GFRP筋及钢筋抗浮锚杆与基础底板锚固性能试验研究

采用倒置锚杆-基础底板体系,通过现场拉拔破坏性试验,研究GFPR筋和钢筋两种材质抗浮锚杆与基础底板的黏结锚固性能.试验结果表明:GFRP筋和钢筋抗浮锚杆均产生两种破坏形态-滑移破坏与拔断破坏;弯曲处理对两种材质锚杆极限承载力影响效果相反,钢筋锚杆极限承载力随拉拔荷载增大而增大,GFRP锚杆极限承载力随拉拔荷载增大而减小;钢筋抗浮锚杆的Q-S曲线为双折线型,存在明显的拐点,产生拐点的原因是拉拔荷载达到材料屈服强度,而GFRP锚杆无明显屈服阶段,故其Q-S曲线近似线性分布;在分析比较3种描述锚杆Q-S曲线的数学模型的基础上,发现指-幂函数模型能较好地拟合两种不同材质抗浮锚杆的Q-S曲线,能够精准预测GFRP筋及钢筋抗浮锚杆与基础底板的极限抗拔力和滑移变形.研究成果将为GFRP筋在抗浮工程中推广应用奠定基础.     

全长黏结GFRP抗浮锚杆荷载分布函数模型研究

基于荷载传递法理论与Kelvin问题的位移解,进一步推导全长黏结GFRP(glass fiber reinforced plastics)抗浮锚杆在轴向拉拔荷载作用下轴力沿锚固深度的分布函数。为验证该理论应用于GFRP抗浮锚杆的合理性,借助植入式光纤光栅传感技术,对2根同型号GFRP抗浮锚杆进行现场拉拔破坏性试验。研究结果表明:根据荷载传递法与Kelvin位移解得到锚杆轴力与剪应力分布函数曲线形式与试验结果相近,说明该理论合理;孔口锚固体的开裂导致锚杆轴力及剪应力分布曲线试验值主要分布范围比理论值的更大;由于试验过程中岩土体位移较小,锚杆的剪应力分布曲线形式较理论值呈现"矮胖"的特点。此外,对锚杆轴力、剪应力理论分布函数曲线进行修正后的结果与试验结果吻合度显著提高。     

全长黏结岩石GFRP抗浮锚杆变形特性分析

以弹性理论为基础,研究了全长黏结岩石GFRP抗浮锚杆的变形组成和变形特征。在第二界面剪应力呈倒三角形分布模式的基础上推导出锚固体的弹性变形,因抗浮锚杆的荷载传递机理与抗拔桩一致,通过引入剪切位移模型,推导出锚固体顶端紧贴第二界面周围岩土体的变形。提出"全变形"的概念,比以往仅考虑抗浮锚杆在拉拔试验中上拔量的做法更合理,更能反映GFRP抗浮锚杆的变形全貌。结合实测结果求取抗浮锚杆全变形并与现有研究成果比较发现,工作荷载作用下,GFRP抗浮锚杆全变形较小,但在长期服役下的GFRP抗浮锚杆,其蠕变变形占全变形的比例较大,对抗浮结构的变形影响显著。研究结果可为GFRP抗浮锚杆的理论分析与工程应用奠定基础。     

全长黏结GFRP抗浮锚杆拉拔特性分析

通过非线性有限元软件ABAQUS中的Cohesive黏结单元模拟锚杆杆体-灌浆体界面、灌浆体-周围岩体界面之间的接触,建立玻璃纤维增强聚合物(GFRP)抗浮锚杆杆体-基岩的轴对称数值计算模型,探究全长黏结GFRP抗浮锚杆的拉拔特征和变形规律。研究结果表明:本文建立的有限元模型能够较好地反映GFRP抗浮锚杆的荷载-位移关系、轴应力及剪应力沿锚固深度的分布规律。随着拉拔荷载的增加,灌浆体的应力逐渐增大并沿锚固深度向下传递,灌浆体应力的影响范围也逐渐扩大;周围岩体的应力持续增大,GFRP抗浮锚杆对周围岩体的横向作用范围也相应增大。锚筋弹性模量越小,轴应力与剪应力传递深度越浅;GFRP锚杆轴应力的衰减速率比钢筋抗浮锚杆的衰减速率快。随着GFRP抗浮锚杆的锚固长度的增加,轴应力衰减速率加快,轴应力传递深度减小,剪应力峰值点与地表的距离增大,剪应力峰值和传递深度变小。     

GFRP抗浮锚杆螺母托盘锚具外锚固性能试验

为了解决玻璃纤维增强聚合物(GFRP)抗浮锚杆外锚固问题,提出一种新型的锚固系统—螺母托盘锚具。通过自行设计的2组大型构件对拉试验,测定外锚固段变形(滑移)及外锚固极限承载力,研究GFRP抗浮锚杆螺母托盘锚具外锚固承载性能。研究结果表明:增设螺母托盘的GFRP抗浮锚杆结构的破坏形式为锚杆拔出破坏;直径d为28 mm的GFRP抗浮锚杆,在标号为C25的混凝土条件下,外锚固长度为30d的极限承载力为384 k N,最大滑移为8.98 mm,外锚固段广义效率系数为0.890,广义平均黏结强度为5.20 MPa;外锚固长度为15d的极限承载力为267 k N,最大滑移为5.13 mm,外锚固段广义效率系数为0.619,广义平均黏结强度为7.24 MPa。GFRP抗浮锚杆与混凝土之间的广义平均黏结强度随着外锚固长度的增加而降低;在每级对拉荷载作用下,GFRP抗浮锚杆与混凝土广义平均黏结强度随试件两端的滑移增加而降低,随着滑移增加,广义平均黏结强度的增大速率变小。     

GFRP抗浮锚杆外锚固性能室内试验研究与机理分析

通过自行设计的室内大型构件对拉试验,测定外锚固段变形量(滑移量)及外锚固极限承载力,分析玻璃纤维增强聚合物(GFRP)抗浮锚杆的外锚固性能。研究结果表明:GFRP抗浮锚杆外锚固的破坏形式有2种,一种是锚杆材料强度不足产生劈裂破坏,另一种是GFRP锚杆和混凝土界面相对滑移较大,产生拔出破坏。直径为28 mm的GFRP抗浮锚杆,在标号为C25的商品混凝土的条件下,外锚固长度为840 mm的极限承载力为356 k N,最大滑移量为7.66 mm;外锚固长度为420 mm的极限承载力为215 k N,最大滑移量为4.24 mm;GFRP抗浮锚杆与混凝土之间平均黏结强度随着滑移量的增大而提高,随着外锚固长度的增加而降低;GFRP抗浮锚杆与混凝土之间的平均黏结强度的增加速率随滑移量的增大而减小。研究结果为GFRP抗浮锚杆的工程应用提供理论依据。     

GFRP锚杆在锚固工程中握裹力的研究

锚杆作为岩土工程的主要支护材料,广泛应用于边坡、基坑、隧道等工程中。目前在工程中最为常见的锚固技术,是有变形钢筋与水泥砂浆经钻孔注浆而形成。在实际应用中,因钢筋易腐蚀,耐久性差的特点,成为锚固工程中的一大隐患。GFRP锚杆强度高、质量轻、耐腐蚀性强、低松弛等优点,可以替代钢筋作为锚杆应用于锚固工程中。但GFRP筋作为脆性材料,其与水泥砂浆之间的握裹力能否满足要求,将会直接影响到锚固效果。通过对不同锚固深度的GFRP锚杆与水泥砂浆室内拉拔试验,发现握裹力随锚固深度增加而增大,握裹强度随着锚固深度的增加呈现减小的趋势,同时水泥砂浆凝固时间对握裹强度有较大影响,7天初凝时握裹强度仅有28天终凝时的60%左右。通过与同等直径钢筋锚杆与水泥砂浆握裹力对比发现,GFRP锚杆与水泥砂浆握裹力能够达到钢筋锚杆的要求。     

玻璃纤维锚杆在基坑支护中的应力分布规律

为深入研究玻璃纤维锚杆(GFRP锚杆)代替传统钢筋锚杆作为支护结构应用于基坑工程的可行性,本文通过现场拉拔试验探究了GFRP锚杆应力沿杆体的分布规律,通过有限元分析研究了不同参数的影响规律,并为提高GFRP锚杆在基坑工程应用的可行性,进一步探讨了常见锚具失效的机理,开发设计了新型锚杆锚具。结果表明：GFRP锚杆在拉拔过程中,轴力沿锚杆杆体呈指数型衰减,最后趋近于零,存在一个临界锚固深度,大部分轴力作用范围为0~4m左右;剪应力分布具有峰值点,大致位于离端口0.5m处,最大剪应力峰值为2.27MPa,剪应力发挥的主要区间在0.5m~3.5m范围内;轴力分布范围扩大的速率远小于拉拔荷载增加的速率,当荷载增加到极限荷载的50%时,应力分布范围趋近于最大传递距离;上覆压力变化对锚杆轴力传递范围没有明显影响;当粘聚力和内摩擦角增加到一定值时,对锚杆轴力影响开始下降;新型GFRP锚具能有助于GFRP锚杆发挥出其强抗拉特性,具有良好的工程应用价值。     

玻璃纤维树脂强化锚杆在锚固工程中的握裹力

锚杆作为岩土工程的主要支护材料,广泛应用于边坡、基坑、隧道等工程中。目前在工程中最为常见的锚固技术,是有变形钢筋与水泥砂浆经钻孔注浆而形成。在实际应用中,因钢筋易腐蚀,耐久性差的特点,成为锚固工程中的一大隐患。玻璃纤维树脂强化(GFRP)锚杆强度高、质量轻、耐腐蚀性强、低松弛等优点,可以替代钢筋作为锚杆应用于锚固工程中。但GFRP筋作为脆性材料,其与水泥砂浆之间的握裹力能否满足要求,将会直接影响到锚固效果。通过对不同锚固深度的GFRP锚杆与水泥砂浆室内拉拔试验,发现握裹力随锚固深度增加而增大,握裹强度随着锚固深度的增加呈现减小的趋势,同时水泥砂浆凝固时间对握裹强度有较大影响,7 d初凝时握裹强度仅有28 d终凝时的60%左右。通过与同等直径钢筋锚杆与水泥砂浆握裹力对比发现,GFRP锚杆与水泥砂浆握裹力能够达到钢筋锚杆的要求。     

新管幕构件横向锚固力学特性试验

目的提出一种运用通丝螺纹杆连接的地下新管幕结构,通过试验验证新管幕结构横向锚固构件的锚固性能.方法采用与实际工程相同的锚固试件进行拉拔试验,进而得出不同锚固构件的荷载-位移关系曲线、拔承载力及破坏形态.结果新管幕横向锚杆试验主要产生锚杆拉断与锚杆粘结破坏两种破坏形式.锚杆设置螺母及钢板等措施可以提高抗拉拔力,当锚固长度不小于200 mm时,抗拔力主要取决于锚杆强度.改变拉拔顺序对试件的拉拔力有影响,建议锚杆间距至少要大于300 mm,否则需要考虑"群锚效应"影响.结论通丝螺纹锚杆设置螺母及钢板等措施对增强锚固性能有很大的帮助,且锚杆间距较小时存在群锚效应,这种锚固方法能够满足工程的需求.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.