罗氏沼虾复眼的形态和超微结构研究

用电子显微镜观察了日间光适应的罗氏沼虾复眼,结果显示其复眼呈圆球形,组成复眼的小眼为长方形,面积约为４７５μｍ ２⒚小眼由折光和感光两部分构成⒚几丁质的角膜分成数十层,成角膜细胞胞质呈网状,４ 个晶锥细胞远端为电子致密质,近端为电子透明质⒚７ 个小网膜细胞伸出的微纤毛组成了感杆束,其远端的直径约１．４μｍ ,中部的直径为７．４μｍ ,近端的直径只有１．７μｍ ⒚膜下储泡囊体积小,数量少,色素颗粒分布在整个细胞中⒚与短尾类的中华绒螯蟹复眼相比罗氏沼虾的复眼有其结构特异性     

红螯螯虾光感受器的形态和超微结构

应用光镜和电镜技术研究显示,红螯螯虾的复眼为半球形,表面积约为21mm^2．其背面除一拇指状的区域外,其余部分都由小眼组成．小眼多为正方形,面积约为3700μm^2．每个小眼从远端到近端分别由角膜、4个角膜生成细胞、4个晶锥细胞组成的晶锥及小网膜细胞构成．小眼的感光系统由11个小网膜细胞组成,其中4个小网膜细胞位于晶锥之下,构成了感光部分的远端,7个小网膜细胞构成感光系统的近端主体,上下两部分有重叠．远端和近端的小网膜细胞在结构上有明显差异,远端的4个小网膜细胞的胞质较致密,但细胞器种类及数量较近端的小网膜细胞少．红螯螯虾的感光系统有两种类型的感光细胞,可能具有不同的生理功能．     

菜粉蝶与蛱蝶复眼和视叶的形态学结构研究

菜粉蝶(PierisrapaeLinnaeus)与蛱蝶(VanessacarduiLinnaeus)复眼均为长椭圆形,菜粉蝶小眼数约为5065个,蛱蝶为9231个,蛱蝶复眼表面的角膜小眼面间生有刺毛.菜粉蝶复眼背腹夹角与前后夹角分别为180°和165°,蛱蝶分别为220°和180°.2种蝶都为并列相眼,晶锥由4个晶锥细胞分泌而成的倒圆锥形.每个小眼由8个小网膜细胞围绕视杆为中心组成,菜粉蝶复眼背方的小眼由4个着色深和4个着色浅的小网膜细胞围成.色素颗粒主要集中于晶锥两旁的6个色素细胞中,小网膜细胞两旁也具有少量色素分布.视叶由视叶神经节层、视髓质层、小叶复合体3部分构成.小叶复合体分为小叶和小叶板,小叶位于小叶板前部,约占复合体体积的2/3.神经元分布于视叶中的皮质.视神经节与第一视交叉前部、小叶前部、小叶板后部也分布有大神经元胞体.除一些中小型细胞外,还有较大的类似于运动神经元的细胞存在于小叶前部.     

日本沼虾胚胎复眼发生的研究

应用光镜技术和透射电镜技术,研究了日本沼虾胚胎复眼的发生.在原肠期,胚区前端的外胚层细胞增殖形成视叶原基.发育至后无节幼体期开始形成视神经节.在前蚤状幼体早期胚胎出现复眼色素，同时构成复眼的细胞开始分化。前蚤状幼体晚期，复眼色素区扩大到复眼直径的一半。复眼由个眼构成，每个个眼由角膜、角膜生成细胞、晶锥、小网膜细胞等组成。超微结构显示，胚胎的复眼结构与成体的相似，但感杆束直径比成体小。至胚胎孵化，眼柄尚未发育完善。     

蚤状溞复眼的形态和超微结构观察

采用电镜技术观察了蚤状潘的复眼,约有22个小眼组成．小眼面为圆形,平均面积为284．58μm^2．蚤状滏每个小眼含14个细胞,其中折光部分含有2个角膜细胞、5个晶体细胞、2个支持细胞;感光部分含有5个小网膜细胞．感杆束较短,上粗下细,横切面显示感杆束不规则,不同细胞伸出的微绒毛在感杆束中形成不同的区域,区域间存在较大空隙．根据蚤状漫复眼的形态和超微结构说明其感光器属于较原始模式．     

刀额新对虾复眼的外部形态结构及光、暗适应对其超微结构的影响

应用电镜技术观察了刀额新对虾复眼的形态结构以及光、暗适应对其超微结构的影响．结果表明，刀额新对虾复眼外形呈圆球形，约由93116个小眼组成，组成复眼的小眼面均为正方形．每个小眼由折光系统和感光系统组成．光、暗适应时折光系统的结构基本相同，但感光系统之间有较大的差异．暗适应时，组成感杆束的微纤毛排列整齐，膜下储泡囊数量多，体积大，色素颗粒仅分布在细胞体远端；而光适应时，组成感杆束的微纤毛排列凌乱，并有部分溶解，多囊体多，各个层面上有板膜体的出现，色素颗粒分布于整个细胞．     

糠虾复眼超微结构的观察

使用电子显微镜研究了糠虾（Mysis latreille）复眼的超微结构．透射电镜观察结果显示：晶锥由4个晶锥细胞组成,2个位于远端,电子较致密,另2个位于近端,电子较疏松,晶锥延伸至近端与感杆束相连;7个小网膜细胞组成复眼的感光系统,感杆束直径在远端过核切面约为7．8μm．糠虾复眼的超微结构显示其感光器结构较一般十足目动物为原始,胞质中的细胞器种类和数量较少,色素颗粒较大,形态不规则．     

昆虫复眼的结构和功能

昆虫的复眼是昆虫最重要的光感受器,复眼是由一个个独立的小眼构成的,每个小眼主要是由角膜、晶锥、感杆束、色素细胞、基膜等组成.角膜和晶锥构成了复眼的屈光器,主要是起到透光、保护感受器和屈光的作用.感杆束和色素细胞可以随着光强的变化而变化,起到调节光量的作用,同时还起到视觉定向功能的作用.基膜是连接小眼和视神经的部分,起到了增加视神经感受性和支撑小眼的作用.     

中华绒螯蟹线粒体COⅡ基因全序列测定

通过克隆测序方法,报道了中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir japonica sinensis)线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅱ(COⅡ）基因全序列,与已知甲壳动物线粒体同源序列的比较显示,绒裂蟹COⅡ基因的核苷酸组成及其编码的氨基酸组成与软甲类甲壳动物最相近似。其序列组成与密码子使用对A、T核苷酸没有明显的偏倚,对中华绒螯蟹COⅡ全序列及其序列特征的研究,为进一步研究短尾类的系统发生和绒螯蟹属的分子进化提供了分子标记。     

不同光适应的中华绒螯蟹光感受器超微结构在昼夜中的变化

用透射电镜研究了一昼夜不同时间中光适应和暗适应的中华绒螯蟹光感受器的超微结构．结果显示出在感杆束的直径,膜下潴泡囊的体积、微纤毛基部的胞饮泡数量、色素样颗粒的位置以及有无脂滴、板膜体和溶酶体等细胞器方面,光适应和暗适应的光感受器有着明显的差异．在同一种适应状态中,中午和夜晚时的小网膜感杆束的体积较小,相应的细胞结构如胞质中的空泡、板膜体等与黎明和傍晚时的结构相比变化较大．虽然光感受器处于一个稳定的适应状态,但是在一昼夜中光感受器有着自己的节律变化．     

细形山地涡虫（PhagocataVivida）眼的超微结构研究

本文报道了细形山地涡虫（扁形动物门、涡虫纲、三肠目）眼的超微结构，该动物的眼由色素杯和感受器细胞构成。色素杯为眼的遮光装置，由一层色素细胞构成。在色素杯周围有大量的肌纤维和神经纤维。感受器细胞为双极神经元，由细胞体、轴突和高度特化的树突构成。     

Oligopotent stem cells are distributed throughout the mammalian ocular surface

The integrity of the cornea, the most anterior part of the eye, is indispensable for vision. Forty-five million individuals worldwide are bilaterally blind and another 135 million have severely impaired vision in both eyes because of loss of corneal transparency; treatments range from local medications to corneal transplants, and more recently to stem cell therapy. The corneal epithelium is a squamous epithelium that is constantly renewing, with a vertical turnover of 7 to 14 days in many mammals. Identification of slow cycling cells (label-retaining cells) in the limbus of the mouse has led to the notion that the limbus is the niche for the stem cells responsible for the long-term renewal of the cornea; hence, the corneal epithelium is supposedly renewed by cells generated at and migrating from the limbus, in marked opposition to other squamous epithelia in which each resident stem cell has in charge a limited area of epithelium. Here we show that the corneal epithelium of the mouse can be serially transplanted, is self-maintained and contains oligopotent stem cells with the capacity to generate goblet cells if provided with a conjunctival environment. Furthermore, the entire ocular surface of the pig, including the cornea, contains oligopotent stem cells (holoclones) with the capacity to generate individual colonies of corneal and conjunctival cells. Therefore, the limbus is not the only niche for corneal stem cells and corneal renewal is not different from other squamous epithelia. We propose a model that unifies our observations with the literature and explains why the limbal region is enriched in stem cells.     

草原沙蜥顶眼组织结构的半薄切片观察

草原沙蜥顶眼的角膜是由位于顶眼部位的皮肤特化形成，皮肤细胞色素消失，外表面的立方形细胞变为扁平细胞，其下的基质逐渐增厚，纤维增多，透明成角膜。晶状体与角膜紧密相贴，由交错排列的的几层柱状细胞组成，视网膜和晶状体相连，由感光细胞，色素细胞和神经节细胞组成，在由晶状体和视网膜围成的眼腔中，有玻璃体样结构分布，偶见有散在的细胞位于玻璃体样结构中。     

肾蕨叶表皮结构和气孔器发育的研究

在光学和电子显微镜下对肾蕨(Nephrolepis auriculata (L.)Trimen)叶表皮结构和气孔器发育进行了观察.肾蕨成熟叶表皮细胞呈不规则形,含有叶绿体.气孔器仅存在于下表皮,每个气孔器有2个保卫细胞,但副卫细胞3～6个不等.仅有2个副卫细胞和保卫细胞同源.保卫细胞和副卫细胞都含有叶绿体.气孔器的发育过程可分为3个主要时期:1)保卫细胞母细胞形成期;2)气孔器幼期;3)气孔器成熟期.在扫描电镜下观察,覆盖在表皮基本细胞和气孔器细胞外壁的角质膜呈波纹状.     

Adaptive visual metamorphosis in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent crab

Hydrothermal vents along the mid-ocean ridges host ephemeral ecosystems of diverse endemic fauna including several crustacean species, some of which undergo planktonic development as larvae up to 1,000 m above and 100 km away from the vents. Little is known about the role of vision in the life history of vent fauna. Here we report that planktonic zoea larvae of the vent crab Bythograea thermydron possess image-forming compound eyes with a visual pigment sensitive to the blue light of mesopelagic waters. As they metamorphose and begin to descend to and settle at the vents, they lose their image-forming optics and develop high-sensitivity naked-retina eyes. The spectral absorbance of the visual pigment in these eyes shifts towards longer wavelengths from larva to postlarva to adult. This progressive visual metamorphosis trades imaging for increased sensitivity, and changes spectral sensitivity from the blue wavelengths of the larval environment towards the dim, longer wavelengths produced in the deeper bathypelagic vent environment of the adults. As hydrothermal vents produce light, vision may supplement thermal and chemical senses to orient postlarval settlement at vent sites.     

Maintenance of optical quality during crystalline lens growth

Vertebrate lenses grow throughout life by the division of cells at the lens surface. The fibre cells thus produced are gradually covered by newer tissue, giving a layered structure. During growth, the lens must remain transparent and retain its refractile properties. The severity of these constraints is perhaps most evident in teleost fish which have a spherical lens that may increase in volume by a thousandfold during the first year of life. The dioptric power of the teleost fish eye is vested entirely in this spherical lens, as water, the cornea and the intraocular vitreous humour have almost identical refractive indices. Spherical lenses of uniform refractive index produce poor images because rays entering at different distances from the optic axis are focused at different distances from the lens. Teleost fish do not suffer from this imperfection and it has long been presumed that this is because there exists a refractive index gradient having a high value in the centre and decreasing continuously and symmetrically with radius in all directions. Here we demonstrate in the African cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni, that a refractive index gradient does exist, although its form is significantly different from that previously postulated.     

Measurement of corneal astigmatism

Cornea is the most important optical surface in the eye dioptric system. Three kinds of methods in measuring corneal astigmatism were used. Three hundred and sixty eyes suffered ametropia were selected on a random basis. Computer_assisted corneal topographic system was compared with keratometer and cycloplegic retinoscopy in measuring corneal curvature. There was no statistical difference in axes of astigmatism among the three groups. It is thought that ΔSim \%K\% could show the corneal regular astigmatism. As for diopters of astitigmatism, no difference was found between the groups of corneal topography and keratometer, but there was a significant difference between the group of cycloplegic retinoscopy and the other two groups. It was demonstrated that keratometer could function similarly as the corneal topography. However, it measured only four points from a small region of the cornea and was limited in measuring slight changes in corneal curvature. Some discussion was also made about the graphic patterns and ΔSim \%K\% in corneal topography.