The research of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and perfluoroocatane sulfonate

As two kinds of emerging chemicals, the pollution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） and perfluoroocatane sulfonate （PFOS） has been becoming a global environmental problem. Also, research of the transport, transfer, bioaccumulation in organism, and toxicology of these two kinds of pollutant is a hotspot in environmental sciences now. In this paper, we summarize and critically review the status and progress of PBDEs and PFOS exposure to human beings. Further, data analyses based on statistical methods are done to study the characters of PBDEs and PCBs concentrations in different regions in the world.     

Concentrations, profiles and gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in the ambient air of an E-waste dismantling area, southeast China

Polychlorinated diebenzo-p-dioxins （PCDDs）, polychlorinated diebenzofurans （PCDFs）, polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） and polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） were monitored in the ambient air of Taizhou, an E-waste dismantling area of southeast China to evaluate their concentrations, profiles and gas-particle partitioning. The ∑PCDD/Fs concentrations ranged from 2.91 to 50.6 pg/ma, with an average of 14.3 pg/ma. The I-TEQs for PCDD/Fs were in the range of 0.20-3.45 pg/ma, with an average of 1.10 pg/ma, The ∑PCBs concentrations and TEQs ranged from 4.23 to 11.35 ng/ma, 0.050 to 0.859 pg（TEQ）/ma, respectively. The concentrations of ∑PBDEs ranged from 92 to 3086 pg/ma, with an average of 894 pg/ma, The pollution levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs were higher than other urban sites, which may be associated with the E-waste dismantling activities. The PCDD/Fs were found exclusively in the particle phase whereas PCBs distributed dominantly in the gas phase. The gas-partilce partitioning was also assessed by correlating the gas-particle partition coefficient （Kp） with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure （pL^0）. The measured particulate sorptions of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs were compared with the predictions from Junge-Pankow model and Koa absorption model. The Junge-Pankow model well estimated the particulate fractions of PCBs. However, it underestimated the sorptions of PCDD/Fs and overestimated the fractions of PBDEs. The predicted particulate fractions of PCDD/Fs and PCBs from Koa model fitted well with the measured data.     

The constitutes and isomer distribution of di-（potassium sulfonate）-di-phthalimidomethyl phthalocyanine zinc

Sulfonate and/or phthalimidomethyl phthalocyanine zincs are obtained by the condensation reaction of anhydrous zinc acetate and two precursors, i.e. 4-phthalimidomethyl phthalonitrile and 4-（potassium sulfonated） phthalonitrile. The ZnPCSnPm mixture was separated into 5 components according to the number of substituted sulfonate groups and each component which has the same chemical constituent consists of different regioisomers. An HPLC method in isocratic conditions was developed to exercise quality control and make quantitative analysis of the photosensitizer, di-（potassium sulfonate）-diphthalimidomethyl phthalocyanine zinc （abbreviated as ZnPcS2P2, here, S represents sulfonate group, P the phthalimidomethyl group and ZnPc the phthalocyanine zinc）. Furthermore, by comparing the retention behavior of ZnPcS2P2 with that of ZnPcS2, positional structure of isomers of ZnPcS2P2 was speculated. Reversed-phase HPLC method with TEA-phosphate buffer and DMF as eluents in gradient conditions has been proved to be a powerful tool for the separation of such complex system.     

Pollutants in stormwater runoff in Shanghai （China）： Implications for management of urban runoff pollution

Runoff samples were collected from four functional areas (traffic, residential, commercial and industrial) and four roof types (old concrete,new concrete, old clay and new clay) in central Shanghai, China, during rain events. The event mean concentrations (EMCs) of three forms of nitrogen (NH4+―N,NO3-―N,NO2-―N) and the temporal variations of total phosphorus (TP) were then measured to evaluate the effects of runoff from different areas on water quality management. The results revealed that the TP levels varied significantly in the samples collected from different functional areas and roof types during rain events. In addition, although the NO3-―N and NO2-―N concentrations in runoff remained well below the fifth class values of the national surface water quality standards, the NH4+―N levels were 1.36, 1.17, 1.10 and 0.85 times higher than the standard value in samples collected from commercial, traffic, industrial,and residential areas, respectively. Similarly, the concentrations of NH4+―N in samples collected from old concrete, new concrete,old clay and new clay roofs exceeded the fifth class standard by 6.66, 5.72, 4.32 and 3.32 times, respectively. And the NO3-―N levels were 1.86 and 1.53 times higher than the standard values in runoff samples collected from new and old concrete roofs, respectively.     

Diet and prey consumption of breeding Common Kestrel （Falco tinnunculus） in Northeast China

The diet of Common Kestrels Falco tinnunculus was studied during the breeding seasons from 2004 to 2008 in Northeast China. Diet was determined by direct observation of the prey brought to nests, and analysis of prey remains collected from nests. Fifteen vertebrate species from three classes, and two groups of insects were identified as prey items. Rodents were the main prey items, comprising 93.9% of the total prey items (TPI) and 97.0% of total prey biomass (TPB). Birds, frogs and insects were also eaten. The kestrels preferred to prey on small rodents (mean weight 20-40 g) and displayed density-dependent prey selection. Daily prey consumption of an adult and a nestling was 2.6 individual rodents or 87.6 g, and 1.7 individual vertebrates or 48.2 g, respectively. The estimated prey consumption of a breeding pair (adults and nestlings) during the breeding season was 520.1 individual vertebrates or 19.7 kg.     

The development and application of silicon Neutron Transmutation Doping （NTD） technology in China

：The research and development history of silicon Neutron Transmutation Doping （NTD） technology and its applications at home and abroad are introduced in this paper. The advantages of NTD, compared with conventional technology of doping, are narrated. The principle of NTD as well as the implementation of the main procedures related to Si NTD is explained. The market demand tendency is prospected, and the advanced measures on NTD quality control are described.     

Genetic diversity of rice cultivars （Oryza sativa L.） in China and the temporal trends in recent fifty years

Public concern is often expressed at cultivars because the domestication and modern plant breeding have led to a reduction in the genetic diversity of crops and loss of genes, which could result in crops' genetic vulnerability to changes in the spectrum of pestssity of varieties in this zone is very important to the whole rice production in China. REZV, a important japonica rice production areas with more than 278 thousands ha rice which was about 71% of rice area in north China, accounted fo…     

Passive-source ocean bottom seismograph （OBS） array experiment in South China Sea and data quality analyses

Long-term passive source ocean bottom seis- mograph （OBS） observatory is challenging due to various technical difficulties. In order to gain experience in this field, and to reveal the lithospheric structure beneath the extinct ridge in the central South China Sea （SCS）, we carried out a passive source OBS array experiment, which includes 18 OBSs, in the deep portion of SCS. Here we present the instrumentation, the OBS deployment and recovery of this experiment, and more importantly, the data quality evaluated by a number of approaches. Through processing and inspecting waveforms from global, regional and local earthquakes, we find that most of recovered OBSs have good data quality with discernible main phases. The ambient noise analyses of OBS recordings show that their noise is higher than the global average, and the horizontal component is noisier than the vertical, indicating current impacts on horizontal components are more severe. In the period range of 5-10 s, there is a noise notch for the SCS OBSs, and noise levels of horizontal components are comparable to the vertical. This feature, which is not seen at OBS stations in open ocean, suggests the distant sources for double frequency microseism in this marginal sea are not significant. In addition, we successfully determined the orientations for 7 OBSs by investigating their Rayleigh wave polarizations; and we demonstrated the dispersion feature of Rayleigh waves through the frequency-time analysis. Finally, we summarized lessons learned from this experiment regarding the passive source OBS investiga- tions in SCS.     

Primary investisation of the pollution status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in water and soil of Xuanwei and Fuyuan,Yunnan Province,China

Lung cancer incidence in Xuanwei and Fuyuan is extremely high. The air pollution, especially indoor airborne PAHs generated by burning smoky coals, has been considered as the most probable reason. The air pollution may affect drinking water and soil through dry and wet deposition. In this study, the concentrations of PAHs in water and soil samples from Xuanwei and Fuyuan were monitored to investigate the influence of atmospheric PAHs pollution on water and soil. No obvious PAHs pollution in water was found in these two areas, indicating that airborne PAHs have no apparent effect on the drinking water （well water）. The smoky coal combustion from household and industry, such as the activities related to power plants, coking plants and chemical industries, is responsible for the soil PAHs pollution in these two areas. The soil pollution might be the reemission source and would pose long-term threat to the local environment and health of residents.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and other fluorochemicals in viscera and muscle of farmed pigs and chickens in Beijing,China

Eleven perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were determined in tissue samples from farmed pigs and chickens (n=143) that were purchased in Beijing in March 2009. The total PFCs mean concentration was the highest in pig liver (3.438 ng g^–1 wet weight (ww)), followed by pig kidney (0.508 ng g^–1 (ww)), pig heart (0.167 ng g^–1 (ww)), chicken liver (0.098 ng g^–1 (ww)), chicken heart (0.050 ng g^–1 (ww)), pork loin (0.018 ng g^–1 (ww)), and chicken breast (0.012 ng g^–1 (ww)). Among the PFCs analyzed, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the predominant compound in viscera and muscle of farmed pigs and chickens. In addition, a strong linear correlation (r = 0.932) was observed between the concentrations of PFOS and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) in pig liver. Our preliminary conclusion is that there is little potential risk of exposure to PFCs via the consumption of these products in Beijing.     

半导体制造企业PFOS排放和附近场所环境浓度预测及初步风险评价

全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物(PFOS)是<斯德哥尔摩公约>新POPs审查委员会审查通过的新增持久性有机污染物,对其环境问题的研究已成为当前环境科学的一大热点;半导体制造业是PFOS应用最主要的行业之一.根据欧盟技术指导文件和EUSES模型预测了半导体制造企业PFOS排放及其附近场所环境浓度,并进行水体环境风险评价.     

河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)对氧化石墨烯和全氟辛烷磺酸类物质(PFOS)联合胁迫的生理生化响应

为了探索碳纳米材料氧化石墨烯(GO)和全氟辛烷磺酸类物质(PFOS)在淡水底栖贝类体内的联合毒性效应, 以河蚬为研究对象, 考察 1 mg/L GO和500 ng/L PFOS单独及联合暴露28天后对河蚬体长、体重、滤食率、活性氧水平、抗氧化系统酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响, 并采用优化的综合生物标志物响应指数(EIBR)进行整体评估。结果表明, 暴露结束后, 河蚬的体长和体重没有明显的变化。与空白对照组和溶剂对照组相比, GO和PFOS的单独暴露组及联合暴露组的滤食率均显著下降。在河蚬的鳃和内脏团中, GO和PFOS的胁迫都会引起抗氧化系统酶活性响应的显著变化, 且两器官中变化趋势一致。EIBR结果表明, 鳃和内脏团中联合暴露组的毒性比 PFOS或GO单独暴露组的毒性更强。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病卵黄抗体制备--免疫、效价检测和沉降分离

采用 3种不同的方案对蛋鸡进行强化免疫 ,获得抗鸡传染性法氏囊病的高免卵黄抗体原液 .用缓冲液沉降分离提取水溶性抗体成份IgY ,再采用琼脂扩散试验 (AGP)检测卵黄原液、上清液和沉渣的效价 .试验测得卵黄效价最高达 12 8,经缓冲液一次沉降约 5h后得到的上清液效价接近于卵黄效价 ,沉渣效价≤ 4.该工艺比其它高免卵黄抗体提取工艺简单得多 ,具有投资少、操作简便、便于工业规模生产等特点     

蛋鸡传染性鼻炎的综合防治措施

通过多年蛋鸡生产实践、血清学检测，掌握了鸡传染性鼻炎疫情；通过合理的疫苗接种，结合科学饲养管理，实施严密的生物安全、卫生、消毒制度、药物治疗等综合防治措施，取得较好的防疫效果，促进了蛋鸡正常生长与生产。     

厦门湾海岸带区域人类开发活动的生态效应评价

生态效应评价可揭示海岸带人类活动对生态系统已产生的效应（包括累积性效应）以及对变化趋势进行回顾总结,为沿海地区的资源和环境管理提供服务。文章通过统计分析历史数据进行生态效应评价,得出厦门湾生态系统属于亚健康水平,生态安全处于一般脆弱（预警状态）状态,存在一定的风险;同时讨论了生态效应和人类开发活动之间的关系。     

金银花水浸泡液中的重金属含量分析及其人体健康风险评价

选用产自山东平邑流峪镇的金银花作为研究对象,研究其原药材及水浸泡液中的重金属含量并分析其水浸泡液中的Pb、Cd、Hg、As对人体健康产生的风险。采用微波消解法对样品进行前处理,用ICP MS法测定金银花原药材及水浸泡液中的Pb、Cd、Cu、Ni、Cr、Mn含量,采用原子荧光法测定金银花原药材及水浸泡液中的Hg、As含量。结果表明：金银花原药材中的Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cu含量均未超过《药用植物及制剂外经贸绿色行业标准》;10 g金银花500 mL水浸泡液中的Pb、Cd、Cu、Hg、As、Cr的含量均远远低于《地下水环境质量标准》III类水质限值要求,但Ni、Mn超标严重,超标系数分别为1.23和5.91;若每日使用10 g金银花泡水饮用,其摄入的Pb、Cd、Hg、As分别占最大日允许摄入量(ADI)的0.63%、0.40%、0.09%和0.09%,所占比例较小,不会给人体健康带来太大风险。     

尤溪铅锌矿集区重金属污染健康风险评价研究

为研究典型铅锌矿集区的重金属分布情况,同时对居民区的潜在健康影响程度进行评价,采用现场采样及室内测试方法对尤溪铅锌矿集区内表层土壤中5种重金属(铬、铜、汞、锌、铅)的含量进行分析,同时应用非致癌风险模型对5种重金属进行了健康风险评价.单因子健康风险评价结果表明,铬、铜、汞、锌的健康风险指数在10-2～10-3水平,对当地居民身体健康不会产生危害.铅的平均健康风险指数为0.529,表明人均铅摄入量接近美国EPA公布的慢性参考值;在梅仙东南部矿区出现最大值(2.30),可能会对当地居民身体健康产生不利影响.健康总风险评价结果显示,梅仙镇采矿区和选矿区的健康风险指数均大于1,且铅所引起的健康风险占总健康风险比例最大,说明该地区存在以铅污染为主的重金属污染.越靠近矿区,重金属污染对周围居民人体的健康风险越大.该地区来源于矿冶活动的健康风险远远高于来源于尾气排放(汽油燃烧)的重金属健康风险,成为当地铅锌污染的主要来源.     

高速公路土壤重金属污染状况及健康风险评价

为探讨高速公路路域土壤重金属污染分布特征和对周围居民的影响,检测了高速公路G4和G60的临长段、长潭段和潭邵段5m,10m,15m,40m和80m处土壤中重金属(Zn,Pb,Cd,Cr和Cu)的浓度,分析了它们的分布特征和污染状况,并进行健康风险评价.结果表明:重金属的浓度随高速公路的距离的增加而降低,其中近高速公路点Cd和Cr超过了土壤环境二级标准;地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数显示,所检测的5种重金属的污染状况是CdPbCrZnCu,其中Cd为主要污染物,研究的3个路段5m处Cd为重度污染,80m处仍有轻度污染,其它重金属分别为轻度污染或无污染;健康风险评价表明Cd,Cr和Pb对成年人和未成年人都存在潜在的健康伤害风险且随距离的增加而降低.其中3个路段80m处Cr对未成年人仍有轻微的致癌风险(致癌风险在可接受范围内),说明高速公路两侧的居民应居住在距离高速公路80m之外.     

松嫩平原地下水氮污染空间变异性及健康风险评价

为探明松嫩平原地下水污染现状及氮污染影响,利用地统计学软件分析了“三氮”（硝态氮、亚硝态氮和铵态氮）含量的特征,采用 ArcGIS 绘制了地下水硝态氮的变异函数图和空间分布图,并应用健康风险评价模型进行了氮污染对人体的潜在健康风险评价。上述研究表明,该区地下水污染物以“三氮”最为突出,其中硝态氮污染最重,变异系数为1．686,属于强变异,含量分布与二阶球状模型拟合最好,块金值和基底效应分别为2．423和0．575,其含量的空间异质性是结构性因素及随机性因素共同造成的,随机性因素稍强;硝态氮污染高风险区占总面积的88．78％,主要分布在东中部高平原区,这一区域大部分为 III 类水,对人体健康存在较高的风险,应引起关注。