Manufacturing and services: From mass production to mass customization

Manufacturing and services constitute two of the five sectors of every country’s economy;depending on the maturity of the economy,they are-in terms of employment-typically the two largest sectors.The outputs or products of an economy can also be divided into goods products(due to manufacturing,construction,agriculture and mining) and services products.To date,the goods and services products have,for the most part,been mass produced;it is the premise of this paper that recent technological advances-including flexible manufacturing,cloud computing,nanotechnology and smart sensing-can better enable the transformation from mass production to mass customization.We regard mass customization as the simultaneous and real time management of supply and demand chains,based on a taxonomy that can be defined in terms of its underpinning component and management foci.From a components perspective,we first consider the value chain of supplier,manufacturer,assembler,retailer,and customer,and then develop a consistent set of definitions for supply and demand chains based on the location of the customer order penetration point.From a management perspective,we classify the methods that are employed in the management of these chains,based on whether supply and/or demand are flexible or fixed.Interestingly,our management taxonomy highlights a very critical research area at which both supply and demand are flexible,thus manageable.Simultaneous management of supply and demand chains sets the stage for mass customization which is concerned with meeting the needs of an individualized customer market.Simultaneous and real time management of supply and demand chains set the stage for real time mass customization(e.g.,wherein a tailor first laser scans an individual’s upper torso and then delivers a uniquely fitted jacket within a reasonable period,while the individual is waiting).The benefits of real time mass customization cannot be over-stated as goods and services become indistinguishable and are co-produced-as "servgoods"-in real time,resulting in an overwhelming economic advantage.     

需求和成本同时扰动下双渠道供应链定价与生产决策

研究由单一制造商和单一零售商组成的双渠道供应链在发生扰动时的定价与生产决策问题. 假定每种渠道的需求都是关于零售价格和直销价格的线性函数,分别分析了需求和生产成本同时扰动对集中式和分散式双渠道供应链的定价与生产决策的影响. 通过求解优化问题的Kuhn-Tucker条件,得到了需求扰动和生产成本扰动在不同范围内取值时双渠道供应链的最优定价与生产决策. 研究表明,需求扰动效应和生产成本扰动效应的交互作用使得初始的生产计划具有一定的稳健性.     

双渠道信息产品供应链需求扰动研究

针对单个制造商和单个零售商构成的双渠道信息产品供应链系统,构建了需求扰动前后,以制造商为主导的双渠道信息产品供应链Stackelberg博弈模型,分析了需求扰动前后,集中式和分散式双渠道信息产品供应链定价和决策。通过求解最优化问题的Karush-Kuhn-Tucker条件,发现需求扰动对信息产品供应链的影响。说明无需求扰动时,双渠道信息产品供应链的利润受市场规模的影响,且零售渠道弹性较强。需求扰动发生时,双渠道信息产品供应链的利润随着扰动单调变化;分散式信息产品供应链通过收益共享合约,制定批发价格能够有效地协调信息产品供应链。     

供需不确定情形下基于期权的血液供应链优化

在供需不确定决策环境下,构建了基于期权的血液供应链决策模型,通过对模型的优化分析,以期揭示期权合约和供需不确定对血液供应链的决策影响.首先,在供需不确定和期权合约下,分别得出了医院的最优血液产品的采购策略(包含血液产品的最优常规采购量和最优期权采购量),以及血液中心的最优血液采集和生产策略.其次,将血液供应链在分散和集中决策下的策略进行比较,得出了实现血液供应链协调的合作条件.该协调条件不包含血液产品的采购价,只依赖于血液产品供应特征的影响.最后,论文证明了在血液供应链协调时,存在一种可以实现帕累托最优的供应链合作方案.     

THE DEMAND DISRUPTION MANAGEMENT PROBLEM FOR A SUPPLY CHAIN SYSTEM WITH NONLINEAR DEMAND FUNCTIONS

This paper addresses the problem of handling the uncertainty of demand in aone-supplier-one-retailer supply chain system. Demand variation often makes the real productiondifferent from what is originally planned, causing a deviation cost from the production plan. Assumethe market demand is sensitive to the retail price in a nonlinear form, we show how to effectivelyhandle the demand uncertainty in a supply chain, both for the case of centralized-decision-makingsystem and the case of decentralized-decision-making system with perfect coordination.     

需求信息不对称下供需双方的博弈

针对由单供应商和单销售商组成的供应链,提出了供应链双方需求信息对称情况下的激励机制模型,在此基础上建立了供应链双方在需求信息不对称情形下的运作策略博弈模型。该模型在供应商和销售商协商分享供应链利润的条件下,运用激励相容机制使销售商诚实申报需求信息,以便供应链利润最大化同时供应链成员实现双赢。通过冷酷战略原理分析了该激励机制的有效性,并运用仿真实验验证了该激励机制的可行性。     

Information sharing and strategic signaling in supply chains

Information sharing in procurement occurs in rich and varied industry contexts in which managerial decisions are made and organizational strategy is formulated. We explore how information sharing ought to work in procurement contexts that involve investments in inter-organizational information systems (IOS) and collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment (CPFR) practices. How and under what circumstances does a firm that plays the role of a supply chain buyer decide to share information on key variables, such as point-of-sale consumer demand data with its supplier, up the supply chain? This is a key issue that crosses the boundary between supply chain management and information systems (IS) management. The answers that we provide are based on our use of a game-theoretic signaling model of buyer and supplier strategy in the presence of uncertainties about final consumer demand. We also explore the connection between operational costs that are associated with the firm’s information sharing and information withholding strategies. Our results provide normative guidance to supply chain buyers about how to interpret different demand uncertainty scenarios to improve their decisions and generate high value. From the IS management perspective, we show the impacts on the firm of different information sharing approaches that are made possible by present day technologies.     

基于不对称需求信息的供应链协调定价

研究了销售单一产品给单个销售商的制造商在不对称的需求信息情形下,如何通过量折扣手段来进行供应链协调定价的问题.根据制造商-Stackelberg对策结构(即制造商向销售商宣布量折扣计划,然后销售商确定销售价格和相应的订货量),对该问题进行了分析,并为制造商提供了能更好地改善渠道效率的量折扣策略.数字实验结果表明:1)所提出的策略能够将整个渠道效率提高到接近100%;2)该策略不仅能提高制造商的利润,而且也能提高销售商的利润.     

需求预测信息更新条件下供应链的三阶段期权协调机制

考虑需求信息更新条件下的供应链期权协调机制, 研究三阶段生产和订购模型: 零售商在第一阶段发出固定订单并购买期权; 然后在第一和第二阶段之间更新需求信息, 并在第二阶段对固定订购量和期权购买量分别进行调整; 第三阶段满足市场需求, 通过执行期权并在必要时启动紧急订购满足前两阶段固定订货不足的部分. 协调机制的参数包含两个期权购买价格、一个期权执行价格和紧急订购对应的批发价, 且后两者均是期权购买价格的二元隐函数. 算例分析结果表明: 供应链及其成员的利润都得到帕累托改进; 两个期权购买价格及其比例关系对零售商订购决策和系统利润增量分配有着敏感影响; 期权价格在第一阶段的下降和第二阶段的上升均会为制造商带来投机动力, 争取谈判优势是零售商的理性选择.     

需求预测和供应链协调对长鞭效应的影响分析

运用自适应过滤、滑动平均和指数平滑预测方法分析多阶段供应链中长鞭效应．分析结果表明，在运用自适应过滤预测方法时，供应链不一定存在长鞭效应，文章进一步提出该预测方法前提下长鞭效应存在的条件；在运用滑动平均和指数平滑预测方法时，长鞭效应总是存在．根据三种预测方法的分析结果得出，适当的预测参数和供应链协调可以减小长鞭效应．并在此基础上，比较分析三种预测方法条件下供应链协调时需求参数对长鞭效应的影响规律，结果表明，预测方法不同，需求参数对长鞭效应的影响规律也有所不同．     

Information structures and pricing decisions in competing supply chains

The paper investigates the pricing decisions of two competing supply chains under the different information structures. Each retailer has private information about the market demand and has the right to decide whether or not to share the information with the manufacturer. Three demand-information structures, i.e., information sharing in both supply chains, information sharing in only one supply chain and information sharing in neither supply chain, are considered. We investigate the value of information by comparing the information structures, and find that the information value not only works in the channel directly, but also does in the competing channel indirectly. Information sharing in a supply chain always benefits its manufacturer, but hurts its retailer; while it benefits both the manufacturer and the retailer of competing supply chain, regardless of whether this competing supply chain has information sharing. From the perspective of channel, when the competition is more intense, information sharing in a supply chain makes this supply chain better off, and when the competition is less intense, the information sharing in a supply chain makes this supply chain worse off. However, it always makes the competing supply chain better off regardless of whether the competing supply chain has information sharing.     

The next industrial revolution: Integrated services and goods

The outputs or products of an economy can be divided into services products and goods products (due to manufacturing,construction,agriculture and mining).To date,the services and goods products have,for the most part,been separately mass produced.However,in contrast to the first and second industrial revolutions which respectively focused on the development and the mass production of goods,the next - or third - industrial revolution is focused on the integration of services and/or goods; it is beginning in this second decade of the 21st Century.The Third Industrial Revolution(TIR) is based on the confluence of three major technological enablers(i.e.,big data analytics,adaptive services and digital manufacturing);they underpin the integration or mass customization of services and/or goods.As detailed in an earlier paper,we regard mass customization as the simultaneous and real-time management of supply and demand chains,based on a taxonomy that can be defined in terms of its underpinning component and management foci.The benefits of real-time mass customization cannot be over-stated as goods and services become indistinguishable and are co-produced - as servgoods - in real-time,resulting in an overwhelming economic advantage to the industrialized countries where the consuming customers are at the same time the co-producing producers.     

考虑节点中断和需求波动的可靠供应链网络设计问题

本文研究了一个包含供应点、中转点和需求点的三级可靠供应链网络设计问题(RSCNDP).文章同时考虑了供应端的不确定性(节点中断的可能性)和需求端的不确定性(需求量的波动性),针对这些因素,采用情景的方法描述,并结合p-鲁棒模型的优点提出了一个新的混合整数规划模型.在模型中,α,β两参数分别表示决策者对节点中断和需求波动的风险偏好,优化的目标是在给定的风险偏好下最小化设施的固定成本和产品的运输成本.文章提出了一个由最短增广链法和遗传算法的相结合的混合智能算法来求解该模型,并结合实际进行了相应的数值分析.结论显示决策者的风险偏好对可靠供应链网络的设计会产生重大的影响,而在面临风险时,可靠的供应链网络表现要优于确定型的供应链网络,这些为企业的供应链管理决策提供了理论支撑.     

带有需求信息更新点决策的供应链协调模型

首次提出了带有需求信息更新时间点决策的Newsvendor型产品供应链协调问题.在假定制造商采取两生产模式以应对销售商两次不同订购的前提下,分别建立集中和分散决策系统下供应链各成员的利润模型,同时设计了协调契约以实现供应链的协调运作.最后,利用数值仿真得出了一些重要的管理启示.通过研究发现:1)随着需求信息更新点逐渐靠近销售期,制造商的第一次生产量将逐渐增大,但第二次生产量则逐渐减小;2)需求信息更新点决策能够提高供应链的整体运作绩效;随着外部环境的不确定性增大,销售商会延迟需求信息更新时点并且会降低其第一次订购量,而制造商却会提高其第一阶段的生产量,也即制造商的投机行为更加强烈.     

需求与成本双扰动时闭环供应链的生产策略和协调策略

文章研究了闭环供应链应对市场需求和成本双扰动的生产策略和协调机制.根据不同的扰动条件,给出了相应的生产调整策略:并且设计了新的数量折扣契约, 这使得无论在突发事件前后,都能实现闭环供应链系统利润的协调分配,保障生产调整策略的实施,从而达到闭环供应链应对突发事件的最优利润,文章最后通过数值分析证明了文中结论的正确性,研究表明:突发事件对闭环供应链造成了很大影响,使得整体渠道利润下降,但是通过采用调整的数量折扣契约和应对突发事件的生产调整策略, 可以在一定程度上缓减突发事件带来的不良影响,减少对闭环供应链的损失.     

中断环境下供应链弹性运作分析与优化

近年来自然灾害、事故、人为中断等供应链问题受到人们的关注. 为此,本文从定量分析的角度讨论了供应链弹性运作问题及优化问题. 首先,分析供应链弹性的概念,从时间、空间两个弹性维度分别讨论了其量化评估方法,将供应链的弹性运作问题描述为多变量耦合控制模型,分析不同灾害事件的交互影响机制. 其次,本研究没有仅仅从传统增加冗余的角度来增加弹性,而是建立可变结构的弹性制造模型,提出有针对性的自学习机制,并从企业文化、业务弹性、和建立弹性管理信息系统等方面给出了解决方案. 最后,用一个案例进行了验证,本方案能够量化地观察分析当供应链受到灾害事件冲击时,弹性恢复过程中的现象规律,有助于供应链弹性问题的量化决策和优化.     

批量客户化生产方式的基本概念与实施方法

论述了批量客户化生产（MassCustomization：MC）的基本概念和它在世界上的兴起,总结归纳了在产品不同的生命周期阶段（设计、制造、装配、供应链和销售服务）实现客户化生产的基本方法然后提出了企业实施MC的总体规划方法和32种可供选择的MC模式,以及经营过程重构是广大中国企业当前实施MC的有效途径的观点,并给出了重构的思路最后,提出并讨论了企业实现MC的5个支持条件：1）重塑经营理念;2）建立企业内各部门、以及企业之间的合作机制;3）建立灵活的企业组织结构;4）建立良好的技术支撑体系;和5）建立良好的员工队伍．希望本文能为我国学术界和企业界开创批量客户化生产方式的研究和实施提供新思路．     

敏捷供应链管理的综合集成研讨厅

敏捷供应链是企业适应市场环境的变化而演化出的运作模式，是属于开放的复杂巨系统范畴，而处理开放的复杂巨系统的有效方法是综合集成研讨厅体系，论文首先介绍了复杂性、复杂系统；分析了敏捷供应链的复杂性，指出敏捷供应链是一个开放的复杂巨系统；提出用综合集成研讨厅体系的思想研究敏捷供应链管理问题，给出了一个敏捷供应链管理的研讨框架，为敏捷供应链管理问题的研究提供了一个新的思路；提出将ARIS(集成信息系统体系结构)引入到综合集成研讨厅中，对供应链进行建模仿真，以支持核心企业实施敏捷供应链管理。     

考虑网络平台服务、消费者需求差异的混合供应链决策

文章研究了由制造商、零售商和网络平台构成的混合供应链系统,构建了混合供应链4种不同的模式:M-M-HSC模式,N-M-HSC模式,M-R-HSC模式和N-R-HSC模式,给出各个模式相应的定价、佣金以及利润等决策,分析消费者需求差异对各个模式运行的影响.研究表明:1)网络平台收取的佣金主要受制造商主导地位的影响,在M-R-HSC模式中,佣金以及网络平台的利润随着消费者网购偏好的增加而增加;在其他模式中,佣金以及网络平台的利润随着消费者网购偏好的增加呈现先增后减的趋势.2)产品的批发价格主要受制造商在传统渠道中的主导权影响,产品的网上销售价格主要受制造商在E-供应链中的主导权力影响.而且无论是产品的批发价格,网上销售价格还是制造商的利润,混合供应链的利润都随着消费者网络偏好的增加而增加.3)在4种模式中,零售商的利润及零售价格的大小是一一对应的,价格和利润都在M-R-HSC模式中最高,在N-M-HSC模式中最低.而且零售价格和零售商的利润随着消费者网购偏好系数的增加而减少.4)制造商主导混合供应链的运作模式有利于系统的运行.这些研究结论会进一步丰富发展混合供应链的理论基础,有利于供应链企业的运营发展.     

需求推断差异下供应链成员的运营决策机制

供应链终端随机需求的分布不确定时,制造商和零售商将根据各自掌握信息推断需求分布。若零售商不与制造商分享历史需求数据,制造商将根据零售商的历史订单数据进行需求推断。分析了制造商是否有历史需求数据时的价格决策、零售商相应的订购决策,以及供应链成员之间需求数据分享决策。结论显示：制造商根据零售商订单数据推断的需求过高时,将制定较高的批发价格;零售商的期望利润将比与制造商分享需求数据时少,零售商与制造商共享终端需求数据的可能性较大。进一步分析了激励供应链成员分享需求信息并增加供应链利润的协调机制。