低合金高强度双相耐磨钢热处理工艺研究

采用光学显微镜、电子显微镜和万能力学试验机对热处理后的低合金高强度双相耐磨钢试样进行组织观察和力学性能测试.结果表明,水淬后的试样微观组织为贝氏体-马氏体双相组织;250 ℃回火后的试样微观组织为回火马氏体和贝氏体;450 ℃和600 ℃回火后的试样微观组织分别为回火马氏体和贝氏体.水淬250 ℃回火后的试样具有最佳强度和塑性配比,其抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为1 491.4 MPa和1 264.6 MPa,HRC硬度为43,延伸率为9.42%.     

淬火介质对耐磨铸钢组织和性能的影响

分别研究了以水和机油作为淬火介质的42CrMo钢和双相耐磨钢淬火+回火后的显微组织和性能.确定了双相耐磨钢和42CrMo钢的最佳热处理工艺及性能.结果表明:双相耐磨钢经水淬和油淬回火后的显微组织均为板条马氏体+针状贝氏体+碳化物;42CrMo钢经水淬和油淬回火后的显微组织分别为回火马氏体+残余奥氏体和回火马氏体+铁素体+贝氏体.经过480h的低应力磨料磨损实验发现,水淬+280℃回火处理的42CrMo钢耐磨性能最好,其相对耐磨性可达高锰钢的1.558倍.     

钒微合金化中锰钢组织与性能研究

对一种钒微合金化低碳中锰钢进行了轧制及热处理实验,对其组织与性能进行了研究,通过选取合理的热处理工艺,获得了良好的强韧性指标.结果表明:热轧态中锰钢的屈服强度在700MPa以上,-40℃的冲击功为67J,当淬火温度和回火温度分别为900℃和600℃时,实验钢的屈服强度在650 MPa以上,-40℃的冲击功为275J,具有良好的强韧性指标.热处理态实验钢的组织为回火马氏体,组织细化有利于提高实验钢的低温冲击功,当淬火温度为900℃时,在回火过程中可析出大量20nm以下的二元相VC,其析出强化量在150 MPa以上.     

回火工艺对热轧高强贝氏体钢轨组织和力学性能的影响

本文研究了不同回火工艺条件下热轧态U25CrNi高强贝氏体钢轨的组织与力学性能变化。结果表明,试验钢热轧态和回火组织均由贝氏体、马氏体和残余奥氏体构成。当回火条件为300℃×200min时,试验钢中部分残余奥氏体发生贝氏体相变,钢的各项力学性能变化不大;当回火温度升至400℃时,试验钢中残余奥氏体体积分数较大,碳化物析出量较少,内应力进一步释放,试验钢的延伸率和冲击吸收功达到最大值,同温度下延长回火时间至360min,钢中碳化物颗粒析出增多,延伸率和冲击性能明显降低;当回火温度为500℃时,试验钢中贝氏体铁素体明显粗化,并伴随大量碳化物颗粒析出,残余奥氏体大量分解,出现了回火脆性。综合考虑,U25CrNi热轧高强贝氏体钢轨的最佳回火工艺为400℃×200min。     

回火温度对1500MPa级直接淬火钢组织与性能的影响

设计了一种新型1500MPa级Si-Mn-Cr-Ni-Mo多组元系低合金、超高强度工程结构钢,研究了回火温度对直接淬火钢组织与力学性能的影响.结果表明,抗拉强度随回火温度的升高而不断降低,屈服强度随回火温度升高先升高后下降,延伸率和冲击功均随回火温度升高呈现先升高、后降低、再升高的变化趋势.分析认为,回火过程组织演变的物理机制一方面包括板条马氏体和位错亚结构的回复、再结晶软化过程,另一方面包括残余奥氏体的分解与马氏体中过饱和碳的脱溶及析出第2相的强化机制综合作用.250℃回火后,板条马氏体内析出ε碳化物;400℃回火后ε碳化物明显粗化,产生回火脆性;600℃回火后部分析出相在奥氏体中形核,在马氏体基体内长大和粗化,最终形态为近似球形,另一部分析出相在马氏体内形核、生长,呈现椭球形或矩形.     

高强高韧低合金锰钢的研制

采用多元合金化思路设计了一种新型低合金高强度高韧性锰钢.研究了该钢的静态CCT曲线、显微组织、断口形貌以及热处理工艺对钢的力学性能的影响.结果表明:该钢中过冷奥氏体的稳定性高,具有高淬透性及高回火稳定性,经890～930℃淬火及200～230℃回火后获得回火板条马氏体组织,使该钢具有高的强韧性(抗拉强度Rm≥1500MPa,冲击韧性Akv≥85J)匹配;钢中适当提高锰含量,符合我国资源情况,具有较高的性价比.     

均匀化退火和锻造对双相耐磨钢强韧性的影响

研究了一种低合金双相耐磨钢经均匀化退火和锻造处理后的微观组织和强韧性能.结果表明:经980℃均匀化退火4,8 h和1 150℃锻造处理后,实验钢显微组织主要为板条状马氏体、针状贝氏体及少量残余奥氏体,锻造处理后的晶粒度最小为7.0~7.5级,均匀化退火处理后的晶粒度最大为6.5~7.0级.均匀化退火的保温时间是影响双相耐磨钢力学性能的主要因素,实验钢保温4 h时的冲击韧性和延伸率值高于保温8 h的值.锻造比均匀化退火更适宜于提高低合金双相耐磨钢的强韧性,优化工艺为始锻温度1 150℃、终锻温度800℃、锻造比2.     

热处理工艺对NM600耐磨钢板组织性能的影响

为了提高NM600耐磨钢应用于恶劣工况下的耐磨性能,通过正交试验研究各热处理参数,包括淬火温度、淬火保温时间、回火温度、回火保温时间等,对于试验钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,回火温度是抗拉强度、屈服强度、冲击功、布氏硬度最主要的影响因素。随着回火温度升高,伸长率先小幅上升再缓慢下降,抗拉强度、屈服强度、冲击功和布氏硬度均呈下降趋势。试验钢热处理后的微观组织主要是板条马氏体、还有少量的残余奥氏体和碳化物。确定了最佳热处理工艺为:在860℃淬火保温30 min,200℃回火保温60 min。所获得的最优工艺性能为:抗拉强度1 956.2 MPa、屈服强度1 566.7 MPa、伸长率12.7%、-20℃冲击功19.2 J、布氏硬度576.5 HB。     

V、Ta微合金化12Cr低活性F/M钢的优化设计

采用Thermo-Calc热力学模拟计算与实验相结合的方法,优化设计了一种V、Ta微合金化的低活性F/M钢12Cr3WVTa,经1 050℃水淬及780℃回火后对其显微组织及析出相进行光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察以及能谱分析.实验钢淬火回火后显微组织由回火马氏体和少量δ铁素体相组成,析出相主要为M23C6和MX相(M=V,Ta;X=C,N),其中M23C6主要分布于回火马氏体板条界和相界,而MX弥散析出于回火马氏体板条内以及δ铁素体内.实验钢室温和高温(600℃)拉伸力学性能良好,600℃下材料抗拉强度为507 MPa,屈服强度为402 MPa,满足超临界水冷堆用包壳管的拉伸性能要求.     

Nb对中碳低合金耐磨钢组织和性能的影响

通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、力学性能测试等手段分析了微量合金元素铌对低合金耐磨钢组织和性能的影响.加入质量分数为0.034％的Nb后,耐磨钢的硬度提高HB 9,-20℃夏比冲击功从29.4J提高到37.6J,耐磨性能提高3.5％.硬度和韧性提高的主要原因是组织的细化和析出强化,含Nb钢在奥氏体化过程中析出纳米级的细小NbC第二相,并且钉扎奥氏体晶界,抑制晶粒的长大,钉扎类型符合Zener模型,但不同于之前研究者所得的比例系数.     

DQ-T工艺对12MnNiVR钢组织和力学性能的影响

研究了轧后在线淬火+离线回火(DQ-T)对12MnNiVR容器钢显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明,在线淬火至300℃获得的组织以条状贝氏体为主,淬火至30℃的组织为马氏体加贝氏体.经离线回火,原始带状下贝氏体为回火索氏体替代,同时析出大量微小FexC粒子.在630~710℃区间,随着回火温度的升高,屈服强度和硬度急速降低,而低温韧性明显提升.回火时间增加,强度下降,韧性增强.在最佳DQ-T工艺条件下:容器钢的ReH为660MPa,Rm为700MPa,A为19.4%,Akv(-20℃)为104 J.     

中碳耐磨钢动态冷却条件下组织变化

以中碳耐磨钢为研究对象,通过热膨胀法测定了中碳耐磨钢CCT曲线,分析了动态冷却条件下其组织变化,结果表明当冷速小于5℃/s时得到的组织为铁素体＋贝氏体,随着冷速的增加铁素体的数量减少,当冷速达到10℃/s时得到的组织为贝氏体组织,随着冷速的增加贝氏体的形态由粒状贝氏体逐渐转换为板条贝氏体,当冷却速度在15℃/s～50℃/s之间时得到的组织为贝氏体＋马氏体的组织。当冷速大于30℃/s的时候发生马氏体转变,生成的组织主要为马氏体组织。建议直接淬火工艺冷却速度15℃/s,冷却开始温度应该在800～850℃左右,而冷却结束温度在400～450℃左右。     

调质低碳贝氏体钢的组织和性能

研究了C--Mn--Mo--Cu--Nb--Ti--B系低碳微合金钢915℃淬火和490～640℃回火的调质工艺对钢的组织及力学性能的影响.用扫描电镜和透射电镜对实验钢的组织、析出物形态和分布以及断口形貌进行观察,采用X射线衍射仪分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数.结果表明:调质后,实验钢获得贝氏体、少量马氏体及残余奥氏体复相组织,贝氏体板条宽度只有250 nm,残余奥氏体的体积分数随着回火温度的升高而降低,经淬火与520℃回火后残余奥氏体的体积分数为2.1%.调质后析出物的数量激增,6～15 nm的析出物占70%以上.实验钢经过915℃淬火与520℃回火后,其屈服强度达到915 MPa,抗拉强度990 MPa,-40℃冲击功为95 J.细小的析出物及窄的板条提高了钢的强度.板条间有残余奥氏体存在,改善了实验钢的韧性.     

NM400高强度低合金耐磨钢的组织与性能

采用Ti-Cr-B微合金化成分设计、奥氏体再结晶区直接轧制及淬火加低温回火的热处理工艺,开发出低成本的NM400级别高强度、高韧性的低合金耐磨钢板.利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等对其组织、性能、断口形貌及析出物进行了研究.结果表明:试验钢的组织主要为高密度位错板条马氏体及分布在板条上的...     

大断面轴承钢控轧控冷工艺的模拟与分析

利用Gleeble 1500热模拟实验机,研究了轴承钢在850℃终轧后,不同冷却速度对其显微组织结构的影响规律.采用ANSYS有限元软件,模拟了大断面轴承钢在不同工艺制度下的温度场分布.结果表明:冷却速度是影响轴承钢碳化物析出的主要因素,在850℃终轧变形后,为了抑制网状的析出,冷却速度应达到3℃/s左右为宜;轴承钢断面越大,在快速冷却过程中,表面与心部的温度差越大(最大温差约450℃),心部冷却越困难;直径为60 mm以下圆钢,通过冷却强度与冷却制度的合理匹配,可以控制心部的冷速达到3℃/s,从而抑制网状碳化物析出.     

SCM435钢奥氏体连续冷却转变行为

利用热模拟试验机对SCM435钢的奥氏体连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线进行了测定和分析.结果表明:SCM435钢对冷速极为敏感,在冷却速度为005℃/s时,可以得到铁素体、珠光体及少量贝氏体组织;当冷速增加到1℃/s时,铁素体转变结束,同时开始产生少量马氏体组织.在实际生产中,通过与模拟预测相结合来控制冷却,抑制块状先析铁素体的生成,同时避免马氏体的大量产生,生产出冷镦性能及球化效果较为理想的基体组织.     

Effect of hot-dip galvanizing processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600-MPa hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel

A C-Mn dual-phase steel was soaked at 800℃ for 90 s and then either rapidly cooled to 450℃ and held for 30 s (process A) or rapidly cooled to 350℃ and then reheated to 450℃ (process B) to simulate the hot-dip galvanizing process. The influence of the hot-dip galvanizing process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600-MPa hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel (DP600) was investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and tensile tests. The results showed that, in the case of process A, the microstructure of DP600 was composed of ferrite, martensite, and a small amount of bainite. The granular bainite was formed in the hot-dip galvanizing stage, and martensite islands were formed in the final cooling stage after hot-dip galvanizing. By contrast, in the case of process B, the microstructure of the DP600 was composed of ferrite, martensite, bainite, and cementite. In addition, compared with the yield strength (YS) of the DP600 annealed by process A, that for the DP600 annealed by process B increased by approximately 50 MPa because of the tempering of the martensite formed during rapid cooling. The work-hardening coefficient (n value) of the DP600 steel annealed by process B clearly decreased because the increase of the YS affected the computation result for the n value. However, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (A₈₀) of the DP600 annealed by process B exhibited less variation compared with those of the DP600 annealed by process A. Therefore, DP600 with excellent comprehensive mechanical properties (YS=362 MPa, UTS=638 MPa, A₈₀=24.3%, n=0.17) was obtained via process A.     

Determining role of heterogeneous microstructure in lowering yield ratio and enhancing impact toughness in high-strength low-alloy steel

Here we present a novel approach of intercritical heat treatment for microstructure tailoring, in which intercritical annealing is introduced between conventional quenching and tempering. This induced a heterogeneous microstructure consisting of soft intercritical ferrite and hard tempered martensite, resulting in a low yield ratio(YR) and high impact toughness in a high-strength low-alloy steel. The initial yielding and subsequent work hardening behavior of the steel during tensile deformation were modified by the presence of soft intercritical ferrite after intercritical annealing, in comparison to the steel with full martensitic microstructure. The increase in YR was related to the reduction in hardness difference between the soft and hard phases due to the precipitation of nano-carbides and the recovery of dislocations during tempering.The excellent low-temperature toughness was ascribed not only to the decrease in probability of microcrack initiation for the reduction of hardness difference between two phases, but also to the increase in resistance of microcrack propagation caused by the high density of high angle grain boundaries.     

Determining role of heterogeneous microstructure in lowering yield ratio and enhancing impact toughness in high-strength low-alloy steel

Here we present a novel approach of intercritical heat treatment for microstructure tailoring,in which intercritical annealing is introduced between conventional quenching and tempering.This induced a heterogeneous microstructure consisting of soft intercritical ferrite and hard tempered martensite,resulting in a low yield ratio(YR)and high impact toughness in a high-strength low-alloy steel.The initial yielding and subsequent work hardening behavior of the steel during tensile deformation were modified by the presence of soft intercritical ferrite after intercritical annealing,in comparison to the steel with full martensitic microstructure.The increase in YR was related to the reduction in hardness difference between the soft and hard phases due to the precipitation of nano-carbides and the recovery of dislocations during tempering.The excellent low-temperature toughness was ascribed not only to the decrease in probability of microcrack initiation for the reduction of hardness difference between two phases,but also to the increase in resistance of microcrack propagation caused by the high density of high angle grain boundaries.