（Ⅲ）m=0类二次系统的极限环问题，（Ⅰ）

彗星的空间探测是当代前沿课题．本文首先概述彗星的主要研究结果．彗星的本体是不大的‘脏雪球’彗核；随着接近太阳，其表面冰升华并带出尘埃而形成彗发，发生复杂的物理-化学过程；太阳辐射压和太阳风推斥彗发的尘埃和离子而形成彗尾；彗星尘散失在轨道附近而成为流星群．虽然地面观测到彗发和彗尾的丰富资料，但对彗核却了解甚少，需要发射飞船进行空间探测；接着，从探测彗核的真实性质、采集彗星样品分析成分、探索彗星活动和机制、彗星的有机物与生命起源、彗星-地球关系、太阳系起源和演化线索几方面阐述彗星的空间探测的科学意义；然后，综述彗星空间探测的一些计划进展情况，总结彗星空间探测的重要成果；最后，讨论未来的彗星空间探测的科学目标，包括高轨卫星采集彗星尘、搜寻近地小彗星、搜寻未知彗星、发射更优秀飞船探测不同彗星．     

Identification of two sources of carbon monoxide in comet Hale-Bopp.

The composition of ices in comets may reflect that of the molecular cloud in which the Sun formed, or it may show evidence of chemical processing in the pre-planetary accretion disk around the proto-Sun. As carbon monoxide (CO) is ubiquitous in molecular clouds, its abundance with respect to water could help to determine the degree to which pre-cometary material was processed, although variations in CO abundance may also be influenced by the distance from the Sun at which comets formed. Observations have not hitherto provided an unambiguous measure of CO in the cometary ice (native CO). Evidence for an extended source of CO associated with comet Halley was provided by the Giotto spacecraft, but alternative interpretations exist. Here we report observations of comet Hale-Bopp which show that about half of the CO in the comet comes directly from ice stored in the nucleus. The abundance of this CO with respect to water (12 per cent) is smaller than in quiescent regions of molecular clouds, but is consistent with that measured in proto-stellar envelopes, suggesting that the ices underwent some processing before their inclusion into Hale-Bopp. The remaining CO arises in the coma, probably through thermal destruction of more complex molecules.     

Compositional homogeneity in the fragmented comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3

The remarkable compositional diversity of volatile ices within comets can plausibly be attributed to several factors, including differences in the chemical, thermal and radiation environments in comet-forming regions, chemical evolution during their long storage in reservoirs far from the Sun, and thermal processing by the Sun after removal from these reservoirs. To determine the relevance of these factors, measurements of the chemistry as a function of depth in cometary nuclei are critical. Fragmenting comets expose formerly buried material, but observational constraints have in the past limited the ability to assess the importance of formative conditions and the effects of evolutionary processes on measured composition. Here we report the chemical composition of two distinct fragments of 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3. The fragments are remarkably similar in composition, in marked contrast to the chemical diversity within the overall comet population and contrary to the expectation that short-period comets should show strong compositional variation with depth in the nucleus owing to evolutionary processing from numerous close passages to the Sun. Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 is also depleted in the most volatile ices compared to other comets, suggesting that the depleted carbon-chain chemistry seen in some comets from the Kuiper belt reservoir is primordial and not evolutionary.     

活动星系核中的尘埃

尘埃是活动星系核统一模型的基石,该模型认为呈现不同观测特征的活动星系核在物理本质上属于同一类天体,活动星系核外围绕着一个光学厚尘埃环,不同类型的活动星系核只是因观测者视线相对于活动星系核对称轴的取向不同而已.观测表明,活动星系核中尘埃的组成成分及尺寸与银河系星际尘埃有很大的差别.本文介绍活动星系核核周尘埃的消光和红外辐射以及尘埃可能的化学组成和尺寸分布的研究现状.     

Interception of comet Hyakutake's ion tail at a distance of 500 million kilometres

Remote sensing observations and the direct sampling of material from a few comets have established the characteristic composition of cometary gas. This gas is ionized by solar ultraviolet radiation and the solar wind to form 'pick-up' ions, ions in a low ionization state that retain the same compositional signatures as the original gas. The pick-up ions are carried outward by the solar wind, and they could in principle be detected far from the coma (Sampling of pick-up ions has also been used to study interplanetary dust, Venus' tail and the interstellar medium.) Here we report the serendipitous detection of cometary pick-up ions, most probably associated with the tail of comet Hyakutake, at a distance of 3.4 AU from the nucleus. Previous observations have provided a wealth of physical and chemical information about a small sample of comets, but this detection suggests that remote sampling of comet compositions, and the discovery of otherwise invisible comets, may be possible.     

Identification of iron sulphide grains in protoplanetary disks

Sulphur is depleted in cold dense molecular clouds with embedded young stellar objects, indicating that most of it probably resides in solid grains. Iron sulphide grains are the main sulphur species in cometary dust particles, but there has been no direct evidence for FeS in astronomical sources, which poses a considerable problem, because sulphur is a cosmically abundant element. Here we report laboratory infrared spectra of FeS grains from primitive meteorites, as well as from pyrrhotite ([Fe, Ni](1-x)S) grains in interplanetary dust, which show a broad FeS feature centred at approximately 23.5 micrometres. A similar broad feature is seen in the infrared spectra of young stellar objects, implying that FeS grains are an important but previously unrecognized component of circumstellar dust. The feature had previously been attributed to FeO. The observed astronomical line strengths are generally consistent with the depletion of sulphur from the gas phase, and with the average Galactic sulphur/silicon abundance ratio. We conclude that the missing sulphur has been found.     

Identification of molecular-cloud material in interplanetary dust particles

Interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) collected in the Earth's stratosphere and meteorites are fragments of comets and asteroids. These are 'primitive' meteorites in part because they have preserved materials which predate the formation of the Solar System. The most primitive (least altered) meteorites contain a few parts per million of micrometre-sized dust which formed in the atmospheres of giant stars. Some meteorites have elevated D/H and 15N/14N ratios that are attributed to surviving interstellar organic molecules which have probably been strongly diluted and altered by parent-body processes. Most IDPs are chemically, mineralogically, and texturally primitive in comparison to meteorites. Here I show that H and N isotopic anomalies among fragile 'cluster' IDPs are far larger, more common, and less equilibrated than those previously observed in other IDPs or meteorites. In some cases, the D/H ratios that we measure reach the values of interstellar molecules, suggesting that molecular-cloud material has survived intact. These observations indicate that cluster IDPs are the most primitive class of Solar System materials currently available for laboratory analysis.     

Amino acids from ultraviolet irradiation of interstellar ice analogues

Amino acids are the essential molecular components of living organisms on Earth, but the proposed mechanisms for their spontaneous generation have been unable to account for their presence in Earth's early history. The delivery of extraterrestrial organic compounds has been proposed as an alternative to generation on Earth, and some amino acids have been found in several meteorites. Here we report the detection of amino acids in the room-temperature residue of an interstellar ice analogue that was ultraviolet-irradiated in a high vacuum at 12 K. We identified 16 amino acids; the chiral ones showed enantiomeric separation. Some of the identified amino acids are also found in meteorites. Our results demonstrate that the spontaneous generation of amino acids in the interstellar medium is possible, supporting the suggestion that prebiotic molecules could have been delivered to the early Earth by cometary dust, meteorites or interplanetary dust particles.     

A recent disruption of the main-belt asteroid P/2010 A2

Most inner main-belt asteroids are primitive rock and metal bodies in orbit about the Sun between Mars and Jupiter. Disruption, through high-velocity collisions or rotational spin-up, is believed to be the primary mechanism for the production and destruction of small asteroids and a contributor to dust in the Sun's zodiacal cloud, while analogous collisions around other stars feed dust to their debris disks. Unfortunately, direct evidence about the mechanism or rate of disruption is lacking, owing to the rarity of the events. Here we report observations of P/2010?A2, a previously unknown inner-belt asteroid with a peculiar, comet-like morphology. The data reveal a nucleus of diameter approximately 120?metres with an associated tail of millimetre-sized dust particles. We conclude that it is most probably the remnant of a recent asteroidal disruption in February/March 2009, evolving slowly under the action of solar radiation pressure, in agreement with independent work.     

Interaction of Rabbit C-reactive Protein with Phospholipid Monolayers at Air/Water Interface

ＩｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｏｆＲａｂｂｉｔＣ┐ｒｅａｃｔｉｖｅＰｒｏｔｅｉｎｗｉｔｈＰｈｏｓｐｈｏｌｉｐｉｄＭｏｎｏｌａｙｅｒｓａｔＡｉｒ／ＷａｔｅｒＩｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ＊ＸｉａｏＣａｉｄｅ（肖才德），ＳｕｉＳｅｎｆａｎｇ（隋森芳）Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆ...     

Io as a source of the jovian dust streams

Streams of dust emerging from the direction of Jupiter were discovered in 1992 during the flyby of the Ulysses spacecraft, but their precise origin within the jovian system remained unclear. Further data collected by the Galileo spacecraft, which has been orbiting Jupiter since December 1995, identified the possible sources of dust as Jupiter's main ring, its gossamer ring, comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (ref. 8) and Io. All but Jupiter's gossamer ring and Io have since been ruled out. Here we find that the dominant source of the jovian dust streams is Io, on the basis of periodicities in the dust impact signal. Io's volcanoes, rather than impact ejecta, are the dust sources.     

Dusty cloud radiative forcing derived from satellite data for middle latitude regions of East Asia

The dusty cloud radiative forcing over the middle latitude regions of East Asia was estimated by using the 2-year (July 2002?June 2004) data of collocated clouds and the Earth’s radiant energy system (CERES) scanner and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) from Aqua Edition 1B SSF (single scanner footprint). The dusty cloud is defined as the cloud in dust storm environment or dust contaminated clouds. For clouds growing in the presence of dust, the instantaneous short-wave (SW) forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) is about -275.7 W/m² for cloud over dust (COD) region. The clouds developing in no-dust cloud (CLD) regions yield the most negative short-wave (SW) forcing (-311.0 W/m²), which is about 12.8% stronger than those in COD regions. For long-wave (LW) radiative forcing, the no-dust cloud (CLD) is around 102.8 W/m², which is 20% less than the LW forcing from COD regions. The instantaneous TOA net radiative forcing for the CLD region is about -208.2 W/m², which is 42.1% larger than the values of COD regions. The existence of dust aerosols under clouds significantly reduces the cooling effect of clouds.     

Indication of drier periods on Mars from the chemistry and mineralogy of atmospheric dust

The ubiquitous atmospheric dust on Mars is well mixed by periodic global dust storms, and such dust carries information about the environment in which it once formed and hence about the history of water on Mars. The Mars Exploration Rovers have permanent magnets to collect atmospheric dust for investigation by instruments on the rovers. Here we report results from M?ssbauer spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence of dust particles captured from the martian atmosphere by the magnets. The dust on the magnets contains magnetite and olivine; this indicates a basaltic origin of the dust and shows that magnetite, not maghemite, is the mineral mainly responsible for the magnetic properties of the dust. Furthermore, the dust on the magnets contains some ferric oxides, probably including nanocrystalline phases, so some alteration or oxidation of the basaltic dust seems to have occurred. The presence of olivine indicates that liquid water did not play a dominant role in the processes that formed the atmospheric dust.     

A supernova origin for dust in a high-redshift quasar

Interstellar dust plays a crucial role in the evolution of the Universe by assisting the formation of molecules, by triggering the formation of the first low-mass stars, and by absorbing stellar ultraviolet-optical light and subsequently re-emitting it at infrared/millimetre wavelengths. Dust is thought to be produced predominantly in the envelopes of evolved (age >1 Gyr), low-mass stars. This picture has, however, recently been brought into question by the discovery of large masses of dust in the host galaxies of quasars at redshift z > 6, when the age of the Universe was less than 1 Gyr. Theoretical studies, corroborated by observations of nearby supernova remnants, have suggested that supernovae provide a fast and efficient dust formation environment in the early Universe. Here we report infrared observations of a quasar at redshift 6.2, which are used to obtain directly its dust extinction curve. We then show that such a curve is in excellent agreement with supernova dust models. This result demonstrates a supernova origin for dust in this high-redshift quasar, from which we infer that most of the dust at high redshifts probably has the same origin.     

石棉筛分车间粉尘质量浓度分布规律的数值模拟

为了掌握石棉选矿厂筛分车间内部粉尘随时间和空间运移的规律,获取通风除尘优化的参数,以茫崖石棉矿第一选矿厂筛分车间为研究背景,依据气固两相流理论,采用计算机流体力学的离散相(DPM)模型对筛分车间粉尘浓度分布规律数值模拟,并与现场粉尘浓度实测数据比较分析,模拟结果和实测数据相吻合.研究结果表明:筛分设备附近粉尘浓度较高,以筛分设备为中心随着距离增加粉尘浓度降低;捕集边界下粉尘浓度比反弹边界较低,粉尘捕集效果更好;筛分车间进风风速控制在0.6m/s左右时,粉尘沉降效果较好;安装抽风集尘罩后,主抽风管风速为14 m/s时,平均控尘效率达到90%,石棉纤维浓度控制在2.52f/mL以下.     

A collision in 2009 as the origin of the debris trail of asteroid P/2010 A2

The peculiar object P/2010?A2 was discovered in January 2010 and given a cometary designation because of the presence of a trail of material, although there was no central condensation or coma. The appearance of this object, in an asteroidal orbit (small eccentricity and inclination) in the inner main asteroid belt attracted attention as a potential new member of the recently recognized class of main-belt comets. If confirmed, this new object would expand the range in heliocentric distance over which main-belt comets are found. Here we report observations of P/2010?A2 by the Rosetta spacecraft. We conclude that the trail arose from a single event, rather than a period of cometary activity, in agreement with independent results. The trail is made up of relatively large particles of millimetre to centimetre size that remain close to the parent asteroid. The shape of the trail can be explained by an initial impact ejecting large clumps of debris that disintegrated and dispersed almost immediately. We determine that this was an asteroid collision that occurred around 10 February 2009.     

微型旋风器分离超细粉尘的性能

针对分级领域中存在的问题,研究微型旋风分级器的分级性能,目的是利用微型旋风分级器将1μm左右的超细粉体从细粉中分离出来.首先建立旋风分级器的分离二维数学模型,模型方程解析证实粉尘分级效率只与Stk数有关,对3种微型旋风器在不同进口风速下进行实验研究.实验结果表明:分级效率与Stk数之间的关系在Rosin-Rammler坐标上为一条直线,用新理论计算的分级效率值较其他理论能更好地接近实验值,是一个相对比较准确的分离效率计算方法.对3组微型旋风器在入口风速为15~25 m/s范围内分级时,分级粒径可以达到0.6μm.     

P/M,W/C,B/M对磷酸钾镁水泥耐水性的影响

通过测试磷酸钾镁水泥(MKPC)浆体在自然养护和水中养护两种养护条件下不同龄期的抗压强度,研究了酸碱组分比例(P/M),水灰比(W/C),硼砂掺量(B/M)对MKPC浆体耐水性的影响规律。结果表明：水养条件下,MKPC浆体56d抗压强度相对于早期强度发生较大倒缩,耐水性较差;P/M,W/C,B/M的变化均会对MKPC浆体的耐水性产生一定的影响。在水中养护时,随着P/M的减小,MKPC浆体的抗压强度损失先增大后减小,在P/M为1/3时耐水性最差;随着W/C的增加,MKPC浆体的抗压强度损失逐渐增大;随着B/M的增加,MKPC浆体的抗压强度损失先减小后增大,在B/M为4%时耐水性最好。     

Comet dust as a source of amino acids at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary

Large amounts of apparently extraterrestrial amino acids have been detected recently in rocks at the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary at Stevns Klint, Denmark. The amino acids were found a few tens of centimetres above and below the boundary layer, but were absent in the boundary clay itself. If one supposes that these compounds were carried to the Earth by the giant meteorite thought to have impacted at the end of the Cretaceous, some puzzling questions are raised: why weren't the amino acids incinerated in the impact, and why are they not present in the boundary clay itself? Here we suggest that the amino acids were actually deposited with the dust from a giant comet trapped in the inner Solar System, a fragment of which comprised the K/T impactor. Amino acids or their precursors in the comet dust would have been swept up by the Earth both before and after the impact, but any conveyed by the impactor itself would have been destroyed. The observed amino acid layers would thus have been deposited without an impact.     

Young chondrules in CB chondrites from a giant impact in the early Solar System

Chondrules, which are the major constituent of chondritic meteorites, are believed to have formed during brief, localized, repetitive melting of dust (probably caused by shock waves) in the protoplanetary disk around the early Sun. The ages of primitive chondrules in chondritic meteorites indicate that their formation started shortly after that of the calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions (4,567.2 +/- 0.7 Myr ago) and lasted for about 3 Myr, which is consistent with the dissipation timescale for protoplanetary disks around young solar-mass stars. Here we report the 207Pb-206Pb ages of chondrules in the metal-rich CB (Bencubbin-like) carbonaceous chondrites Gujba (4,562.7 +/- 0.5 Myr) and Hammadah al Hamra 237 (4,562.8 +/- 0.9 Myr), which formed during a single-stage, highly energetic event. Both the relatively young ages and the single-stage formation of the CB chondrules are inconsistent with formation during a nebular shock wave. We conclude that chondrules and metal grains in the CB chondrites formed from a vapour-melt plume produced by a giant impact between planetary embryos after dust in the protoplanetary disk had largely dissipated. These findings therefore provide evidence for planet-sized objects in the earliest asteroid belt, as required by current numerical simulations of planet formation in the inner Solar System.