Reversible electromechanical characteristics of carbon nanotubes under local-probe manipulation

The effects of mechanical deformation on the electrical properties of carbon nanotubes are of interest given the practical potential of nanotubes in electromechanical devices, and they have been studied using both theoretical and experimental approaches. One recent experiment used the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) to manipulate multi-walled nanotubes, revealing that changes in the sample resistance were small unless the nanotubes fractured or the metal-tube contacts were perturbed. But it remains unclear how mechanical deformation affects the intrinsic electrical properties of nanotubes. Here we report an experimental and theoretical elucidation of the electromechanical characteristics of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) under local-probe manipulation. We use AFM tips to deflect suspended SWNTs reversibly, without changing the contact resistance; in situ electrical measurements reveal that the conductance of an SWNT sample can be reduced by two orders of magnitude when deformed by an AFM tip. Our tight-binding simulations indicate that this effect is owing to the formation of local sp3 bonds caused by the mechanical pushing action of the tip.     

基于AFM纳米加工机理和方法的研究进展

作者介绍了近期基于AFM纳米加工方法的最新研究进展，探讨了AFM纳米加工过程中的机理，重点分析了利用AFM针尖诱导表面氧化，针尖诱导表面改性，纳米刻蚀加工，纳米化学反应，单分子，单原子操纵及纳米结构组装等6种基于AFM的纳米加工方法，为今后纳米信息产品的研究和开发奠定了基础，纳米加工技术是一门综合性的交叉学科，研究内容涉及到物理学、化学、生物学、材料学以及机械学等许多方面，文中不仅指出了理阶段研究中存在的问题，并提出了今后需要重视的研究方向。     

Carbon nanotubes as nanoscale mass conveyors

The development of manipulation tools that are not too 'fat' or too 'sticky' for atomic scale assembly is an important challenge facing nanotechnology. Impressive nanofabrication capabilities have been demonstrated with scanning probe manipulation of atoms and molecules on clean surfaces. However, as fabrication tools, both scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes suffer from a loading deficiency: although they can manipulate atoms already present, they cannot efficiently deliver atoms to the work area. Carbon nanotubes, with their hollow cores and large aspect ratios, have been suggested as possible conduits for nanoscale amounts of material. Already much effort has been devoted to the filling of nanotubes and the application of such techniques. Furthermore, carbon nanotubes have been used as probes in scanning probe microscopy. If the atomic placement and manipulation capability already demonstrated by scanning probe microscopy could be combined with a nanotube delivery system, a formidable nanoassembly tool would result. Here we report the achievement of controllable, reversible atomic scale mass transport along carbon nanotubes, using indium metal as the prototype transport species. This transport process has similarities to conventional electromigration, a phenomenon of critical importance to the semiconductor industry.     

碳纳米管表面电荷电分布及尖端电场研究

碳纳米管具有一些特殊的物理性质，其中潜藏着重要的技术价值。从理论上具体研究了金属型碳纳米管周围的电势分布、纳米管表面电荷分布及其尖端附近的电场强度等静电特性，结果显示长径比小的碳纳米管尖端处所集聚电荷密度的相对值大，而长径比大的碳纳米管尖端处所集聚电荷密度的绝对值大，并且碳纳米管的尖端电场强度有很大的加强。这对理论上进一步探索碳纳米管的场发射机制有积极意义。     

利用AFM在不同加工参数下实现纳米加工

利用扫描探针显微镜(SPM)进行电场诱导氧化加工的方法可应用于半导体微型器件和纳米电子器件的加工制作，文中研究了原子力显微镜(AFM)电场诱导氧化理论以及一些加工参数(偏置电压和加工速度)对加工结构尺寸的影响，并提出了阈值电压的概念，通过实验得出了偏压越大，加工线尺寸越大的结论，并指出随着加工速度的增大，加工线宽和线高都减小，且加工线高度和加工速度近似呈负对数关系，实验是在H钝化的Si表面上进行的。     

二维、三维模型碳纳米管场发射场强计算的比较研究

在计算碳纳米管场发射显示器中电场强度时,为了提高计算效率,许多资料将三维空间的场发射简化为二维模型进行计算,为了比较分析使用二维模型和三维模型计算结果的差异,建立了二维模型单根碳纳米管、三维模型单根碳纳米管和单碳纳米墙3个模型,应用Ansoft Maxwell有限元数值仿真软件进行了仿真,计算结果表明:二维碳纳米管场发射模型的仿真结果代表的三维空间实际情况为碳纳米墙场发射,而不是真正的三维空间碳纳米管场发射。对于单根碳纳米管,用二维模型计算的碳纳米管尖端电场强度仅为三维空间碳纳米管尖端电场强度的1／4。     

使用碳纳米管AFM针尖的蛋白质高分辨率成像

原子力显微镜(AFM)是分析生物分子结构的有效手段,而目前使用的探针针尖的性质限制了高分辨率图像的获得。该文将碳纳米管安装到原子力显微镜的传统针尖上,制作出碳纳米管针尖以解决这个问题。运用碳纳米管针尖在大气常温条件下获得了由3个单元组成的小鼠抗体IgG蛋白质的Y形结构,并且分子的尺寸与X射线晶体衍射的结果非常接近,这种效果用传统针尖是无法获得的。获得的蛋白质分子超微结构的高分辨率图像为研究蛋白质分子功能提供了有价值的信息。     

Research on a Diamond Tip Wear Mechanism in Atomic Force Microscope-based Micro/nano-machining

The object is to investigate the wear of an atomic forcemicroscope (AFM) diamond tip when conducting micro/nano-machining on single crystal silicon surface. The experimental research and theoretical analysis were carried out on the worn tip in terms of wear rate, wear mechanism and the effect of the tip wear on micro-machining process. The wear rate was calculated as 1.7(10～10mm3/(N*m) by using a theoretical model combined with the experimental results. Through an integration of an AFM observation on the worn tip features with the FEM simulation of the stress distribution, in addition to the unit cutting force calculation on the AFM diamond tip, the wear mechanism of the AFM diamond tip was concluded as mainly chemical wear, and the wear process was also elaborated as well.     

多壁碳纳米管表面修饰化学官能团的定量分析

碳纳米管因其独特的结构及物理化学性质,已迅速成为化学、物理学、生物学及材料科学的研究热点。尽管在碳纳米管的定性表征方面发展了 许多成熟的技术,对其表面功能化化学基团的定量分析却相对滞后,目前已公开报道的文献较少且大多局限于单壁碳纳米管的分析,对多壁碳纳米管这方面的系统研究还未见报道。本文首先合成了羧基化、 氨基化两种多壁碳纳米管及三取代的羧基化C60,对多壁碳纳米管表面修饰的羧基和氨基进行了定量分析。结果发现酸碱滴定法是较为准确的测定多壁碳纳米管表面羧基含量的方法,脱Fmoc基团方法则能够 简单准确地定量功能化碳纳米管表面氨基的含量。     

原子力显微镜探针自动逼近系统设计与应用

设计出一套能独立运作的原子力显微镜(AFM)探针自动逼近系统,可广泛应用于大部分原子力显微扫描系统的独立开发.逼近过程中,通过VB的串口通讯发送指令控制单片机采集AFM微悬臂梁的偏转信号,并传送到计算机进行分析显示,实时监测探针与样品之间的作用力,最终实现探针的自动逼近.该系统可与多种相关原子力显微镜设备组合应用,达到个性化多功能检测的目的.     

面向SWCNT-FET制造的介电泳装配技术

针对单壁碳纳米管(SWCNT)场效应晶体管(FET)制造过程中面临的SWCNT装配问题,采用介电泳技术实现SWCNT在微电极上的有效装配.对SWCNT在非均匀电场中所受到的介电泳力进行了相关理论分析,利用COMSOL多物理场耦合软件模拟了介电泳驱动电场,并做了大量装配实验,获得了高效装配SWCNT所需的实验参数.AFM扫描观测及电特性测试验证了这种方法的有效性,同时也为其他一维纳米材料纳电子器件的装配制造提供了借鉴.     

两步法修饰多壁碳纳米管

近年来由于碳纳米管具有优异的性能,对碳纳米管的修饰成为众多科学家研究的热点.通过简单的两步法将牛血清白蛋白单分子薄膜修饰在多壁碳纳米管表面.首先在多壁碳纳米管表面液相沉积一层二氧化硅,然后在二氧化硅表面再修饰蛋白质分子,经过交联形成一层蛋白质薄膜.用FTIR和XPS表征样品的成分,并用高分辨透射电镜观察修饰后样品的微观结构.这种方法不但简单还可用来在碳纳米管表面接枝别的生物大分子,二氧化硅性质稳定而且容易去除,所以这种简单的两步法对拓展碳纳米管在生物材料和生物医学等方面的应用具有一定的价值.     

压载对裂纹超载迟滞作用的影响

针对在随机载荷谱中拉超载对疲劳裂纹扩展的迟滞作用的研究较多，而对压载作用的研究很少的状况，着重研究了载荷谱中的压载对构件的疲劳寿命的影响。通过对裂纹尖端应力状态的研究，发现压载对超载迟滞现象有抵消作用；它使得有效应力强度因子值增大，并进一步给出了定量估计。     

氮掺杂单壁碳纳米管结构的第一原理计算

利用第一原理, 通过密度泛函理论计算掺杂氮原子的单壁碳纳米管几种可能的几何结构. 研究表明, 含氮的锯齿型单壁碳纳米管比含氮的扶手椅型单壁碳纳米管的几何结构稳定; 在富含氮的单壁碳纳米管中, 径向形变比轴向形变明显, 并讨论了掺杂氮后碳纳米管中碳氮原子间的键合情况.      

Formation of ordered ice nanotubes inside carbon nanotubes

Following their discovery, carbon nanotubes have attracted interest not only for their unusual electrical and mechanical properties, but also because their hollow interior can serve as a nanometre-sized capillary, mould or template in material fabrication. The ability to encapsulate a material in a nanotube also offers new possibilities for investigating dimensionally confined phase transitions. Particularly intriguing is the conjecture that matter within the narrow confines of a carbon nanotube might exhibit a solid-liquid critical point beyond which the distinction between solid and liquid phases disappears. This unusual feature, which cannot occur in bulk material, would allow for the direct and continuous transformation of liquid matter into a solid. Here we report simulations of the behaviour of water encapsulated in carbon nanotubes that suggest the existence of a variety of new ice phases not seen in bulk ice, and of a solid-liquid critical point. Using carbon nanotubes with diameters ranging from 1.1 nm to 1.4 nm and applied axial pressures of 50 MPa to 500 MPa, we find that water can exhibit a first-order freezing transition to hexagonal and heptagonal ice nanotubes, and a continuous phase transformation into solid-like square or pentagonal ice nanotubes.     

非磁性杂质对碳纳米管态密度的影响研究

针对非磁性杂质对碳纳米管的影响问题作了系统理论的分析,为设计和实现具有优良性能的基于碳纳米管的量子器件提供理论依据.应用格林函数方法计算态密度的结果表明,单个点缺陷在碳纳米管中引起准束缚态;给出准束缚态能级和峰宽的解析公式,分析它们与碳纳米管手型和直径之间的关系;逐点计算局域态密度发现,在实空间准束缚态是一个非常局域化的效应,离开缺陷即迅速衰减.同时,缺陷在碳纳米管中会引起Friedel振荡,其方向与碳纳米管手型有关.     

非磁性杂质对碳纳米管态密度的影响研究

针对非磁性杂质对碳纳米管的影响问题作了系统理论的分析,为设计和实现具有优良性能的基于碳纳米管的量子器件提供理论依据.应用格林函数方法计算态密度的结果表明,单个点缺陷在碳纳米管中引起准束缚态;给出准束缚态能级和峰宽的解析公式,分析它们与碳纳米管手型和直径之间的关系;逐点计算局域态密度发现,在实空间准束缚态是一个非常局域化...     

Y型分叉碳纳米管的研究

Y型结构碳纳米管几何结构独特,具有典型的应用价值,可作为网络状增强组分应用于高性能复合材料中,在三极管纳米电子器件等领域发挥作用,因此引起众多研究者的关注.用电弧法制备了Y型碳纳米管,研究了它的形成机理和制备工艺参数,并利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和电子能谱(EDS)考察了它们的形貌和结构特征.研究结果显示,Y型碳管在其拐点处存在催化剂粒子,由于催化剂的作用,在体系内产生了七元环拓扑缺陷,进而形成Y型分叉结构.Y型碳管结构的形态与制备参数有关,催化剂含量愈高,形成Y型和其它奇异结构碳管愈多.     

碳纳米管的电镜图象

运用Ｘ６５０扫描电镜、Ｈ８００透射电镜等对各种碳纳米管的形貌和结构进行了观察,发现碳纳米管呈纤维状,且有一定的弯曲;碳纳米管管端始终是封闭的,管子四周被碳纳米颗粒包围;纯化后的碳纳米管管壁四周的碳纳米颗粒消失,管口同时被打开．此外,还对其形成原因进行了分析     

碳纳米管阴极场致发射的电场数值模拟

利用Visual FORTRAN语言,对碳纳米管阴极的外电势分布和电场强度分布进行了数值模拟．采用非等间距的网格划分对碳纳米管尖端附近进行细致的划分处理,并利用等参有限元方法进行了模拟计算．分析了碳纳米管尖端局部电场强度的增强效应和相邻碳纳米管之间的电场屏蔽现象．讨论了碳纳米管电场强度随管间距变化的关系以及碳纳米管尖端电场强度随半径变化的关系。