乙酸正丁酯合成实验的改进

对有机化学实验教材中乙酸正丁酯实验室合成方法进行了改进；应用自制电加热器，以固体硫酸钛代替液体浓硫酸作催化剂，优化了合成工艺条件，产率提高31％，实验时间缩短3h，且后处理简单，废水排放大大减少，催化剂易回收可重复使用多次．     

SO4^2-／SiO2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化乳酸乙酯的合成研究

目的研究自制固体超强酸对乳酸乙酯的合成反应的催化效果，寻求乳酸乙酯的最佳合成条件。方法采用溶胶凝胶法制得SiO2-ZrO2基质材料，然后将其通过浸渍法制备了SO4^2-／SiO2-ZrO2固体超强酸，对SO4^2-／SiO2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化乳酸乙酯的合成反应进行了研究。结果SO4^2-／SiO2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化乳酸乙酯的合成反应适宜的反应条件为：预焙烧温度为200℃，浸泡硫酸浓度为1．0mol／L，硅锆摩尔比为15，焙烧温度为500℃，醇酸比为3时，酯化率可达92．79／6。XRD对固体超强酸的分析结果表明，其中SiO2是三斜晶型，ZrO2是四方晶型。结论自制的SO4^2-／SiO2-ZrO2固体超强酸的对乳酸乙酯的合成反应具有良好的催化效果，适宜推广应用。     

酸乙酯制备实验的改进

以固体酸代替硫酸,对乙醇和乙酸的酯化反应进行研究,考察了催化剂种类、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间对乙酸乙酯合成的影响。结果表明以固体酸为催化剂具有催化活性强,产物产率高,反应物无碳化变黑现象等优点,是学生实验较理想的催化剂。     

SO_4~(2-)/SiO_2-ZrO_2固体超强酸催化乳酸乙酯的合成研究

目的研究自制固体超强酸对乳酸乙酯的合成反应的催化效果,寻求乳酸乙酯的最佳合成条件。方法采用溶胶凝胶法制得SiO2-ZrO2基质材料,然后将其通过浸渍法制备了SO42-/SiO2-ZrO2固体超强酸,对SO42-/SiO2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化乳酸乙酯的合成反应进行了研究。结果SO42-/SiO2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化乳酸乙酯的合成反应适宜的反应条件为:预焙烧温度为200℃,浸泡硫酸浓度为1.0 mol/L,硅锆摩尔比为15,焙烧温度为500℃,醇酸比为3时,酯化率可达92.7%。XRD对固体超强酸的分析结果表明,其中SiO2是三斜晶型,ZrO2是四方晶型。结论自制的SO42-/SiO2-ZrO2固体超强酸的对乳酸乙酯的合成反应具有良好的催化效果,适宜推广应用。     

绿色化学理念下合成环己烯的研究进展

通常采用浓硫酸或浓磷酸液相脱水来制备环己烯,此法虽然经典,但收率不高,同时硫酸腐蚀性强,炭化严重,操作不便;磷酸虽较硫酸的效果好,但成本较高.针对上述合成环已烯实验的诸多问题,综述了无机盐、对甲基苯磺酸、超强固体酸、阳离子交换树脂以及磷钨酸等环境友好的催化剂催化环己醇脱水制备环己烯的研究进展.展望了绿色化学理念下环己烯制备的研究前景,并提出了几种简单易行的绿色合成方法.     

SO2-4/SiO2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化乳酸乙酯的合成研究

目的 研究自制固体超强酸对乳酸乙酯的合成反应的催化效果,寻求乳酸乙酯的最佳合成条件.方法 采用溶胶凝胶法制得SiO2-ZrO2基质材料,然后将其通过浸渍法制备了SO2-4/SiO2-ZrO2固体超强酸,对SO2-4/SiO2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化乳酸乙酯的合成反应进行了研究.结果 SO2-4/SiO2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化乳酸乙酯的合成反应适宜的反应条件为:预焙烧温度为200 ℃,浸泡硫酸浓度为1.0 mol/L,硅锆摩尔比为15,焙烧温度为500 ℃,醇酸比为3时,酯化率可达92.7%.XRD对固体超强酸的分析结果表明,其中SiO2是三斜晶型,ZrO2是四方晶型.结论 自制的SO2-4/SiO2-ZrO2固体超强酸的对乳酸乙酯的合成反应具有良好的催化效果,适宜推广应用.     

固体超强酸催化合成乙酸正丁酯——将绿色化学概念渗透到实验教学中

该文提出把固体超强酸（一种环境友好催化剂）催化合成乙酸正丁酯的科研成果引入到有机合成实验教学中,并与传统乙酸正丁酯实验（硫酸催化）进行比较。     

纳米固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2的制备及其催化活性

以廉价的无机盐TiCl4为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法结合超临界流体干燥技术制备出纳米TiO2粉末,经硫酸溶液浸泡、活化后制成纳米固体超强酸SO24-/TiO2.着重探讨了纳米固体超强酸的制备条件,并将其用于乙酸正丁酯的合成反应以考察其催化活性.结果表明:该法制备的纳米固体超强酸SO24-/TiO2具有很强的催化活性,且制备成本低,反应时间短,酯化率高.     

固体酸催化合成环已酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮进展

评述了对甲苯磺酸、氨基磺酸、强酸性阳离子交换树脂、六水三氯化铁、二水氯化亚锡、硫酸铜、水合硫酸铁、十二水合硫酸铁铵、硫酸钛、四水硫酸铈、铌酸、树脂固载Lewis酸、一水硫酸氢钠、碘、固体超强酸、杂多酸、分子筛和维生素C等催化剂催化合成环已酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮的实验结果.建议对近年来开发的有应用前景的催化剂进行扩大试验与筛选.     

纤维素及纤维素纤维气凝胶的制备及其在油水分离中的应用研究进展

近年来,研究者们制备了各种吸附材料应用于溢油处理,其中气凝胶作为地球上最轻的合成固体,具有超低密度、高孔隙率和高比表面积等优点,在油水分离处理方面得到了广泛关注。纤维素作为一种廉价而丰富的天然聚合物,是制备气凝胶材料的良好原料。本文综述了纤维素气凝胶的制备方法、干燥方法以及疏水改性方法,并对纤维素气凝胶在油水分离领域的应用现状进行分析总结。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.