系统方法论研究的现状分析与展望

对目前系统方法论的研究进行分类：硬系统方法论、软系统方法论和批评性系统方法论，分析了不同系统方法的哲学思想、方法步骤及其局限性，探讨了未来系统方法论发展的形式。     

Soft Systems Methodology: Other Voices

This issue of Systemic Practice and Action Research, celebrating the work of Peter Checkland, in the particular nature and development of soft systems methodology (SSM), would not have happened unless the work was seen by others as being important. No significant contribution to thinking happens without a secondary literature developing. Not surprisingly, many commentaries have accompanied the ongoing development of SSM. Some of these are insightful, some full of errors, and some include both insight and absurdity. Checkland (1999, p. A42) opines, in the recently published 30-year retrospective, that "SSM has been ill-served by its commentators." Scrutiny of the secondary literature on SSM provides support for this view and also identifies some general characteristics and trends that are important to the development of SSM and, incidentally, reinforces some existing conclusions.     

The Pragmatics of Educational Systems Design: A Critical Examination

The author critically examines educational systems design (ESD) through the lens of pragmatism. Examining ESD through a lens of pragmatism draws to the foreground issues related to Banathy's (1991, 1996, 2001) idealized systems design for social and societal systems. The author addresses the complex and dynamic nature of systems design, focusing on the systemic processes in which user-designers are continually challenged to inquire, communicate, and consider choices, and make design decisions concerning the nature of the system being designed. The power of social systems design (SSD) lies in the ability to consider the ideal image of a social and/or societal system, critically and pragmatically in relation to creating a new system that will contribute to the evolutionary betterment of society and a sustainable future for humankind. Following an introduction, the author examines pragmatism. Then the author applies a lens of pragmatism, critically, to examine educational systems design in relation to generating change and creating the ideal educational system. The author then argues the pragmatics of educational systems design, concluding the paper with final reflections on ESD as a process.     

用于复杂系统建模与仿真的面向智能体技术

在构造兼具数据处理和知识处理能力的新型面向对象型形式化体系上,根据复杂系统仿真的需要,使系统组分“对象”具有自主决策、控制和通信功能,建成多Ａｇｅｎｔ系统。给出多Ａ－ｇｅｎｔ系统实现群组决策的示例。     

Qualifying Function in SSM Modeling—A Case Study

In a previous paper the author introduced a concept called qualifying function as a conceptual tool for modeling and design. The concept was incorporated into the modeling phase of soft systems methodology (SSM), with the purpose of addressing some of the criticism directed toward the methodology, such as its tendency to result in regulatory, rather than radical, agendas for change. It was argued that the concept had the potential to help people in a particular problem situation to view the situation from new and different perspectives and that it could enrich the conceptual models by giving the transformation process a direction. The aim of this paper is to apply the concept, embedded in SSM, to a case study involving two projects, focused on creating new work opportunities, to explore the practical applicability and usefulness of the concept, both in general and as a part of the modeling phase of SSM.     

Storying Systems: Managing Everyday Flux Using Mode 2 Soft Systems Methodology

This paper examines work with managers who used a narrative approach to systemic thinking. Storytelling is incorporated within Mode 2 SSM involving a flexible approach to the analysis of complex or "messy" situations at work. Mode 2 SSM is presented as a thinking mode by those within the problem situation, involving the use of various devices of rich pictures, relevant systems, and root definitions, whereby managers and others may make sense of their experiences from within the flux of everyday life. The focus of the approach is learning through reflection on events and activities to consider potential actions and improvements in difficult situations. The findings show the initial difficulty and disappointment of learning to deal with complexity and the unexpected but how quickly the "gain outweighs the pain," as managers learned to attune themselves to the flux of situations, to identify how to work with flows and energies more creatively, and to become conscious of what was happening on the edge of awareness.     

武器装备体系概念建模与分析验证

探讨了武器装备体系概念建模与分析验证技术。提出了武器装备体系概念建模的基本原则,以及概念建模的三要素。提出了功能-能力层次图与实体结构层次图两个建模框架。分析了一些常见建模工具的优缺点。最后介绍了几种典型的概念模型分析验证手段。     

An Idea Ahead of Its Time: The History and Development of Soft Systems Methodology

This paper, part of the Festschrift for Peter Checkland, provides an outline of the history and development of soft systems methodology. It includes a personal reflection on my experiences of SSM, as well as a more objective evaluation of its achievements and limitations.     

非线性系统的T-S模糊建模与控制

研究了非线性系统的T-S模糊建模与控制问题，并应用到一级倒立摆的模糊建模中，采用并行分配补偿法（PDC）设计控制器，并用线性矩阵不等式（LMI）计算控制器参数，仿真验证建模正确，控制器简洁有效。     

三电平DC-DC变换器统一建模研究

针对三电平直流变换器这样一个时变的、非线性的、多模态的动态系统,在低频、小纹波和小信号假设下,引入开关周期平均算子,利用状态空间平均法和欧拉公式,推导了其统一数学模型.以改进型三电平Buck直流变换器为例,应用此方法建立其数学模型,并用MATLAB仿真软件对其状态空间平均法数学模型和变换器电路模型进行仿真,仿真结果证明了用该方法建立的数学模型具有一定的合理性.     

分布参数切换系统的建模及仿真方法

讨论分布参数切换系统的建模与仿真问题.运用算子半群理论建立了分布参数切换系统的发展方程模型,并设计了系统仿真的方法.对于切换律与系统状态相关时切换律难以得出数值解的情况,运用广义正交多项式求出系统的逼近切换律,进而完成系统的仿真.最后,通过两个仿真实例,验证文中提出方法的可行性和有效性.     

实时操作系统仿真环境的UML建模

实时调度是实时操作系统研究的重点之一，实时调度策略的评价更是研究的难点。本文采用UML（Unified Modeling Language）对实时操作系统中的进程调度这一核心问题进行建模设计了一个实时操作系统的仿真平台。建模过程中虚拟时间为驱动，以任务为调度的基本单位，以随机数发生器生成系统负载。利用该平台，研究开发人员可以方便的测试评价新的调度策略和算法。现时，本文可以作为采用UML进行建模的一个范例。     

多Agent系统的Petri网建模研究

Agent作为一种新的软件开发范型,应用领域逐步扩大,但其潜在优势并没有在应用中完全展现,主要原因是缺少成熟实用的软件开发方法和工具.在软件工程领域Agent通常被认为是对象尤其是并发对象的进一步扩展,为了充分利用已有的面向对象方法和工具,首先提出了一种基于对象的混合Agent结构,然后从系统和个体两个层次上设计了体现多Agent系统行为特征的Petri网模型,最后分析了多Agent系统仿真需要实现的关键算法.     

Knowledge-Based Multifaceted Modeling Methodology for Open Complex Giant Systems

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基于着色Petri网的卫星军事应用系统建模

卫星军事应用系统是一个复杂的军事信息系统,具有同步、并发、冲突等特点。应用着色Petri网技术对其进行建模,符合卫星军事应用系统的特点,能够有效分析系统的静态结构和动态行为。介绍了着色Petri网的基本概念,剖析了卫星军事应用系统的作战过程,建立了系统的CPN模型,最后针对模型进行了性能分析。     

A Systems Study for a European Community Program on Inspection and Accreditation of Blood Collection Establishments

This paper reports on an action research study for the development of a common program on inspection and accreditation of blood collection establishments in the European Union member states. Using soft systems methodology to guide the study, we have developed the systems required and arrived at the actions that are necessary to realize and maintain them.     

Evaluating organizations: A systems and contingency approach

It has become increasingly difficult to keep pace with the amount of information being generated about how to evaluate organizations. If it were not enough that the situation is made difficult by the sheer mass of material on evaluation, clarity is further hindered by many of the publications on the subject failing to make explicit the principles and assumptions upon which they are based. This was the situation confronting the authors when they began a national project with the National Association of Councils for Voluntary Service on the evaluation of the performance of Councils for Voluntary Service. In an attempt to bring some order to the field, this paper adopts a systems and contingency approach to elucidate the nature and practical usefulness of the different methods of evaluation. It first seeks, using some tools of Checkland's soft systems methodology, to present a systematic analysis of the subject of evaluation. Then, in the light of the analysis, an attempt is made to formulate a simple classification of approaches to evaluation which serves to match the different forms of evaluation to the contexts in which they are most appropriate for use.     

Toward Fostering Systems Learning in Organizational Contexts

This article explores the ways in which the process of systems learning can be nurtured in organizational contexts. I posit that in order to mobilize systems learning at the individual, group, and organizational levels, an integrated, holistic approach must be pursued. It is suggested that the challenge of not only teaching the systems thinking concepts but also using their actual applications in practice is more than just an issue of pedagogical improvement. The cultural and material issues integral to the use of systems thinking must be taken into consideration as well. I argue that our efforts to improve our pedagogical practices to foster systems learning in organizational contexts can benefit from the social constructivist perspective, which represents a system of ideas about learning. The qualities of systems pedagogy resided in social constructivism are proposed as a framework to think with in designing the meaningful systems learning activities. This article also discusses how to create the cultural and material environments in which the process of systems learning can be nurtured.     

武器装备体系演化评估的建模方法研究

武器装备体系演化是武器装备体系建设过程的表现,对演化的规律进行评估与分析有助于支撑武器装备体系建设规划的制定。首先分析了武器装备体系演化的内涵,提出了按时间进行,毒散化的评估与分析思路。然后,在能力需求演化、作战能力演化建模的基础上,建立了作战效能精化的评估模型。其次,分析了体系费用的构成,建立了费用演化的评估模型。最后,从装备系统更替、作战能力与能力需求的匹配、体系费用与体系投入的匹配等角度研究了综合分析方法。所附算例说明了文中方法的可行性。