Early stone technology on Flores and its implications for Homo floresiensis

In the Soa Basin of central Flores, eastern Indonesia, stratified archaeological sites, including Mata Menge, Boa Lesa and Kobatuwa (Fig. 1), contain stone artefacts associated with the fossilized remains of Stegodon florensis, Komodo dragon, rat and various other taxa. These sites have been dated to 840-700 kyr bp (thousand years before present). The authenticity of the Soa Basin artefacts and their provenance have been demonstrated by previous work, but to quell lingering doubts, here we describe the context, attributes and production modes of 507 artefacts excavated at Mata Menge. We also note specific similarities, and apparent technological continuity, between the Mata Menge stone artefacts and those excavated from Late Pleistocene levels at Liang Bua cave, 50 km to the west. The latter artefacts, dated to between 95-74 and 12 kyr ago, are associated with the remains of a dwarfed descendent of S. florensis, Komodo dragon, rat and a small-bodied hominin species, Homo floresiensis, which had a brain size of about 400 cubic centimetres. The Mata Menge evidence negates claims that stone artefacts associated with H. floresiensis are so complex that they must have been made by modern humans (Homo sapiens).     

Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia

Excavations at Liang Bua, a large limestone cave on the island of Flores in eastern Indonesia, have yielded evidence for a population of tiny hominins, sufficiently distinct anatomically to be assigned to a new species, Homo floresiensis. The finds comprise the cranial and some post-cranial remains of one individual, as well as a premolar from another individual in older deposits. Here we describe their context, implications and the remaining archaeological uncertainties. Dating by radiocarbon (14C), luminescence, uranium-series and electron spin resonance (ESR) methods indicates that H. floresiensis existed from before 38,000 years ago (kyr) until at least 18 kyr. Associated deposits contain stone artefacts and animal remains, including Komodo dragon and an endemic, dwarfed species of Stegodon. H. floresiensis originated from an early dispersal of Homo erectus (including specimens referred to as Homo ergaster and Homo georgicus) that reached Flores, and then survived on this island refuge until relatively recently. It overlapped significantly in time with Homo sapiens in the region, but we do not know if or how the two species interacted.     

A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia

Currently, it is widely accepted that only one hominin genus, Homo, was present in Pleistocene Asia, represented by two species, Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. Both species are characterized by greater brain size, increased body height and smaller teeth relative to Pliocene Australopithecus in Africa. Here we report the discovery, from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia, of an adult hominin with stature and endocranial volume approximating 1 m and 380 cm3, respectively--equal to the smallest-known australopithecines. The combination of primitive and derived features assigns this hominin to a new species, Homo floresiensis. The most likely explanation for its existence on Flores is long-term isolation, with subsequent endemic dwarfing, of an ancestral H. erectus population. Importantly, H. floresiensis shows that the genus Homo is morphologically more varied and flexible in its adaptive responses than previously thought.     

Early Homo erectus skeleton from west Lake Turkana, Kenya

The most complete early hominid skeleton ever found was discovered at Nariokotome III, west Lake Turkana, Kenya, and excavated in situ in sediments dated close to 1.6 Myr. The specimen, KNM-WT 15000, is a male Homo erectus that died at 12 +/- 1 years of age, as judged by human standards, but was already 1.68 m tall. Although human-like in many respects, this specimen documents important anatomical differences between H. erectus and modern humans for the first time.     

Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia

The Plio-Pleistocene site of Dmanisi, Georgia, has yielded a rich fossil and archaeological record documenting an early presence of the genus Homo outside Africa. Although the craniomandibular morphology of early Homo is well known as a result of finds from Dmanisi and African localities, data about its postcranial morphology are still relatively scarce. Here we describe newly excavated postcranial material from Dmanisi comprising a partial skeleton of an adolescent individual, associated with skull D2700/D2735, and the remains from three adult individuals. This material shows that the postcranial anatomy of the Dmanisi hominins has a surprising mosaic of primitive and derived features. The primitive features include a small body size, a low encephalization quotient and absence of humeral torsion; the derived features include modern-human-like body proportions and lower limb morphology indicative of the capability for long-distance travel. Thus, the earliest known hominins to have lived outside of Africa in the temperate zones of Eurasia did not yet display the full set of derived skeletal features.     

叙大铁路某隧道溶洞超前预报及处理技术研究

跟随叙大铁路尹家岩隧道开挖,对其做了超前预报。当隧道开挖至DK70+551,在其后方出现一大型溶洞,分析了该溶洞的形态特征、岩性、水文地质等情况,提出了换填+护墙、改线和桥梁跨越3个方案,从工期、投资、技术条件、施工难易程度等进行比较,决定采用换填+护墙处理方案进行整治。     

Sinobaatar gen. nov.: First multituberculate from the Jehol Biota of Liaoning, Northeast China

A multituberculate skeleton from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Dawangzhangzi, Lingyuan City, Liaoning Province, Northeast China, provides new morphological information for early multituberculates. The specimen is the holotype of Sinobaatar lingyuanensis gen. et sp. nov. It has a narrow skull that lacks the superorbital crest or postorbital process. The dental formula is 3·?·5·2/1·0·3·2. The dental morphology, especially that of cheek teeth, of S. lingyuanensis is similar to that of Eobaatar, which places it in the family Eobaataridae. The postcranial skeleton of Sinobaataris similar to that of other multituberculates. As in Holotheria, Metatarsal V of Sinobaatar articulates only with the cuboid and has no contact with the calcaneus, which probably represents the primitive condition of multituberculates. Nine carpals of Sinobaatar resemble those of Zhangheotherium, except the centrale being larger than the trapezoid. The dental features of Sinobaatar show again that eobaatarids are obviously intermediate between Late Jurassic multituberculates and the later forms. Because eobaatarids are only known from the Early Cretaceous, the finding of Sinobaatar, therefore, supports that the age of the Jehol Biota is most likely Early Cretaceous.     

大跨度隧道开挖围岩变形稳定监测与主动控制

结合沈大高速公路改扩建工程金州单洞四车道公路隧道施工现场监测,对大跨度隧道开挖岩体变形的规律进行了探讨,揭示了大跨度隧道开挖后围岩失稳的原因,强调进行现场稳定性监测的必要性,阐明了锚喷网支护对于改善围岩受力状况、提高围岩自身承载力的本质,指出在大跨度公路隧道施工中必须坚持监控量测与主动控制的原则,以确保隧道施工的安全和质量．     

LB薄膜上芪盐的结构分析

对在不同表压下芪盐多层ＬＢ膜及芪盐与二十酸混合材料多层ＬＢ膜透射光谱的研究表明，ＬＢ膜上芪盐处于固相态，且随着表压增加可丛种固相态国一种固相态转变，两种固相态分别对应两种芪盐Ｈ聚集体，在混合材料的ＬＢ膜中不仅存在芪盐的两种聚集体，还存在芪盐与二十酸的分子相互作用，它相起芪盐聚集体数的减小。     

含氟杯[4]芳烃离子盐LB膜及二元羧酸阴离子识别研究

合成了含氟杯[4]芳烃离子盐化合物1,利用表面压一面积(π-A)等温线、压缩/扩张循环等温线与膜稳曲线、紫外与红外光谱等手段研究了该化合物在空气/水相界面、空气/二元羧酸水溶液界面的成膜性能及阴离子识别。结果表明:化合物1在水或者二元羧酸水溶液的亚相表面均能很好地形成稳定的Langmuir膜,在界面能识别二元羧酸阴离子,并能转移到固体基片上形成LB膜,形成的LB膜为H-聚集体。     

贵州洞穴金线一新种及其性状的适应性

描记采于贵州省荔波县一洞穴的金线属一新种,以其口须特别长而粗命名巨须金线SinocyclocheilushugeibarbusLi,RanetChensp.nov.该种头后急剧隆起,外形与广西东兰的高肩金线S.altishouderusLietLan(1992)相似,但新种侧线鳞多(6628～3114～16-V71∶5414～179～11-V58);口须粗长,颌须后伸达胸鳍基,体如鲂形,体长为体高的2.58～2.72(2.64)倍.可明显区别于高肩金线S.altishouderusLietLan(1992).     

贵州郑家小洞内群落多样性与部分环境因子的相关性研究

2009年6月对安顺郑家小洞内的动物进行了调查,共获动物标本551号,隶属3门6纲10目20科29种(或类群)。该洞内的动物群由3个动物群落组成。经群落多样性分析,群落A的物种丰富度D(3.7268)、群落多样性H(′4.2703)和群落最大多样性指数Hm′ax(3.0910)最高。两群落间的相似性指数最高的是B-C群落(0.5600)。通过对群落多样性与部分环境因子的相关性分析,结果显示物种数(S)、物种丰富度(D)和群落最大多样性指数(Hm′ax)分别与湿度(H)呈显著负相关(双尾显著性检验≤0.05),群落多样性(H′)与钾(SK)呈显著负相关(双尾显著性检验≤0.05),由此说明在该洞内影响群落多样性变化的主要环境因子是湿度(H)和钾(SK)。     

大方清虚洞穴景观资源特征及形成机制的初步研究

探测清虚洞发育特征及景观资源组成,研究清虚洞形成机理,为科学开发、保护提供参考。本文在探测清虚洞的基础上,根据清虚系统的洞道结构和空间展布特征,分析其资源构成及特征;分析区内地形地貌、地质构造和水文等自然条件,对清虚洞形成的影响;以区域新构造演进为主线,讨论清虚洞形成与演化过程。结果表明:(1)清虚洞洞穴系统属于大型洞穴系统,其洞道结构为"一桥、两坑、一窗、一支洞";(2)天生桥、天坑、天窗、洞内景观及边缘坡立谷等,是清虚洞景观资源的重要组成部分,其中边缘坡立谷、清虚洞天生桥及云坛天坑构成了核心资源;(3)区内地形特征及下伏非碳酸岩夜郎组(T_1y)地层,为外源水流入碳酸岩地层溶蚀成洞提供了隔水条件;(4)区内地下水不仅沿着构造节理和裂隙运移溶蚀,而且单斜构造条件也有利于地下水沿着层间裂隙溶蚀、侵蚀,是控制清虚洞成因之一;(5)清虚洞穴系统在形成演化过程中,主要经历溶蚀期、崩塌期和下切3个时期。区内岩层空间展布和区域构造是清虚洞形成的前提条件,外源水是清虚洞形成的基本动力,在区内地文演进过程塑造了世界罕有的天生桥景观。     

贵州洞穴金线鱼巴一新种及其性状的适应性

描记采于贵州省荔波县一洞穴的金线鱼巴属一新种，以其口须特别长而粗命名巨须金线Sinocyclocheilus hugeibarbus Li,Ran et Chen sp.nov.该种头后急剧隆起，外形与广西东兰的高肩金线鱼巴S.altishouderus Li et Lan(1992)相似，但新种侧线鳞多（66(28～31)/(14～16-V)71∶54(14～17)/(9～11-V)58）；口须粗长，颌须后伸达胸鳍基，体如鲂形，体长为体高的2.58～2.72（2.64）倍.可明显区别于高肩金线鱼巴S.altishouderus Li et Lan(1992).     

An Asian perspective on early human dispersal from Africa

The past decade has seen the Pliocene and Pleistocene fossil hominin record enriched by the addition of at least ten new taxa, including the Early Pleistocene, small-brained hominins from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the diminutive Late Pleistocene Homo floresiensis from Flores, Indonesia. At the same time, Asia's earliest hominin presence has been extended up to 1.8 Myr ago, hundreds of thousands of years earlier than previously envisaged. Nevertheless, the preferred explanation for the first appearance of hominins outside Africa has remained virtually unchanged. We show here that it is time to develop alternatives to one of palaeoanthropology's most basic paradigms: 'Out of Africa 1'.     

Three-dimensional fluorescence spectral characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in cave drip waters and their responses to environment changes: Four cave systems as an example in Guizhou Province,China

Understanding the responses of fluorescence spectral characteristics of cave drip waters to modern environment and climate changes is key to the reconstructions of environmental and climatic changes using fluorescence spectral characteristics of speleothems. The fluorescence spectral characteristics of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） in four active cave systems were analyzed with a three-dimensional （3D） fluorescence spectral analysis method. We found that the fluorescence types of DOC were mainly of fulvic-like and protein-like fluorescences, both in soil waters and cave drip waters. The intensity of fulvic-like fluorescence was positively correlated with the concentrations of DOC, suggesting that the DOC of cave drip waters was derived from the overlying soil layer of a cave system. Compared with the other cave systems, the variation range of the excitation and emission wavelengths for fulvic-like fluorescence of cave drip waters in Liangfeng cave system that had forest vegetation was smaller and the excitation wavelength was longer, while its fluorescence intensity varied significantly. By contrast, the excitation and emission wavelengths and fluorescence intensity for that in Jiangjun cave system that had a scrub and tussock vegetation showed the most significant variation, while its excitation wavelength was shorter. This implies that the variation of vegetation overlying a cave appears to be a factor affecting the fluorescence spectral characteristics of cave drip waters.     

氢在Ni(410)台阶面的吸附研究

应用嵌入原子模型(EAM)研究了氢在Ni(410)面的吸附和解离.首先计算单个氢原子在Ni(410)面上的吸附能Ead,吸附键长RH-Ni及吸附高度H0,发现氢在Ni(410)面上有3种相对稳定的吸附位:台面上的赝式四重洞位H1和H2位、台阶底部棱上的LB位和台阶一边棱位B.与低指数面Ni(001)相比,明显增加了台阶棱上的B位以及台阶底部棱上的LB位,相应洞位的吸附性也有增强.说明氢在Ni(410)表面的吸附性受到台阶的影响,从而台阶附近的吸附位增多且吸附性增强;然后计算了H2在Ni(410)表面解离吸附时的活化势垒Ea、吸附能Qad,氢-镍之间键长RH-Ni,构建了解离吸附等势面,计算结果表明台阶处是氢吸附和解离的活跃部位.     

安徽早三叠世巢湖龙前肢比较及分类学意义

由于标本少和保存情况不好等原因, 对巢湖龙(Chaohusaurus)解剖学特征缺少详细描述, 安徽地区巢湖龙的种级分异尚存争议。经过对比研究北京大学地质博物馆馆藏的采自安徽巢湖的鱼龙标本与相关模式标本, 基于骨骼形态及腕骨骨化程度等方面的差异, 将标本分为两类。将研究标本及相关模式标本等进行聚类分析, 结果表明存在两个类群。将前肢骨骼数据作图, 显示存在两条生长序列, 该结果推翻了之前的巢县陈氏龙和小巧陈氏龙均为龟山巢湖龙后出同物异名的结论。据此推断, 巢湖马家山地区的巢湖龙可能存在两个物种。厘清巢湖龙的种间关系有助于全球早三叠世原始鱼龙类的对比研究, 并对探讨鱼龙的早期演化具有十分重要的意义。     

SiW11O39Fe(Ⅲ)(H2O)5-的电化学性质及电催化还原过氧化氢

 用循环伏安和交流阻抗等方法详细研究了SiW₁₁O₃₉Fe(Ⅲ)(H₂O)^5- (SiW₁₁Fe)的电化学性质和对H₂O₂ 还原的间接电催化作用,并与PW₁₁O₃₉Fe(Ⅲ)(H₂O)_4- (PW₁₁Fe)进行了比较,同时提出了电催化反应的机理。实验结果表明,与PW₁₁Fe 类似,SiW₁₁Fe在酸性水溶液中也有3对还原氧化伏安响应,分别归属于Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)电对和W-O骨架的还原氧化反应。但SiW₁₁Fe的3对还原氧化波的峰电位与PW₁₁Fe)相比明显负移,且均受溶液pH的影响。SiW₁₁Fe中Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)电对传递电子的可逆性比PW₁₁Fe的差,但同样对H₂O₂ 的还原具有明显的电催化作用,并受溶液pH的影响。随着溶液pH的增加,Fe波和W-O骨架波的还原氧化峰电位均负移,Fe波对H₂O₂ 还原的电催化活性降低甚至被完全抑制,相反,第一个W-O骨架波对H₂O₂ 的还原却有明显的电催化作用。     

有限元计算深开挖中挖方等效荷载的分析

模拟开挖计算的有限元分析,关键在于计算挖方的等效荷载,然后将此等效荷载反作用于剩余结构进行有限元计算。对目前计算挖方等效荷载的两种有代表性的方法进行了比较和研究,得出了开挖面上应力平衡的方法是计算挖方等效荷载的最佳方法的结论。