Diversity of 16S rDNA and environmental factor influencing microorganisms in Malan ice core

The research on extrempholic microorganisms in glacial low-temperature environment receives more attention than ever before. Due to the successive chronological records in ice core, it is important to initiate microbiological studies on ice core samples. 23 samples from one ice core,drilled from central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, were analyzed.The number of total microorganisms and culturable microorganisms in different layers showed that it related with the content of dust in ice. It is suggested that the distribution of microorganisms in ice depends on the transportation of materials during glacier development. The bacteria diversity in Malan Glacier was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing methods, which showed that many sequences were similar to known psychrophilic bacteria.     

Diversity of 16S rDNA and environmental factor influncing microorganisms in Malan ice core

The research on extrempholic microorganisms in glacial low-temperature environment receives more attention than ever before. Due to the successive chronological records in ice core, it is important to initiate microbiological studies on ice core samples. 23 samples from one ice core, drilled from central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, were analyzed. The number of total microorganisms and culturable microorganisms in different layers showed that it related with the content of dust in ice. It is suggested that the distribution of microorganisms in ice depends on the transportation of materials during glacier development. The bacteria diversity in Malan Glacier was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing methods, which showed that many sequences were similar to known psychrophilic bacteria.     

Variations in air temperature during the last 100 years revealed by δ~(18)O in the Malanice core from the Tibetan Plateau

By comprehensive analyses,it was found that the variations in δ^18O recorded in Malan ice core from the Kekexili Region on the Tibetan Plateau could represent the changes in air temperature during the summer half year (from May to October) over the Kekexili Region and the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.The general increase trend in δ^18O in the ice core during the past century indicated climate warming,and it was estimated that air temperature during the summer half-year rose about 1.2℃ over there then.However,this ice core record documented that the study area has been cooling while most of the world has been dramatically warming since the late 1970s. A tele-connection was found between the variations in δ^18O in the Malan ice core and the North Atlantic Oscillation.Moreover,the variations in δ^18O in this ice core were similar to that in the summer half-year air temperature over the southern Tibetan Plateau on the centurial time scale,but opposite on the multidecadal time scale.     

自然水体生物膜中微生物群落结构与组成分析

为深入了解自然水体生物膜微生态群落系统中微生物群落的组成与结构。采集松花江吉林江段自然水体生物膜为研究对象,对其中微生物的总DNA进行了提取;之后利用高通量测序技术对生物膜中细菌的16S rDNA基因进行了序列测定。分析了自然水体生物膜中微生物群落组成鉴定和相对丰度。物种分类显示,细菌种类隶属于15个门、31个纲、58个目、80个科和148个属,其中优势类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),其相对丰度分为63.50%。     

Decrease trend of dust event frequency over the past 200 years recorded in the Malan ice core from the northern Tibetan Plateau

By analyses of the dust layers in the Malan ice core from the northern Tibetan Plateau, it was found that dirty ratio in this core might be a good proxy for dust event frequency. The variations in the dirty ratio displayed a decrease trend over the past 200 years, which implies that dust events became less frequent during the study period. The decrease trend in the variations in dust event frequency might be caused mostly by the natural processes, including increasing precipitation and weakening westerly which might be related with global warming. Furthermore, significant negative correlation was found between the dirty ratio and δ^18O in the Malan ice core. This is highly important for studying the effect of atmospheric dust on climate change.     

古矿井区域酸性矿坑水微生物群落的多样性

通过生态群落16S rRNA基因库的重建并采用限制性酶切长度多态性(RFLP)分析的方法,对铜绿山铜矿酸性矿水中微生物群落的多样性进行研究。通过RFLP对扩增出的327个16S rRNA PCR产物进行分析,对44个16S rRNA的克隆子进行测序。每个样点各有2～6个主要操作分类单元,这些操作分类单元所对应的克隆子数分别占各样点克隆子总数的56.3%～69.6%。93.8%的克隆子序列与现在的数据库中序列相似性大于90%。样点酸性矿坑水主成分分析与系统发育分析结果显示:在低pH值、高离子浓度的样点tls1与tls2中多数克隆子属于gamma-Proteobacteria(主要为Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)和Nitrospira科(主要为Leptospirillum);而在较高pH值、低离子浓度的样点tls3的克隆子多属于gamma-Proteobacteria(没有A.ferrooxidans)和alpha-Proteobacteria。在古矿井区域酸性矿坑水中微生物群落的多样性很低,生物地球化学特性相近的酸性矿坑水由具有相近的微生物群落组成。     

Southern Ocean dust-climate coupling over the past four million years

Dust has the potential to modify global climate by influencing the radiative balance of the atmosphere and by supplying iron and other essential limiting micronutrients to the ocean. Indeed, dust supply to the Southern Ocean increases during ice ages, and 'iron fertilization' of the subantarctic zone may have contributed up to 40?parts per million by volume (p.p.m.v.) of the decrease (80-100 p.p.m.v.) in atmospheric carbon dioxide observed during late Pleistocene glacial cycles. So far, however, the magnitude of Southern Ocean dust deposition in earlier times and its role in the development and evolution of Pleistocene glacial cycles have remained unclear. Here we report a high-resolution record of dust and iron supply to the Southern Ocean over the past four million years, derived from the analysis of marine sediments from ODP Site 1090, located in the Atlantic sector of the subantarctic zone. The close correspondence of our dust and iron deposition records with Antarctic ice core reconstructions of dust flux covering the past 800,000 years (refs 8, 9) indicates that both of these archives record large-scale deposition changes that should apply to most of the Southern Ocean, validating previous interpretations of the ice core data. The extension of the record beyond the interval covered by the Antarctic ice cores reveals that, in contrast to the relatively gradual intensification of glacial cycles over the past three million years, Southern Ocean dust and iron flux rose sharply at the Mid-Pleistocene climatic transition around 1.25 million years ago. This finding complements previous observations over late Pleistocene glacial cycles, providing new evidence of a tight connection between high dust input to the Southern Ocean and the emergence of the deep glaciations that characterize the past one million years of Earth history.     

Phylogenetic identification and microbial diversity in snow of the summit （8201 m） of Cho Oyu Mountain,Tibet

The bacterial diversity and abundance in snow of the summit （8201 m） of Cho Oyu mountain, Tibet, were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing followed by scanning electronic microscopy analysis. Most of bacteria were found to be of spherical or oval shape （〉95%）. Bacterial 16S rDNA sequences were classified into 5 genera （Caulobacter, Ralstonia, Cupriavidus, Pelomonas and Pseudomonas）. Gammaproteobacteria were the most abundant （91.25%） among the library that consists of 594 clones. The sequences found in this study are highly similar to those previously retrieved from other cold environments, such as ice core, sea ice, permafrost and snow. The results showed that the cold and barren environments strongly influence the survival of bacteria. The high similarity among sequences retrieved from snow sample and other places, such as ocean, soil and water, suggested that the bacteria in snow, soil and water environments have the same origin.     

High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000-800,000 years before present

Changes in past atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations can be determined by measuring the composition of air trapped in ice cores from Antarctica. So far, the Antarctic Vostok and EPICA Dome C ice cores have provided a composite record of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels over the past 650,000 years. Here we present results of the lowest 200 m of the Dome C ice core, extending the record of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration by two complete glacial cycles to 800,000 yr before present. From previously published data and the present work, we find that atmospheric carbon dioxide is strongly correlated with Antarctic temperature throughout eight glacial cycles but with significantly lower concentrations between 650,000 and 750,000 yr before present. Carbon dioxide levels are below 180 parts per million by volume (p.p.m.v.) for a period of 3,000 yr during Marine Isotope Stage 16, possibly reflecting more pronounced oceanic carbon storage. We report the lowest carbon dioxide concentration measured in an ice core, which extends the pre-industrial range of carbon dioxide concentrations during the late Quaternary by about 10 p.p.m.v. to 172-300 p.p.m.v.     

江西龙宫洞不同季节土壤微生物群落结构比较

采用非培养法和传统培养法相结合,利用Illumina高通量测序技术对江西省九江市彭泽县龙宫洞微生物的16S rDNA和ITS相关区域进行测序及生物信息学分析,通过实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)对洞穴土壤中细菌和真菌含量进行绝对定量,探究不同季节对洞穴土壤微生物群落结构的影响,同时观察相应可培养微生物分布情况.结果表明:...     

我国大学教师教学准入标准的研制

我国新时代人才培养和大学教学质量的提升,亟待明确教学准入标准以加强大学教师教学能力建设。在分析研制我国大学教师教学准入标准的可行性与必要性、借鉴国际典型性大学教学专业标准的基础上,针对我国大学教学的实际问题,尝试研制我国大学教师教学准入标准框架及标准草案。其中,标准框架以“专业价值观”“教学核心知识”和“教学能动行为”为3个核心维度,涵盖“教育理想”“专业道德”“自我认同”“本体性知识”“文化知识”“实践知识”“条件性知识”“设计与组织”“反思与评价”和“教学循证与合作”10个关键领域,并于标准草案中细化为39项基本要求,为大学教师的聘任准入、职前培养、入职培训、在职研修、上岗评估等工作提供具有科学性、系统性、开放性、参考性的资质认定标准和专业发展目标。     

New views on age of the Salawusu Formation of Late Pleistocene in northern China

The Salawusu Formation in the Salawusu River basin of Inner Mongolia is a typical sequence of the Upper Pleistocene in northern China. However, there have been some different views about the division and age of stratigraphic facies since the establishment of the Salawusu Formation. According to the stratigraphic subdivision and dating of the Dishaogouwan section, it is thought that the fluviolacustrine-aeolian sand sequence from the Dishaogouwan section can be compared with loess, deep-sea deposit records and climatic fluctuations of glacial period. The Salawusu Formation of fluviolacustrine facies was formed in the last interglacial period from 140 to 70 ka BP, roughly corresponding to the fifth stage of deep-sea oxygen isotope, and developed in the same period as the palaeosol S1 on the Loess Plateau; the aeolian sand of the Chengchuan Formation was formed in the last glacial period from 70 to 10 ka BP, constituting the heteropic geological body along with the Malan Loess on the Loess Plateau; the fluviolacustrine deposit and black soil of the Dagouwan Formation and the Dishaogouwan Formation was formed in the Holocene warm period from 9 700 to 3 000 a BP, or developed in the same period as the plaeosol B1 on the Loess Plateau.     

Degradation Performance and Biodiversity of an Anaerobic Polyvinyl Alcohol-Degrading Microbial Community

Polyvinyl alcohol( PVA) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer that is hard to biodegrade. PVA-degrading microorganisms were previously reported as unitary bacteria and most of them have been identified as aerobes. In this work,a microbial community was cultured anaerobically and its degradation performance and biodiversity were analyzed. The microbial community was cultured for more than 40 d,which represents a highly efficient degradation performance with a chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of 88. 48%. Operational taxonomic unit-based analysis of the sequences revealed a highly diverse community in the reactor. To note,metagenome 16s rDNA sequencing delineated 19 phyla and 41 classes. Specifically, proteobacteria, chlamydiae, bacteroidetes,firmicutes,and planctomycetes play key roles in the biodegradation processes. Moreover,the betaproteobacteria class belonging to the proteobacteria phylum was the predominant bacterial members in this community. Our results demonstrated that anaerobic treatment of PVA wastewater is feasible and confers degradation by a highly diverse microbial community.     

Modelled atmospheric temperatures and global sea levels over the past million years

Marine records of sediment oxygen isotope compositions show that the Earth's climate has gone through a succession of glacial and interglacial periods during the past million years. But the interpretation of the oxygen isotope records is complicated because both isotope storage in ice sheets and deep-water temperature affect the recorded isotopic composition. Separating these two effects would require long records of either sea level or deep-ocean temperature, which are currently not available. Here we use a coupled model of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets and ocean temperatures, forced to match an oxygen isotope record for the past million years compiled from 57 globally distributed sediment cores, to quantify both contributions simultaneously. We find that the ice-sheet contribution to the variability in oxygen isotope composition varied from ten per cent in the beginning of glacial periods to sixty per cent at glacial maxima, suggesting that strong ocean cooling preceded slow ice-sheet build-up. The model yields mutually consistent time series of continental mean surface temperatures between 40 and 80 degrees N, ice volume and global sea level. We find that during extreme glacial stages, air temperatures were 17 +/- 1.8 degrees C lower than present, with a 120 +/- 10 m sea level equivalent of continental ice present.     

西沙野生诺尼内生细菌群落多样性初步研究

采用构建16S rDNA克隆文库方法,首次对我国海南永兴岛西沙野生诺尼果内生细菌的群落结构和多样性进行初步研究.首次采用Mothur软件对诺尼果内生细菌克隆文库数据进行分析,构建Mothur软件数据分析平台.构建的西沙野生诺尼果内生细菌16S rDNA克隆文库中,93个克隆分属于12个不同可操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OTU),序列比对结果表明大部分克隆与已知细菌16S rDNA序列相似性较高.分别属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的Alpha、Beta、Gamma亚群,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes).水库杆菌属(Piscinibacter sp.)细菌为野生诺尼果内生细菌优势菌群.优势菌属分别为水库杆菌属(Piscinibacter sp.)为80.65%,蛋白胨菌属(Peptoniphilus sp.)和链球菌属(Streptococcus sp.)均为3.23%,甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium sp.)为2.15%.研究结果表明西沙野生诺尼果中存在较为丰富的内生细菌资源,将为进一步研究奠定理论基础.     

新疆冰湖溃决灾害风险评价与预警研究

受全球气候变暖及人类活动的影响,冰湖溃决灾害已成为当前新疆地区经济可持续发展中的突出问题之一。利用1977(MSS)～2015年Landsat影像、2015年的Google Earth高精度影像和DEM等数据解译获取新疆冰湖的时空分布信息,并选取导致冰湖溃决的主要影响因子,运用MATLAB和SPSS等软件,利用西北地区已有冰湖数据作为训练样本拟合评价方程,建立了新疆冰湖溃决风险评价模型和基于BP神经网络算法的预警模型。结果表明:(1)1977年以来新疆三大山系中冰湖的数量和面积不断增加,冰湖数量上增加了62.0%,冰湖面积增长率为0.98 km~2·a~(-1),但增长率呈现逐年减小的趋势;(2)对分布在新疆范围内的17个典型冰湖溃决风险评价的结果显示:有5个冰湖为高危风险、5个冰湖为中等风险、7个冰湖为低等风险,新疆大约29%的冰湖需要进行实时监测。     

中国“乡村旅游重点村”空间分布格局及影响因素

乡村旅游是实现国家乡村振兴战略的重要方面,全国“乡村旅游重点村”可为实施乡村振兴战略提供新契机,该文通过分析全国“重点村”空间分布的影响因素,研究全国“乡村旅游重点村”的特点.该文以全国首批“乡村旅游重点村”中的314个村为研究对象,运用ArcGIS空间分析法探讨全国“重点村”空间分布特征,采用地理探测器法等方法系统分析.研究结果表明：1) 全国“乡村旅游重点村”空间分布区域差异显著,总体结构呈“南北均衡和中部凹陷”的空间分布特征,旅游资源以自然景观为主,人文景观为辅.2) 全国“乡村旅游重点村”空间分布具有空间自相关性,在特定区域空间上呈数量规模集聚,空间密度呈“双核中心,次级中心零星分布”态势,冷热分区与集聚核心中心高度吻合.3) 全国“乡村旅游重点村”点集系统空间分形结构特征明显,空间分布无显著的标度区,分形结构较为简单.4) 影响全国“乡村旅游重点村”空间分布的核心要素主要是旅游资源禀赋、区域社会经济以及区域基础设施条件等.研究结果印证了314个中国“乡村旅游重点村”作为乡村旅游培育重点,具有典型性和代表性.     

One-to-one coupling of glacial climate variability in Greenland and Antarctica

Precise knowledge of the phase relationship between climate changes in the two hemispheres is a key for understanding the Earth's climate dynamics. For the last glacial period, ice core studies have revealed strong coupling of the largest millennial-scale warm events in Antarctica with the longest Dansgaard-Oeschger events in Greenland through the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. It has been unclear, however, whether the shorter Dansgaard-Oeschger events have counterparts in the shorter and less prominent Antarctic temperature variations, and whether these events are linked by the same mechanism. Here we present a glacial climate record derived from an ice core from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, which represents South Atlantic climate at a resolution comparable with the Greenland ice core records. After methane synchronization with an ice core from North Greenland, the oxygen isotope record from the Dronning Maud Land ice core shows a one-to-one coupling between all Antarctic warm events and Greenland Dansgaard-Oeschger events by the bipolar seesaw6. The amplitude of the Antarctic warm events is found to be linearly dependent on the duration of the concurrent stadial in the North, suggesting that they all result from a similar reduction in the meridional overturning circulation.     

高效脱酚菌的筛选及微生物多样性分析

为了揭示不同培养基分离的细菌种群的多样性差异及获得高效脱酚菌,采用单链构象多态性技术,以16S rRNA基因的V3区为靶对象,对3种不同培养基SJ(自制培养基)、LB(牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基)、YEB(酵母牛肉膏培养基)分离细菌的种群多样性进行了比较研究.结果表明:SJ培养基比LB和YEB培养基有更高的种群多样性,更适于细菌的分离筛选.利用SJ培养基筛选出的3株高效脱酚菌降解废水中总酚的能力均在99%以上,经过生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA测序,建立了系统发育树,鉴定出这3株菌分别属于气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和不动细菌属(Acinetobacter).     

崂山古冰川遗迹的地质证据

崂山是中国海岸线上的最高峰。研究发现，崂山发育有典型的古冰川侵蚀和堆积地貌，拥有我国东部罕见的冰碛海岸和冰碛扇等地貌类型。更新世期间，崂山至少发育过4次古冰川作用。更新世早期，崂山东部的雪线为60-90m（现代海拔），崂山及其周围共发育60余条古冰舌，东部的冰舌一直伸入黄海之中。孢粉组合特征说明，崂山在冰期具备形成冰川的气候条件；堆积物粒度曲线显示为冰川成因的沉积特征。研究还发现，中国东部的古冰川遗迹可能大部分被埋藏起来；区域地形特征和当地气候条件是决定雪线高度的关键因素。