050年青藏高原将升温2.2～2.6℃，因而，铁路成败的关键在于能否保护多年冻土使其不融化。世界上在冻土区筑路已有百处以上的历史，但报道的冻土区铁路的病害率平均在30％以上。根据国内外多年冻土区筑路的经验和教训提出，青藏铁路的设计应该改变单纯依靠增加热阻（增加路堤高度，使用保温材料）消极的保护冻土的思路，而应全面采用“冷却路基”积极的“降低地温”的原则，特别是在高温、高含冰量 地段必须如此，进一步提出了通过改变路堤的结构和材料来调控辐射，调控对流和调控传导，以达到“冷却路基”的具体措施。     

青藏铁路路基工程可靠性分析思路浅析

青藏铁路沿线多年冻土具有强烈的时空变异性,多年冻土变异性受到了许多不确定因素的影响。气候变化不确定性、工程影响本身的不确定性、冻土工程性质变化的不确定性以及多年冻土变化的不确定性等,必须依靠不确定性的研究方法来实现,因此,必须引进可靠性评价的思路来分析路基稳定性变化。主要分析了青藏铁路多年冻土空间变异性和多年冻土工程性质变异性,论述了工程可靠性分析在青藏铁路冻土路基工程稳定性分析中应用的必要性;结合冻土路基工程稳定性特点给出了冻土路基工程可能的失效模式;结合多年冻土区路基设计原则,对冻土路基工程稳定性进行了可靠性设计和评价。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that