Increased sedimentation rates and grain sizes 2-4 Myr ago due to the influence of climate change on erosion rates

Around the globe, and in a variety of settings including active and inactive mountain belts, increases in sedimentation rates as well as in grain sizes of sediments were recorded at approximately 2-4 Myr ago, implying increased erosion rates. A change in climate represents the only process that is globally synchronous and can potentially account for the widespread increase in erosion and sedimentation, but no single process-like a lowering of sea levels or expanded glaciation-can explain increases in sedimentation in all environments, encompassing continental margins and interiors, and tropical as well as higher latitudes. We suggest that climate affected erosion mainly by the transition from a period of climate stability, in which landscapes had attained equilibrium configurations, to a time of frequent and abrupt changes in temperature, precipitation and vegetation, which prevented fluvial and glacial systems from establishing equilibrium states.     

神经网络动态规划在溶解氧控制中的应用

针对污水处理过程溶解氧质量浓度控制问题,提出一种基于神经网络动态规划的控制器设计方法.该方法不需要建立污水处理过程的非线性动力学模型,控制器的设计只需要系统的输入、输出观测信息.控制器设计采用评价—行动的思想,策略的评价值及最优行动分别采用两个回声状态网络逼近,给出评价网络的收敛条件.对污水处理过程溶解氧的控制试验结果表明,与常规PID控制相比,神经网络动态规划控制器能够有效提高控制精度,抑制干扰能力也明显增强.     

Weakening of tropical Pacific atmospheric circulation due to anthropogenic forcing

Since the mid-nineteenth century the Earth's surface has warmed, and models indicate that human activities have caused part of the warming by altering the radiative balance of the atmosphere. Simple theories suggest that global warming will reduce the strength of the mean tropical atmospheric circulation. An important aspect of this tropical circulation is a large-scale zonal (east-west) overturning of air across the equatorial Pacific Ocean--driven by convection to the west and subsidence to the east--known as the Walker circulation. Here we explore changes in tropical Pacific circulation since the mid-nineteenth century using observations and a suite of global climate model experiments. Observed Indo-Pacific sea level pressure reveals a weakening of the Walker circulation. The size of this trend is consistent with theoretical predictions, is accurately reproduced by climate model simulations and, within the climate models, is largely due to anthropogenic forcing. The climate model indicates that the weakened surface winds have altered the thermal structure and circulation of the tropical Pacific Ocean. These results support model projections of further weakening of tropical atmospheric circulation during the twenty-first century.     

Efficient export of carbon to the deep ocean through dissolved organic matter

Oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) constitutes one of the largest pools of reduced carbon in the biosphere. Estimated DOC export from the surface ocean represents 20% of total organic carbon flux to the deep ocean, which constitutes a primary control on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. DOC is the carbon component of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and an accurate quantification of DOM pools, fluxes and their controls is therefore critical to understanding oceanic carbon cycling. DOC export is directly coupled with dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus export. However, the C:N:P stoichiometry (by atoms) of DOM dynamics is poorly understood. Here we study the stoichiometry of the DOM pool and of DOM decomposition in continental shelf, continental slope and central ocean gyre environments. We find that DOM is remineralized and produced with a C:N:P stoichiometry of 199:20:1 that is substantially lower than for bulk pools (typically >775:54:1), but greater than for particulate organic matter (106:16:1--the Redfield ratio). Thus for a given mass of new N and P introduced into surface water, more DOC can be exported than would occur at the Redfield ratio. This may contribute to the excess respiration estimated to occur in the interior ocean. Our results place an explicit constraint on global carbon export and elemental balance via advective pathways.     

西沙海域海水中溶解态重金属的含量及其影响因子

对采自西沙海域海水中溶解态重金属Ni,Cu,Hg,Zn,Cr,Mn,Fe,Cd,Pb和Co的含量进行了测定,结果表明除了Pb,Ni外,该区域其他重金属的含量都在国家一类海水的标准范围内,但是该区域海水仍然具有近岸海水的特性.运用多元统计法探讨了重金属间的相关性,由因子分析法提出了控制西沙海域重金属含量分布的4个主因子:盐度,大气沉降,上升流和天然地球化学来源.     

Reburial of fossil organic carbon in marine sediments

Marine sediments act as the ultimate sink for organic carbon, sequestering otherwise rapidly cycling carbon for geologic timescales. Sedimentary organic carbon burial appears to be controlled by oxygen exposure time in situ, and much research has focused on understanding the mechanisms of preservation of organic carbon. In this context, combustion-derived black carbon has received attention as a form of refractory organic carbon that may be preferentially preserved in soils and sediments. However, little is understood about the environmental roles, transport and distribution of black carbon. Here we apply isotopic analyses to graphitic black carbon samples isolated from pre-industrial marine and terrestrial sediments. We find that this material is terrestrially derived and almost entirely depleted of radiocarbon, suggesting that it is graphite weathered from rocks, rather than a combustion product. The widespread presence of fossil graphitic black carbon in sediments has therefore probably led to significant overestimates of burial of combustion-derived black carbon in marine sediments. It could be responsible for biasing radiocarbon dating of sedimentary organic carbon, and also reveals a closed loop in the carbon cycle. Depending on its susceptibility to oxidation, this recycled carbon may be locked away from the biologically mediated carbon cycle for many geologic cycles.     

青霉素发酵过程中溶解氧的变结构预估控制

溶解氧是青霉素生产发酵过程中的重要参数之一,其浓度与菌体细胞的生长速度密切相关.在青霉素发酵过程溶解氧变化机理的基础上,将模糊神经网络和变结构预估控制方法相结合,研究了基于模糊神经网络的青霉素发酵过程溶解氧的变结构预估控制方法,设计了青霉素发酵过程溶解氧的变结构预估控制系统.实验结果表明,对青霉素发酵过程中的溶解氧浓度进行变结构预估控制,可以使溶解氧浓度的调节达到满意的效果,既降低氧消耗,又避免出现氧抑制现象,使发酵过程始终处于较优的状态.     

黑河市森林火灾碳排放的计量估算研究

根据黑河市森林调查的实测数据和1971—2011年间森林火灾的统计资料,采用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,通过大量野外火烧迹地的调查,结合实验室的控制实验,确定森林火灾碳排放的各计量参数,并利用排放因子的方法,估算了黑河市41年间森林火灾碳排放量和含碳气体排放量。结果表明:41年间黑河市森林火灾碳排放量为4.00×10⁷ t,年均排放量为9.76×10⁵ t,约占全国年均森林火灾碳排放量的8.63%; 含碳气体CO₂、CO、CH₄和非甲烷烃(NMHC)的排放量分别为1.24×10⁸、6.51×10⁶、4.30×10⁵和3.47×10⁵ t,年均排放量分别为3.01×10⁶、1.59×10⁵、1.05×10⁴和8.46×10³ t,分别占全国年均森林火灾各含碳气体排放量的7.42%、5.86%、9.37%和7.49%。研究发现针阔混交林型的森林火灾面积占总过火林地面积的42.73%,由于该林型燃烧效率较低,其森林火灾中的碳排放量仅占排放总量的29.61%,且CO₂的排放因子较低,其CO₂排放量仅占CO₂总排放量的30.11%。同时研究表明,黑河市年均碳排放对该市的碳循环与碳平衡产生重要影响,针对研究结果提出了合理的林火管理路径。     

Partial oxidation of methane to syngas in a mixed-conducting oxygen permeable membrane reactor

Mixed-conducting oxygen permeable membranes represent a class of novel ceramic membranes, which exhibit mixed oxygen ionic and electronic conductivities. At high temperatures, oxygen can permeate through the membrane from the high to low oxygen pressure side under an oxygen concentration gradient. Theoretically, the permselectivity of oxygen is 100%. Recently, a novel mixed-conducting membrane—Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ has been developed, which shows extremely high oxygen permeability and promising stability. Furthermore, the reactor made with such membranes was successfully applied to the partial oxidation of methane to syngas reaction using air as the oxygen source, which realized the coupling of the separation of oxygen from air and the partial oxidation of membrane reaction in one process. At 850°C, methane conversion > 88%, CO selectivity > 97% and oxygen permeation rate of about 7.8 mL/(cm² · min) were obtained.     

Three-dimensional fluorescence spectral characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in cave drip waters and their responses to environment changes: Four cave systems as an example in Guizhou Province,China

Understanding the responses of fluorescence spectral characteristics of cave drip waters to modern environment and climate changes is key to the reconstructions of environmental and climatic changes using fluorescence spectral characteristics of speleothems. The fluorescence spectral characteristics of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） in four active cave systems were analyzed with a three-dimensional （3D） fluorescence spectral analysis method. We found that the fluorescence types of DOC were mainly of fulvic-like and protein-like fluorescences, both in soil waters and cave drip waters. The intensity of fulvic-like fluorescence was positively correlated with the concentrations of DOC, suggesting that the DOC of cave drip waters was derived from the overlying soil layer of a cave system. Compared with the other cave systems, the variation range of the excitation and emission wavelengths for fulvic-like fluorescence of cave drip waters in Liangfeng cave system that had forest vegetation was smaller and the excitation wavelength was longer, while its fluorescence intensity varied significantly. By contrast, the excitation and emission wavelengths and fluorescence intensity for that in Jiangjun cave system that had a scrub and tussock vegetation showed the most significant variation, while its excitation wavelength was shorter. This implies that the variation of vegetation overlying a cave appears to be a factor affecting the fluorescence spectral characteristics of cave drip waters.     

More extreme swings of the South Pacific convergence zone due to greenhouse warming

The South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) is the Southern Hemisphere's most expansive and persistent rain band, extending from the equatorial western Pacific Ocean southeastward towards French Polynesia. Owing to its strong rainfall gradient, a small displacement in the position of the SPCZ causes drastic changes to hydroclimatic conditions and the frequency of extreme weather events--such as droughts, floods and tropical cyclones--experienced by vulnerable island countries in the region. The SPCZ position varies from its climatological mean location with the El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), moving a few degrees northward during moderate El Ni?o events and southward during La Ni?a events. During strong El Ni?o events, however, the SPCZ undergoes an extreme swing--by up to ten degrees of latitude toward the Equator--and collapses to a more zonally oriented structure with commensurately severe weather impacts. Understanding changes in the characteristics of the SPCZ in a changing climate is therefore of broad scientific and socioeconomic interest. Here we present climate modelling evidence for a near doubling in the occurrences of zonal SPCZ events between the periods 1891-1990 and 1991-2090 in response to greenhouse warming, even in the absence of a consensus on how ENSO will change. We estimate the increase in zonal SPCZ events from an aggregation of the climate models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phases 3 and 5 (CMIP3 and CMIP5) multi-model database that are able to simulate such events. The change is caused by a projected enhanced equatorial warming in the Pacific and may lead to more frequent occurrences of extreme events across the Pacific island nations most affected by zonal SPCZ events.     

DO对膜生物反应器中同步硝化反硝化的影响

采用人工配制的生活污水作为原水,考察了在膜生物反应器(MBR)中不同溶解氧(DO)对于同步硝化反硝化效果的影响.结果表明,将试验条件控制在TN容积负荷为0.35 kgN/(m3*d)、HRT为6 h、SRT为30 d、pH为7～8、温度为25～28 ℃、C/N为9时:在反应器DO的质量浓度为0.6 mg/L条件下,可获得62.5%的NH+4 -N去除率、91.1%的反硝化率和58.3%的SND率;在反应器DO的质量浓度为1.0 mg/L条件下,可获得90.8%的NH+4-N去除率、90.4%的反硝化率和82.5%的SND率;在反应器DO的质量浓度为1.4 mg/L时,可获得93.3%的NH+4-N去除率、77.0%的反硝化率和72.1%的SND率.     

组合MBBR反应器中溶解氧浓度和进水流量变化对除碳脱氮的影响

组合MBBR反应器将移动床生物膜技术与传统缺氧/好氧工艺结合起来处理农村生活污水。研究了溶解氧和进水流量变化对模拟农村生活污水除碳脱氮效果的影响。结果表明,在缺氧区和好氧区填充率为50%,HRT为19.2h,回流比为200%的条件下,溶解氧在4mg/l时,COD、氨氮和总氮均能取得良好的去除效果,平均去除率分别为92.42%、93.83%和73.43%。并在溶解氧为4mg/l的条件下,模拟农村生活污水排放规律进水,COD、氨氮和总氮均保持稳定的去除效果,表明其对水量变化有较强的适应性。     

Projected increase in continental runoff due to plant responses to increasing carbon dioxide

In addition to influencing climatic conditions directly through radiative forcing, increasing carbon dioxide concentration influences the climate system through its effects on plant physiology. Plant stomata generally open less widely under increased carbon dioxide concentration, which reduces transpiration and thus leaves more water at the land surface. This driver of change in the climate system, which we term 'physiological forcing', has been detected in observational records of increasing average continental runoff over the twentieth century. Here we use an ensemble of experiments with a global climate model that includes a vegetation component to assess the contribution of physiological forcing to future changes in continental runoff, in the context of uncertainties in future precipitation. We find that the physiological effect of doubled carbon dioxide concentrations on plant transpiration increases simulated global mean runoff by 6 per cent relative to pre-industrial levels; an increase that is comparable to that simulated in response to radiatively forced climate change (11 +/- 6 per cent). Assessments of the effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentrations on the hydrological cycle that only consider radiative forcing will therefore tend to underestimate future increases in runoff and overestimate decreases. This suggests that freshwater resources may be less limited than previously assumed under scenarios of future global warming, although there is still an increased risk of drought. Moreover, our results highlight that the practice of assessing the climate-forcing potential of all greenhouse gases in terms of their radiative forcing potential relative to carbon dioxide does not accurately reflect the relative effects of different greenhouse gases on freshwater resources.     

基于GSM短消息的无线智能溶解氧监控系统

在环境水质监测中,水中溶解氧是一个衡量水质的重要参数,如何实时准确地进行溶解氧的数据采集和处理就具有重要的实际意义.由于监测范围广,采样点分散,难于实现有线网络的远程监控.而利用GSM短消息业务[1](ShortMessage Serv-ice,SMS)进行数据传输,可以随时随地获取信息,且通信     

The finding of natural GaN crystals in sediments from the East Pacific Ocean

Although as one of the major constituents in pelagic sediments, clay minerals have not been used unambi guously to determine the origin, provenance, and envi ronments of deep sea sediments due to their poor crys tallization state, chemical complexity and …     

Interdecadal variation in the extent of South Pacific tropical waters during the Younger Dryas event

During the Younger Dryas event, about 12,000 years ago, the Northern Hemisphere cooled by between 2 and 10 degrees C (refs 1, 2) whereas East Antarctica experienced warming. But the spatial signature of the event in the southern mid-latitudes and tropics is less well known, as records are sparse and inconclusive. Here we present high-resolution analyses of skeletal Sr/Ca and 18O/16O ratios for a giant fossil Diploastrea heliopora coral that was preserved in growth position on the raised reef terraces of Espiritu Santo Island, Vanuatu, in the southwestern tropical Pacific Ocean. Our data indicate that sea surface temperatures in Vanuatu were on average 4.5 +/- 1.3 degrees C cooler during the Younger Dryas event than today, with a significant interdecadal modulation. The amplified annual cycle of sea surface temperatures, relative to today, indicates that cooling was caused by the compression of tropical waters towards the Equator. The positive correlation in our record between the oxygen isotope ratios of sea water and sea surface temperatures suggests that the South Pacific convergence zone, which brings 18O-depleted precipitation to the area today, was not active during the Younger Dryas period.     

大隆煤升温氧化时煤表面的介观特性

采用内置样品电加热装置的原子力显微镜对低温氧化过程大隆矿-390 m煤样表面形态进行实验观测,得到不同氧化温度下煤表面形态特征.根据分形理论的功率谱密度法计算煤表面的分形维数,并进行了分析.结果表明,不同氧化温度下煤表面的分形维数值都在2～3,煤低温氧化过程符合一定的分形规律,随着氧化温度的增加,表面分形维数呈增大趋势,表明分形维数的大小可以反映煤氧化的不同程度.而采用原子力显微镜结合分形理论研究煤自燃氧化的微观结构的变化是一个新的研究途径.     

Behavior of pure and modified carbon/carbon composites in atomic oxygen environment

Atomic oxygen (AO) is considered the most erosive particle to spacecraft materials in low earth orbit (LEO). Carbon fiber, carbon/carbon (C/C), and some modified C/C composites were exposed to a simulated AO environment to investigate their behaviors in LEO. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), AO erosion rate calculation, and mechanical property testing were used to characterize the material properties. Results show that the carbon fiber and C/C specimens undergo significant degradation under the AO bombing. According to the effects of AO on C/C-SiC and CVD-SiC-coated C/C, a condensed CVD-SiC coat is a feasible approach to protect C/C composites from AO degradation.