Ocean-like water in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2

For decades, the source of Earth's volatiles, especially water with a deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio (D/H) of (1.558?±?0.001)?×?10(-4), has been a subject of debate. The similarity of Earth's bulk composition to that of meteorites known as enstatite chondrites suggests a dry proto-Earth with subsequent delivery of volatiles by local accretion or impacts of asteroids or comets. Previous measurements in six comets from the Oort cloud yielded a mean D/H ratio of (2.96?±?0.25)?×?10(-4). The D/H value in carbonaceous chondrites, (1.4?±?0.1)?×?10(-4), together with dynamical simulations, led to models in which asteroids were the main source of Earth's water, with ≤10 per cent being delivered by comets. Here we report that the D/H ratio in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2, which originated in the Kuiper belt, is (1.61?±?0.24)?×?10(-4). This result substantially expands the reservoir of Earth ocean-like water to include some comets, and is consistent with the emerging picture of a complex dynamical evolution of the early Solar System.     

Compositional homogeneity in the fragmented comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3

The remarkable compositional diversity of volatile ices within comets can plausibly be attributed to several factors, including differences in the chemical, thermal and radiation environments in comet-forming regions, chemical evolution during their long storage in reservoirs far from the Sun, and thermal processing by the Sun after removal from these reservoirs. To determine the relevance of these factors, measurements of the chemistry as a function of depth in cometary nuclei are critical. Fragmenting comets expose formerly buried material, but observational constraints have in the past limited the ability to assess the importance of formative conditions and the effects of evolutionary processes on measured composition. Here we report the chemical composition of two distinct fragments of 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3. The fragments are remarkably similar in composition, in marked contrast to the chemical diversity within the overall comet population and contrary to the expectation that short-period comets should show strong compositional variation with depth in the nucleus owing to evolutionary processing from numerous close passages to the Sun. Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 is also depleted in the most volatile ices compared to other comets, suggesting that the depleted carbon-chain chemistry seen in some comets from the Kuiper belt reservoir is primordial and not evolutionary.     

Oceanic Cd/P ratio and nutrient utilization in the glacial Southern Ocean

During glacial periods, low atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has been associated with increased oceanic carbon uptake, particularly in the southern oceans. The mechanism involved remains unclear. Because ocean productivity is strongly influenced by nutrient levels, palaeo-oceanographic proxies have been applied to investigate nutrient utilization in surface water across glacial transitions. Here we show that present-day cadmium and phosphorus concentrations in the global oceans can be explained by a chemical fractionation during particle formation, whereby uptake of cadmium occurs in preference to uptake of phosphorus. This allows the reconstruction of past surface water phosphate concentrations from the cadmium/calcium ratio of planktonic foraminifera. Results from the Last Glacial Maximum show similar phosphate utilization in the subantarctic to that of today, but much smaller utilization in the polar Southern Ocean, in a model that is consistent with the expansion of glacial sea ice and which can reconcile all proxy records of polar nutrient utilization. By restricting communication between the ocean and atmosphere, sea ice expansion also provides a mechanism for reduced CO2 release by the Southern Ocean and lower glacial atmospheric CO2.     

Meteoritic dust from the atmospheric disintegration of a large meteoroid

Much of the mass of most meteoroids entering the Earth's atmosphere is consumed in the process of ablation. Larger meteoroids (> 10 cm), which in some cases reach the ground as meteorites, typically have survival fractions near 1-25 per cent of their initial mass. The fate of the remaining ablated material is unclear, but theory suggests that much of it should recondense through coagulation as nanometre-sized particles. No direct measurements of such meteoric 'smoke' have hitherto been made. Here we report the disintegration of one of the largest meteoroids to have entered the Earth's atmosphere during the past decade, and show that the dominant contribution to the mass of the residual atmospheric aerosol was in the form of micrometre-sized particles. This result is contrary to the usual view that most of the material in large meteoroids is efficiently converted to particles of much smaller size through ablation. Assuming that our observations are of a typical event, we suggest that large meteoroids provide the dominant source of micrometre-sized meteoritic dust at the Earth's surface over long timescales.     

9L21/31曲轴关键加工工艺技术研究

针对9L21/31曲轴曲柄圆弧深槽加工中存在的精度不高、效率低,严重影响产品质量的问题,通过使用PRO/E软件对曲轴建模和对刀具切入过程进行三维模拟分析,优化工艺参数,改进工艺方案,解决制造工艺技术上的难点,降低制造成本,提高生产效率。     

S100A8 mediates the activation of P65/HLA-B/S100A8/BCL-2/Caspase-9 (-3) pathway in laryngeal carcinogenesis

S100 calcium binding protein A8 (S100A8),a possible novel member of NF-kappa B signal pathway in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC),interacts with human leukocyte antigen B (HLA-B) which carries an NF-kappa B binding site within the enhancer A. The objective of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism of S100A8 in laryngeal carcinogenesis. RT-PCR,Western blotting and immuno-histochemistry staining were applied to evaluate the expression levels of IKKα,P65,REL-B,S100A8,APAF-1 and BCL-2 genes. The signal transduction passway in which S100A8 might participate was explored by RNA interference. Flow cytometry,TUNEL assay and cell invasion in vitro were used to detect the biological behavior of Hep2 cells induced by S100A8 gene. Our results showed that high expression of S100A8 was related to tumorigenesis in LSCC and negatively correlated with the degree of differentiation,indicating that S100A8 gene could inhibit apoptosis and promote metastasis in LSCC. Additionally,the suppression of S100A8 by RNA interference down-regulated BCL-2 but not APAF-1,P65 and IKKα,while,the suppression of P65 could significantly down-regulate the expression of S100A8 gene. In conclusion,S100A8 plays an important role in P65/HLA-B/S100A8/BCL-2/Caspase-9 (-3) pathway in laryngeal carcinoma.     

Magnetic field surrounding the starburst nucleus of the galaxy M82 from polarized dust emission

Magnetic fields may play an important role in the star-formation process, especially in the central regions of 'starburst' galaxies where star formation is vigorous. But the field directions are very difficult to determine in the dense molecular gas out of which the stars form, so it has hitherto been impossible to test this hypothesis. Dust grains in interstellar clouds tend to be magnetically aligned, and it is possible to determine the alignment direction based on the polarization of optical light due to preferential extinction along the long axes of the aligned grains. This technique works, however, only for diffuse gas, not for the dense molecular gas. Here we report observations of polarized thermal emission from the aligned dust grains in the central region of M82, which directly traces the magnetic field structure (as projected onto the plane of the sky). Organized field lines are seen around the brightest star-forming regions, while in the dusty halo the field lines form a giant magnetic bubble possibly blown out by the galaxy's 'superwind'.     

A large population of galaxies 9 to 12 billion years back in the history of the Universe

To understand the evolution of galaxies, we need to know as accurately as possible how many galaxies were present in the Universe at different epochs. Galaxies in the young Universe have hitherto mainly been identified using their expected optical colours, but this leaves open the possibility that a significant population remains undetected because their colours are the result of a complex mix of stars, gas, dust or active galactic nuclei. Here we report the results of a flux-limited I-band survey of galaxies at look-back times of 9 to 12 billion years. We find 970 galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts between 1.4 and 5. This population is 1.6 to 6.2 times larger than previous estimates, with the difference increasing towards brighter magnitudes. Strong ultraviolet continua (in the rest frame of the galaxies) indicate vigorous star formation rates of more than 10-100 solar masses per year. As a consequence, the cosmic star formation rate representing the volume-averaged production of stars is higher than previously measured at redshifts of 3 to 4.     

大模量比短纤维增强复合材料应力分布预测

提出了适用于纤维模量远大于基体模量时短纤维增强复合材料(SFRC)轴向应力分布的预测公式。建立了SFRC的轴对称单胞模型,对不同模量比下SFRC的纤维轴向应力分布进行了数值计算。通过与现有理论模型得到的应力分布对比表明,当纤维和基体弹性模量比小于37时,现有理论模型得到的纤维轴向应力和界面剪切应力均与有限元分析结果相吻合;当模量比大于37时,现有理论模型得到的界面剪应力与有限元分析结果基本保持一致,但是纤维轴向应力与有限元分析结果相差较大。与Hsueh模型相比,提出的预测公式与实验结果更为接近。     

燃气发动机空燃比控制策略研究

燃气发动机混合气中煤层气浓度、压力或温度发生变化时,空燃比随之发生变化.为了控制发动机空燃比,使其在煤层气理论空燃比17.2附近波动,提出了空燃比控制策略.对基于PID控制和CMAC PID并行控制的两种策略进行了仿真,由仿真结果看出,后者较前者稳态误差小,控制精度高.     

文昌鱼Pax1/9基因上游调控区的克隆及分析

脊椎动物Pax1/9是一重要的发育调控基因亚家族,文昌鱼基因组中仅有单一的该亚家族直系同源基因Amphi-Pax1/9,为检验此基因上游调控元件的功能在脊椎动物体内是否具有通用性,将文昌鱼Pax1/9基因上游约4.6 kb的侧翼序列与绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)报告基因连接,构建重组质粒表达载体(pAmphiPax1/9-AcGFP),显微注射斑马鱼胚胎,并以斑马鱼Pax1和Pax9的上游同源序列为阳性对照.结果表明,阳性对照斑马鱼胚胎中GFP能够表达,但注射pAm-phiPax1/9-AcGFP质粒的斑马鱼胚胎中无明显的GFP表达,这一现象可能是由于Pax1/9上游调控序列在二物种间存在较大的进化差异,启动元件具有物种特异性.     

煤层气发动机空燃比控制算法研究

对二维插值、PID、自适应和模糊控制等空燃比控制算法进行比较,提出了基于C8051F005单片机的空然比PID闭环控制方法.采用氧传感器信号作为反馈量,对喷油量和喷油定时进行修正,控制空燃比.结果表明,空燃比PID闭环控制方法可进一步提高燃气发动机的动力性,降低排放.     

高喷煤比时高炉炉尘灰中含碳物质研究

测定了高喷煤比的高炉炉尘(重力灰和瓦斯灰)中矿物组成,给出了在不同煤比条件下未消耗焦炭和煤粉面积比.分析了高喷煤比对高炉炉尘中碳质量分数和未消耗煤粉比例的影响.确定了宝钢高炉在高喷煤比时高炉炉尘中未消耗煤粉量、焦炭颗粒量和煤粉在高炉内的利用率.通过试验发现,随着喷煤比增加,炉尘量增加,但在高喷煤比后,炉尘量波动较大.高炉炉尘中未消耗碳量和煤粉量随着喷煤比的增加逐渐增加,而未消耗焦炭量不受喷煤比变化的影响,基本上保持在3 kg.t-1的水平,表明宝钢高炉焦炭品质很高.     

大型锅炉烟道电除尘监控系统的设计与实现

锅炉烟道电除尘监控系统使用现场总线技术和计算机网络技术,采用网桥模块将多个现场智能监控设备、上层以太网和可编程逻辑控制器互联,完成了基于现场总线和以太网远程监控与管理的功能。     

H6P2Mo9W9O62/MCM-41催化合成环己酮乙二醇缩酮

目的合成环己酮乙二醇缩酮。方法采用浸渍法制备了H_6P_2Mo_9W_9O_(62)/MCM-41催化剂,并采用FT-IR、XRD对其进行了表征。以环己酮和乙二醇为原料,催化合成环己酮乙二醇缩酮,采用FT-IR表征手段来表征合成产物。结果经反应条件优化,在酮醇摩尔比为1∶1.3,带水剂环己烷用量为8 mL,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的0.8%,反应时间为60 min的条件下,缩酮收率可达82.6%。催化剂重复使用5次后收率仍有73.5%。结论催化剂H_6P_2Mo_9W_9O_(62)/MCM-41对合成环己酮乙二醇缩酮具有反应时间短、催化剂用量少、产品收率高等优点。     

Σ─△模数转换器在低过采样率时的噪声分析

本文就Σ─△模数转换器（ＡＤＣ）在视频应用时遇到的问题以及应采用的结构作了讨论，并根据理论分析及计算机模拟的结果，发现当过采样率下降到８或４时，二级级联多位Σ─△ＡＤＣ仍然具有满意的转换精度。     

正极材料Li[Ni_(1/3)Li_(1/9)Mn_(5/9)]O_2的结构和充放电过程研究

应用X射线衍射,选区电子衍射和同步X射线衍射等方法,对锂离子电池正极材料Li[Ni1/3Li1/9Mn5/9]O2的结构和充放电行为进行了研究.结果表明Li[Ni1/3Li1/9Mn5/9]O2可标定为单相α-NaFeO2,并具有3ahex.×3ahex.×3chex.超结构特征.电池充电时,伴随锂离子的脱出,相邻氧原子层间的静电斥力逐渐增大,当电压为3.8V时应力达到最大.接近4.6V时,晶胞常数c急剧下降,绝大多数Li 从材料的锂层拔出,Ni2 发生氧化.4.6～4.8V之间c增大,a变化很小,说明过渡金属层中的Li 拔出,而过渡金属离子的氧化状态未改变.