南极中山站风光互补系统控制策略的研究与仿真

面对传统的柴油发电在环境和运输方面给南极中山站供电造成的问题,风光互补发电技术既能保证供电需求,又不会污染极地地区的环境。结合南极中山站的气象数据,以及负载用电量数据分析;并进行了系统能量匹配计算。表明风光互补发电系统能够满足南极中山站的负载需求。针对南极特有的极昼极夜现象以及常年低温环境,提出南极中山站风光互补系统能量管理方案和控制策略;并对光伏板、风机进行了极地低温环境下的最大功率点跟踪控制策略仿真实验。验证了控制策略的可行性。     

^7Be and ^210pb radioactivity and implications on sources of surface ozone at Mt. Waliguan

Beryllium-7 (^7Be) and lead-210 (^210Pb) radioactivity in aerosols collected, from October 2002 to January 2004 at Mt. Waliguan, by the Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Station, Qinghai Province is presented. The data were analyzed together with simultaneously measured surface ozone concentrations. We found that short time variations of ^7Be and ^210Pb were linked to alternations of synoptic weather around the Mt. Waliguan region. ^210Pb showed the lowest concentration in summer while ^7Be showed no obvious seasonal changes. Relatively high ^7Be and ^210Pb radioactivity was observed at Mt. Waliguan when compared with the observations at other mountain sites in other parts of the world. Surface ozone and ^7Be showed a consistent seasonal variation. Surface ozone correlated fairly well with ^7Be/^210Pb ratio. This suggested that vertical transport from higher altitudes of the atmosphere has predominant effects on the budget of surface ozone at Mt. Waliguan.     

Levels and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere close to Chinese Great Wall Station,Antarctica: Results from XAD-resin passive air sampling

Antarctica is an important research region for assessing persistence and long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In this study, XAD-resin passive air sampling was conducted near the Chinese Great Wall Station, Antarctica, during a one-year sampling period in 2009-2010. The air concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were at a very low level, with total PCBs in the range of 26.74-45.08 pg m 3. PCB profiles were dominated by tetra-PCBs, tri-PCBs and di-PCBs, indicating LRAT was responsible for the pollutants in the Antarctic atmosphere. The sampling site near the Chinese Great Wall Station did not show higher PCB levels than the other sites, suggesting that PCB sources associated with the Great Wall Station were negligible. PCB-11 is a non-Aroclor congener, which has specific sources compared to other Aroclor PCB congeners. PCB-11 was observed in all air samples, with an average concentration of 1.22 pg m 3. To our knowledge, this study is the first investigation of PCB levels and distribution in the atmosphere around the Chinese Great Wall Station, Antarctica.     

复杂地形上的低层风场特征

为了获得复杂地形上的城市地区低层风场特征,结合各个分散站点的实测风场资料,利用质量守恒风场调整模式M CF进行了三维风场模拟分析。以北京为例,对该地区低层大气的平均流动状况和局地扰动状况进行了模拟,获得了该地区流场总体平均状态和局地扰动状态的时空变化。结果表明:该地区风场季节变化主要受大尺度背景风场决定;流场的垂直分布主要由地形和背景风场共同决定。冬季流场主要受地形动力作用,而夏季则受热力作用,具有很强的局地环流;晴稳天气条件下,低层流场受地形扰动影响较强,其影响表现为水平涡旋形态,城市对涡旋产生也具有显著的影响。     

朝鲜冰雹的气候特征分析

利用朝鲜1981-2010 年95 个地面观测站的冰雹观测记录, 分析朝鲜冰雹的气候特征。结果表明, 朝鲜的冰雹主要分布在北部山区、中部山区和西部平原地区, 年平均冰雹日数在上述地区分别达到4, 1.5 和1 以上。年平均冰雹日数分布表现出明显的季节变化, 春季主要集中在中部山区和北部山区, 年平均冰雹日数达到0.4; 夏季主要出现在北部山区, 年平均冰雹日数达到0.8; 秋季南移至西部平原和东部沿海地区, 年平均冰雹日数达到0.4。朝鲜的冰雹发生时刻具有明显的日变化特征, 平壤站冰雹最大值出现在13:00LT (当地时)。在研究的时间段内, 朝鲜全国72 个台站的年平均冰雹日数出现显著的下降趋势, 6 个台站的年平均冰雹日数明显上升, 主要分布在北部的两江道。另外, 对平壤观测站的零度层高度(FLH)、归一化对流有效位能(NCAPE)和垂直风切变(VWS)进行分析, 探讨平壤地区冰雹频数下降的原因。     

海南岛地区大气边界层高度的时空变化特征

利用WRF模式模拟分析海南岛及其邻近海区的大气边界层高度时空变化特征。结果表明, 海南岛春夏季北部开阔地区平均边界层较高, 约500~600 m; 秋冬季海岛的西北?东?东南沿岸的半环绕地带平均边界层较高, 约500~700 m; 岛内中南部山区平均边界层高度较低且季节变化不大, 数值约200~500 m。各季盛行风向及海风发展因素与平均边界层的空间分布之间有良好的对应关系。海岛周边海区秋冬季平均边界层高度约500~800 m, 春夏季约100~500 m, 呈秋冬季高、春夏季低的季节变化特征。岛内边界层高度最大值出现在春夏季, 可达1800 m以上; 沿岸地区边界层高度最大值出现在秋冬季, 约1300~1500 m。海南岛岛内区域具有典型的陆面大气边界层日变化规律; 沿海地带受盛行风向的影响, 向岸流和离岸流时边界层日变化分别表现为海洋性和陆地性的特点。     

南极大气环流特征探讨

本文应用日本南极昭和基地１９８２年的探空资料＾［１］，讨论了从地面至２０ｈｐａ高度之间的风、温和４００ｈｐａ以下的湿度场的月平均年变化结构及大气环流特征。对位温、相当位温和饱和相当位温与大气环流的关系也进行了分析探讨。为研究全球大气环流的变化与异常及南北半球大气环流的相互作用的时空尺度遥相关提供了参考。     

亚印太交汇区低纬上空不同层次大气臭氧的时空变化分析

 利用ECMWF 195709~200208共45a的多层臭氧质量混合比月平均资料,详细分析了亚印太交汇区(AIPO)低纬地带上空平流层、对流层各层次上臭氧浓度的分布特征.结果表明:①区域上空对流层、平流层及臭氧总量大尺度特征均显著,纬度带分布特征明显;②对流层和平流层臭氧各个季节变化趋势相反,平流层臭氧和臭氧总量各个季节变化趋势一致;同一层次夏季臭氧浓度变化趋势与其他3个季节变化趋势相反;③区域上空20~3hPa是臭氧浓度的高值区,50~30hPa臭氧平均变化幅度最大;④对流层臭氧距平变化在整个高度上较为一致,正、负距平随季节绕赤道做南、北半球摆动,且存在季节性突变;⑤赤道上空有明显从平流层上层随季节逐渐往较低层传播的臭氧正负距平现象.     

Distribution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">δ</Emphasis><Superscript>18</Superscript>O in surface snow along a transect from Zhongshan Station to Dome A,East Antarctica

Surface snow samples were collected during the 14th (1997/1998) and 24th (2007/2008) Chinese National Antarctica Research Expeditions along a transect from Zhongshan Station to Dome A. The stable oxygen isotope ratios of these samples were measured to investigate their relationships with temperature and geographical parameters (latitude, longitude, altitude and distance to the coast). The results reveal a strong positive correlation (R=0.945) between δ¹⁸O and mean annual temperature, with a gradient of 0.84‰°C ^–1, which is a little higher than that in Terre Adelie Land. Regression analyses also show that the δ¹⁸O of surface snow is strongly correlated with distance to the coast (R=0.942), latitude (R=0.942), and altitude (R=0.941). But no significant correlation was found between δ¹⁸O and longitude in study area. Altitude should be the most important factor influencing the δ¹⁸O distribution because of distinctive topography. The δ¹⁸O-altitude and T-altitude gradients along this transect are determined to be –1.1‰/100 m and 1.31°C/100 m, respectively.     

Detection of bromine monoxide in a volcanic plume

The emission of volcanic gases usually precedes eruptive activity, providing both a warning signal and an indication of the nature of the lava soon to be erupted. Additionally, volcanic emissions are a significant source of gases and particles to the atmosphere, influencing tropospheric and stratospheric trace-gas budgets. Despite some halogen species having been measured in volcanic plumes (mainly HCl and HF), little is known about bromine compounds and, in particular, gas-phase reactive bromine species. Such species are especially important in the stratosphere, as reactive bromine-despite being two orders of magnitude less abundant than chlorine-accounts for about one-third of halogen-catalysed ozone depletion. In the troposphere, bromine-catalysed complete ozone destruction has been observed to occur regularly during spring in the polar boundary layers as well as in the troposphere above the Dead Sea basin. Here we report observations of BrO and SO2 abundances in the plume of the Soufrière Hills volcano (Montserrat) in May 2002 by ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy. Our estimate of BrO emission leads us to conclude that local ozone depletion and small ozone 'holes' may occur in the vicinity of active volcanoes, and that the amount of bromine emitted from volcanoes might be sufficiently large to play a role not only in the stratosphere, but also in tropospheric chemistry.     

保定市夏季臭氧污染来源及大气传输影响研究

运用Models-3/CMAQ模式和源排放情景分析扰动法, 对河北省保定市2014年7月的臭氧污染来源进行模拟与量化, 分析大气传输对保定市臭氧污染特征和来源组成的影响。保定市臭氧浓度分布呈现西部山区低、中部和东部平原区高的特点。研究期间, 保定市臭氧污染主要受偏南气团、东南气团和偏东气团的传输影响, 污染日中 3 类传输条件出现的比例分别为28%, 39%和17%。在保定市最大8小时臭氧浓度中, 跨区域背景的臭氧占比近半。在京津冀及周边地区对保定臭氧的贡献中, 河北省贡献最大(约占区域总贡献量的2/5), 河南省、山东省和江苏省源排放也有重要影响(均占区域贡献的1/10左右)。在上午, 河北中部排放贡献的快速增大以及来自河南和山东的臭氧通过垂直混合向地面输送, 导致保定臭氧浓度快速升高; 除河北中部地区外, 其余地区的贡献变化总体平缓, 导致保定午后臭氧高值持续时间长, 呈现宽峰型的单峰日变化特征。     

H2O2/O3高级氧化工艺控制黄河水中溴酸盐生成

为了解决高溴黄河水臭氧化过程中溴酸盐(BrO-3)生成问题,在连续实验装置中,采用H2O2/O3高级氧化技术(AOPs)技术,研究臭氧(O3)、过氧化氢(H2O2)质量浓度以及水力停留时间(HRT)对黄河水BrO3-生成控制的影响。研究结果表明:H2O2的投加能够有效促进O3消耗;当O3质量浓度为2.9～4.3mg/L时,单独臭氧化过程中,BrO-3生成量为13～50μg/L,均超标,投加H2O2能够有效抑制BrO3-的产生,其抑制效果与H2O2/O3的摩尔比有关,当H2O2/O3摩尔比为1.5时,控制效果最佳,当O3质量浓度低于3.72mg/L时,在此比例时可将BrO-3浓度控制在10μg/L以下,达到现行的饮用水标准;BrO3-生成量与HRT成正比;当O3质量浓度较高时,可通过适当减少HRT控制出水BrO-3浓度。H2O2/O3高级氧化工艺对有机物的去除具有强化作用,出水UV254去除率可达50%以上。     

南极臭氧总量变化的多尺度分析

运用Ｍｅｘｉｃｏ草帽子波对南极臭氧总量月平均资料进行了子波分析，墨西哥草帽子波所揭示的不同尺度下的突变点均表现为过零点（零距平）的拐点。通过对南极Ｏ３总量的子波分析，不仅得到了用其它方法已经验证过的结论，而且还能得到该系统在不同层次上更精细的结构。     

南极雪的氢氧同位素组成

测定了南极中山站至DomeA沿线表层雪、中山附近海冰上覆盖、新降雪和中山站附近湖水的D和^18O,对内陆雪δD和δ18O随纬度和海拔高度的变化、海冰上覆盖δDδ18O随深度的变化,各种雪中δD和δ18O之间的要性进行了研究。     

龙凤山和瓦里关臭氧总量异常变化与天气过程关系研究

通过对黑龙江龙凤山和青海瓦里关Brewer 地基臭氧总量的长期观测资料以及与观测时段对应的全球 NCEP R1 系列位势高度再分析资料的统计分析发现, 龙凤山和瓦里关臭氧总量观测值有时存在剧烈的逐日变化, 对这种异常变化进行定量分析, 并对其与对流层天气过程的关系进行研究, 发现两者之间存在良好的对应关系。臭氧总量的异常变化大多数出现在11 月至次年5 月的冬、春季节, 并且臭氧总量的异常升高(第一类异值点)总是伴随着平流层低层(250~70 hPa)的槽线和地面(1000 hPa)的低压中心后方的天气形势, 而臭氧总量的异常降低(第二类异值点)则时常伴随平流层低层的脊线和地面的高压中心后方的天气形势, 这表明臭氧总量的异常变化可以作为地面天气系统转变的一个信号。     

Monitoring of the 2011 spring low ozone events in the Arctic region

Data from FY-3B SBUS and NOAA SBUV/2 were used to monitor ozone levels in the Arctic region from March 1 to April 5, 2011. Results revealed a significant ozone depletion in the area, with total ozone levels between 200–250 DU. The ozone levels recorded were 100–200 DU below normal, and in some parts the levels were as low as 200 DU, indicating a mini ozone-hole. During the sampling period, the ozone depletion area underwent identifiable expansion and detraction, a rotation around the North Pole from the west to the east, and a longitudinal movement from the Pole, spreading to the mid latitudes. The effects of these rare low ozone events were not only felt in the Arctic, but also extended to densely populated areas between Europe and the middle of Russia. In this region, rapidly increasing levels of ultraviolet radiation were detected at the Earth’s surface. Given the significant risk that this poses to both the environment and people’s health, this occurrence has significant global implications.     

“07.3”强沙尘暴天气过程的观测分析

利用常规观测的地面资料、探空资料、卫星云图资料、客观分析资料以及民勤站和SACOL站的观测资料对2007年3月27-28日中国西北地区的一次强沙尘暴过程进行了分析.主要结论为:地面快速发展的冷锋以及850 hPa和700 hPa快速发展的短波槽与此次沙尘暴的形成和快速发展密切相关.民勤站沙尘浓度和地面气象要素在沙尘暴发展演化期间出现明显的变化.气压和风速在沙尘暴爆发时出现明显的跃升,气压的变化超前于风速的变化,这表明风场和气压场在沙尘暴爆发时有明显的调整过程;风速及其垂直切变与PM₁₀浓度几乎同时达到极大值,而温度垂直切变极大值出现时刻比PM₁₀浓度和风速垂直切变极大值早出现4h;强的风速垂直切变有利于激发不稳定能量的释放和沙尘暴的形成.SACOL站的沙尘浓度和地面气象要素在沙尘暴发展期间也有明显的变化.风速和气压达到峰值的时刻都超前于PM₁₀浓度出现极大值的时刻;温度垂直切变峰值出现的时刻稍稍滞后于风速垂直切变峰值出现的时刻.     

臭氧水对草莓及拟盘多毛孢影响的研究

通过组织分离纯化和分子生物学鉴定,明确了引起草莓叶部新病的致病菌为拟盘多毛孢。以喷洒清水为空白对照,利用不同质量浓度的臭氧水直接喷洒致病菌和生长期的草莓植株,研究臭氧水对致病菌和草莓植株的浓度效应,结果显示：低浓度臭氧水（0.5~0.8 mg·L^-1）对草莓植株的生理生态变化和致病菌的生长影响较小;中浓度臭氧水（2.2~2.5 mg·L^-1）可以显著抑制致病菌的生长,并促进草莓植株的生长;高浓度臭氧水（4.0~4.3 mg·L^-1）可以很好地抑制致病菌的生长,但对草莓叶片有较严重的腐蚀作用。因此,中浓度（2.2~2.5 mg·L^-1）是喷洒草莓的最适臭氧水浓度。     

泸州市城区空气质量时空变化分析

为了掌握泸州市城区近年空气质量时空变化,对泸州市城区2004-2009年空气质量监测数据进行系统分析。结果表明,近年来泸州市城区空气质量总体良好,平均空气污染指数为80,空气质量优良率在72.33%以上。空气质量有逐步好转的趋势,SO2和PM10年平均浓度明显下降,分别从0.110 mg/m3、0.120 mg/m3下降到0.058 mg/m3、0.070 mg/m3;NO2略有上升,从0.029 mg/m3上升到0.040 mg/m3。污染物浓度时空分布不均,SO2与PM10夏季浓度较低,冬季较高,NO2浓度季节性变化不明显;兰田宪桥、小市上码头污染物浓度总体上高于忠山环监站。     

Absorption events associated with solar flares

During the upward period of solar cycle 23, the Imaging Riometer at Zhongshan, Antarctica (geomag. lat. 74.5 S) was used to study the solar proton events and the Xray solar flares which are associated with the absorption events. In our study, the relationship between the absorption intensity and X-ray flux is found in a power form which is consistent with the theoretical result. The imaging riometer absorption data at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard reconfirm the above relationship. We also argue that only M-class flares can generate a significant daytime absorption.