Analysis of carbon isotopes in airborne carbonate and implications for aeolian sources

Methods were developed to determine the mass ratios of carbon isotopes in trace amounts of aerosol carbonate. A Finnigan MAT 252 mass spectrometer fitted with an on-line Kiel device was to determine the ^13C/^12C ratio in CO2 produced from the carbonate. A study using these methods was conducted to characterize the carbonate carbon isotopes in aerosol samples collected in Xi‘an on dusty and normal days during March and April 2002. Results of the study demonstrate that insights into the origin of the dust can be deduced from its isotopic composition. That is, the δ^13C ofcarbonate for dust storm samples ranged from -1.4‰ to -4.2‰, and this is consistent with sandy materials in dust source regions upwind. In contrast, for non-dusty days δ^13C ranged from -7.5% to -9.3‰, which is more similar to fine particles emitted from local surface soils. Comparisons of dust storm aerosols with surface soils from source regions and with aerosol samples collected downwind indicate that the δ^13C values did not change appreciably during longrange transport. Therefore, carbon isotopes have the potential for distinguishing among source materials, and this approach provides a powerful new tool for identifying dust provenance.     

一株渤海丝状海洋真菌的分子生物学复核鉴定

采用真菌形态观察的标准培养条件,结合18S rDNA—ITS片段克隆测序和序列特征GeneBank比较分析,对本实验室分离保藏的海洋真菌Penicillium sp．BH06进行了培养特征和显微形态的复核鉴定研究,依据分子生物学和形态结构特征,认定该菌株应修订为桔青霉（Penicillium citrinum）．研究结果提示,基于传统形态学观察并结合ITS序列分析,可为丝状真菌的分类鉴定提供可靠的分子生物学依据．     

俄罗斯农业经济改革及其对中国的借鉴

自1990年代初年以来,俄罗斯对农村土地所有制、农业经营组织模式与管理方式进行了彻底改革。通过总结 分析俄罗斯农业改革的经验教训,提出深化中国农业改革、加快农业发展、解决三农问题的若干思路。     

Long-term decline of global atmospheric ethane concentrations and implications for methane

After methane, ethane is the most abundant hydrocarbon in the remote atmosphere. It is a precursor to tropospheric ozone and it influences the atmosphere's oxidative capacity through its reaction with the hydroxyl radical, ethane's primary atmospheric sink. Here we present the longest continuous record of global atmospheric ethane levels. We show that global ethane emission rates decreased from 14.3 to 11.3 teragrams per year, or by 21 per cent, from 1984 to 2010. We attribute this to decreasing fugitive emissions from ethane's fossil fuel source--most probably decreased venting and flaring of natural gas in oil fields--rather than a decline in its other major sources, biofuel use and biomass burning. Ethane's major emission sources are shared with methane, and recent studies have disagreed on whether reduced fossil fuel or microbial emissions have caused methane's atmospheric growth rate to slow. Our findings suggest that reduced fugitive fossil fuel emissions account for at least 10-21 teragrams per year (30-70 per cent) of the decrease in methane's global emissions, significantly contributing to methane's slowing atmospheric growth rate since the mid-1980s.     

Tree barks as a natural trap for airborne spores and pollen grains from China

The present article deals with the use of tree barks as a natural trap for airborne spores and pollen grains in China. The study carried out at the southern part of Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences has yielded a variety of palynomorphs mostly belonging to tree taxa. New methodologies for extraction of palynomorphs from tree barks have been suggested. Bark samples were collected from three taxa, i.e., Paulownia fortunei Hemsl. （Scrophulariaceae）, Quercus dentata Thunb. （Fagaceae）, and Picea meyeri Rehder ＆ E.H. Wilson （Pinaceae） having different bark morphologies. P. fortunei with a comparatively soft and fissured bark is believed to have a greater potential for trapping airborne spores and pollen grains compared to the stiff and less fissured barks of Q. dentata and the scaly bark of P. meyeri. Old barks yield better data in terms of quantity and quality of trapped pollen and spores. The present study throws new light on the modern pollen rain, spore-pollen dispersal, and their deposition in and aroundBeijing Botanical Garden, and other different parts of China.     

A wetness index derived from tree-rings in the Mt. Yishan area of China since 1755 AD and its agricultural implications

Dendroclimatological techniques were employed to investigate the relationship between Chinese Pinus(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) growth and climatic variability in the Mt.Yishan region of Shandong Province, China, over the past253 years. Using regression analysis, the wetness index(WI)was reconstructed for the Mt. Yishan area for the period1755–2007 AD based on tree-ring widths; predictor variables accounted for 40 % of the variance. The reconstructed timeseries displayed an increasing trend after the late 1960 s. Both the estimated and the observed WI for May–August were better correlated with precipitation than temperature during the period 1958–2007 AD, indicating that the contribution of precipitation to the WI was larger than temperature in the study area. The reconstructed WI was compared with the dryness/wetness index of China and land areas that were affected by droughts and floods using the agricultural statistics for Shandong Province. In addition, the WI time-series corresponded well with the peanut yield in Shandong Province at high frequency, which may be reasonable in the context of agriculture in Shandong. The 3-, 5- to 6- and 9- to10-year periodicities detected in the time-series suggested that the reconstructed WI in the Mt. Yishan area may be related to large-scale climate variations.     

喜树内生真菌的分离及产10-羟基喜树碱菌的鉴定

从喜树（Camptotheca acuminate Decne）树皮中分离、纯化得到6株内生真菌,经摇瓶培养后,采用TLC法与HPLC法对其菌丝体提取物进行分析,结果表明其中1株内生真菌(XK002)产10-羟基喜树碱（10-hydroxycamptothecin,HCPT）,将此菌株命名为XK002,其10-羟基喜树碱产量为410 μg/L.对菌株XK002菌落、菌丝体和孢子的有无进行了研究,表明菌株XK002属于无孢菌群(Mycelia sterlia).     

偏肿革裥菌漆酶基因克隆及不同染料脱色研究

染料由于具有复杂的化学结构通常难以降解.漆酶粗酶液对终浓度为50 mg/L的不同化学结构的染料的脱色研究,可快速对蒽醌类茜素红进行脱色可达100%;杂环类中性红、偶氮类刚果红和三苯基甲烷类结晶紫的脱色效果低于茜素红,测试的3种染料均可在没有介体存在的条件下被漆酶脱色,显示出偏肿革裥菌(Lenzites gibbosa)漆酶对茜素红染料脱色具有较大的应用潜力,进而对废水处理具有更好的应用前景.利用PCR和RACE技术首次从该菌株中获得编码漆酶基因的cDNA及其基因组全长序列,基因组大小为2 106 bp.通过比较该漆酶基因的cDNA和基因组 DNA的全长序列,发现该基因包含11个外显子和10个内含子.cDNA序列的全长为1 982 bp,其中包含一个完整的ORF,长度为1 563 bp,编码520个氨基酸.     

甜瓜蔓枯病病原菌分离与分生孢子的产孢诱导

实验成功分离甜瓜蔓枯病病原菌.菌丝体在马铃薯蔗糖培养基(PSA)上不易产孢,在易产孢的燕麦培养基(OA)、玉米培养基(MA)和马铃薯燕麦葡萄糖培养基(POGA)上,仅能产生极少量分生孢子器.而采用热激和紫外照射却能高效诱导出大量的分生孢子器.在以分生孢子器扩繁菌种时,发现易产孢的3种培养基上产生大量的分生孢子器,而在PSA上仍然不能.     

Rock varnish microlaminations from northern Tianshan, Xinjiang and their paleoclimatic implications

Laterally continuous dark and orange microlaminations are observed in rock varnish from the northern Tianshan, Xinjiang. Microprobe chemical analyses indicate that dark layers in the varnish are rich in Mn and orange layers are poor in Mn. Microscopic examinations of varnish ultra-thin sections reveal a lamination pattern that is regionally consistent and comparable. Based on geomorphic age control, the Holocene varnish lamination sequence is tentatively established and its paleoclimatic implications are explored within the framework of existing paleoclimatic data in the region.     

中祁连湟源群中片麻岩的岩石学成因及构造意义*

湟源群中的刘家台组为一套以长英质片麻岩为主,夹黑云变粒岩的低角闪岩相的中-深变质岩系。长英质片麻岩的原岩为酸性侵入岩体,其具有低CaO(1.80~1.85 wt%)、高SiO_2(68.78~71.58 wt%)和碱含量(Na_2O+K_2O=7.6~7.7 wt%)。样品相对富集轻稀土,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,富集Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素,并且具有明显的Eu负异常(δEu=0.23~0.38)。它们最主要的特征是具有较高含量的高场强元素,使得Zr+Nb+Ce+Y=(402~420)×10~(-6)(ppm)[350×10~(-6)(ppm)],而10 000Ga/Al=3.2~3.3(2.6)。这些岩石地球化学特征表明这套片麻岩的原岩为A型花岗岩。单颗粒锆石U-Pb同位素测年获得的不一致曲线的上交点年龄1 124±29 Ma,属中元古代,比前人认为的湟源群形成时代古元古代要年轻。     

Rock varnish microlaminations from northern Tianshan, Xinjiang and their paleoclimatic implications

Laterally continuous dark and orange microlaminations are observed in rock varnish from the northern TianGhan, Xinjiang. Microprobe chemical analyses indicate that dark layers in the varnish are rimh in Mn and orange layers are poor in Mn. Microscopic examinations of varnish ultra-thin sections reveal a lamination pattern that is regionally consistent and comparable. Based on geomorphic age control, the Holocene varnish lamination sequence is tentatively established and its paleoclimatic implications are explored within the framework of existing paleoclimati data in the region.     

南京2种常见行道树致敏性及其控制措施

城市行道树的飞毛飞絮是城市常见植源性污染,常引起部分人群的不适症状.以南京常见行道树为研究对象,选取二球悬铃木和意杨2种主要致敏行道树进行深入研究,分析了2种致敏树种的生物学特性以及飞毛飞絮的飘散特点,提出通过无果品系选育、树冠嫁接等的控花控果法,丰富植物群落结构法及合理利用风力作用法等措施来控制致敏树种的飞毛飞絮危害办法.     

Cranial anatomy and implications of Dolichocebus, a late Oligocene ceboid primate

THE very scarce fossil record of Cainozoic New World monkeys(1,2) has contributed little to knowledge of the history of platyrrhine primates, an important element of both the neotropical mammal fauna(3) and the pantropical primates, as a whole. Only the affinities of the Middle Miocene Colombian fossils Neosaimiri, Stirtonia and Cebupithecia seem reasonably well established(4), though not without dissent(5), and these are clearly linked with the modern squirrel, howler and sakiuakari monkeys, respectively. After completion of a survey of the morphology and interrelationships of the platyrrhines, to be detailed elsewhere (A. L. R., in preparation), it is now possible to discuss the evolutionary implications of the terminal Oligocene Dolichocebus gaimanesis of Patagonia, represented by a nearly complete cranium only recently prepared fully, although first described in 1942 (ref. 6). This specimen strongly suggests that Dolichocebus is a member of the Saimiri lineage, which thus becomes the oldest generic lineage known for the primates, dating from about 25 Myr ago(7). Its affinities also imply that the two major monophyletic divisions of Ceboidea were already established by late Oligocene times, as were the marmosets and tamarins.     

截短侧耳素产生菌的鉴定及发酵培养基初筛

对产截短侧耳素（pleuromutilin）的真菌P4-04进行形态学观察和ITS保守序列鉴定,初步鉴定P4-04可能属于担子菌纲斜盖菇属新种. 采用单因子实验对发酵培养基条件筛选. 优化结果显示,最佳碳源为果糖,浓度为5%,最佳氮源为2％的黄豆饼粉, FeSO4添加浓度为0.04%. 在此条件下获得的产量比原始条件提高73.1%.     

响应面法优化罗汉果内生真菌SG-59产荧光物质的培养基

在单因素实验和多因数-二水平实验的基础上,采用Box-Benhnken实验设计,选取水溶性淀粉、酵母浸膏和培养时间为自变量,以荧光物质的总荧光强度作为因变量,通过响应面法优化了罗汉果内生真菌SG-59产荧光物质的培养条件。结果表明,此菌株产荧光物质的最佳培养条件为:水溶性淀粉36.5 g/L,酵母浸膏7.0 g/L,500 mL培养瓶装液量为170 mL,28℃静置培养27 d。这将为大规模发酵和进一步研究这些荧光物质打下基础。     

普通病房飞沫污染物传播特性与评价

空调病房良好的气流组织能快速地排除室内病人产生的飞沫污染物,从而减小医护及陪护等健康人员的感染风险.通过文献分析给出人体呼吸活动产生飞沫的粒径、数目、速度和温度等基础数据,利用Fluent软件建立普通病房物理模型与飞沫污染物蒸发扩散模型,借助Fluent软件的开放接口UDF(用户自定义函数),编写描述病人呼吸与咳嗽产生飞沫的非稳态速度分布的UDF程序作为速度输入条件,模拟了普通病房在上送上回、贴附射流和上送下回3种典型的气流组织形式下,人体飞沫污染物的传播特性.模拟结果发现,3种气流组织病房中,粒径为0.1～3μm的飞沫在病人与健康人员呼吸区域个数浓度均最大,上送下回气流组织形式病房内健康人员呼气区域的飞沫个数浓度比上送上回低40％,比贴附射流组织形式低近70％,且通风效率更高、排除飞沫污染物的效果更好,建议普通病房采用上送下回气流组织形式以降低室内人员的交叉感染风险.