具有良好可再生性的新型二氧化硅磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料

Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe₃O₄ NPs with a SiO₂ layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO₂ coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO₂ on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO₂ layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe₃O₄ NPs, forming a core-shell Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO composite where Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.     

微波预处理对复杂铜矿磨矿及浮选动力学的影响

The effect of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ on the reduction roasting and magnetic separation of high-phosphorus iron ore containing phosphorus in the form of Fe₃PO₇ and apatite was investigated. The results revealed that Na₂CO₃ had the most significant effect on iron recovery and dephosphorization, followed by CaCO₃, the effect of CaF₂ was negligible. The mechanisms of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaF₂ were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS). Without additives, Fe₃PO₇ was reduced to elemental phosphorus and formed an iron–phosphorus alloy with metallic iron. The addition of CaCO₃ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to generate an enormous amount of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and promoted the reduction of iron oxides. However, the growth of iron particles was inhibited. With the addition of Na₂CO₃, the phosphorus in Fe₃PO₇ migrated to nepheline and Na₂CO₃ improved the reduction of iron oxides and growth of iron particles. Therefore, the recovery of iron and the separation of iron and phosphorus were the best. In contrast, CaF₂ reacted with Fe₃PO₇ to form fine Ca₃(PO₄)₂ particles scattered around the iron particles, making the separation of iron and phosphorus difficult.     

不同硅饱和系数水榴石的碳酸化分解动力学

Carbonated decomposition of hydrogarnet is one of the vital reactions of the calcification–carbonation method, which is designed to dispose of low-grade bauxite and Bayer red mud and is a novel eco-friendly method. In this study, the effect of the silica saturation coefficient (x) on the carbonation of hydrogarnet was investigated from the kinetic perspective. The results indicated that the carbonation of hydrogarnets with different x values (x = 0.27, 0.36, 0.70, and 0.73) underwent two stages with significantly different rates, and the kinetic mechanisms of the two stages can be described by the kinetic functions R3 and D3. The apparent activation energies at Stages 1 and 2 were 41.96–81.64 and 14.80–34.84 kJ/mol, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding limiting steps of the two stages were interfacial chemical reaction and diffusion.     

一种超重力燃烧合成制备高性能高熵合金的新方法

A new method of high-gravity combustion synthesis (HGCS) followed by post-treatment (PT) is reported for preparing high-performance high-entropy alloys (HEAs), Cr_0.9FeNi_2.5V_0.2Al_0.5 alloy, whereby cheap thermite powder is used as the raw material. In this process, the HEA melt and the ceramic melt are rapidly formed by a strong exothermic combustion synthesis reaction and completely separated under a high-gravity field. Then, the master alloy is obtained after cooling. Subsequently, the master alloy is sequentially subjected to conventional vacuum arc melting (VAM), homogenization treatment, cold rolling, and annealing treatment to realize a tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of 1250 MPa, 1075 MPa, and 2.9%, respectively. The present method is increasingly attractive due to its low cost of raw materials and the intermediate product obtained without high-temperature heating. Based on the calculation of phase separation kinetics in the high-temperature melt, it is expected that the final alloys with high performance can be prepared directly across master alloys with higher high-gravity coefficients.     

利用皮秒激光烧蚀制备非球形铝纳米颗粒

We report the picosecond laser ablation of aluminum targets immersed in a polar organic liquid (chloroform, CHCl₃) with ~2 ps laser pulses at an input energy of ~350 μJ. The synthesized aluminum nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at ~340 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images of Al nanoparticles demonstrated the spherical morphology with an average size of (27 ± 3.6) nm. The formation of smaller spherical Al nanoparticles and the diminished growth could be from the formation of electric double layers on the Al nanoparticles. In addition to spherical aluminum nanoparticles, triangular/pentagonal/hexagonal nanoparticles were also observed in the colloidal solution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of ablated Al targets demonstrated laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs), which were the high spatial frequency LIPSSs (HSF-LIPSSs) since their grating period was ~280 nm. Additionally, coarse structures with a period of ~700 nm were observed.     

窄板坯结晶器内连铸工艺参数对钢液流场的影响

Computational simulations and high-temperature measurements of velocities near the surface of a mold were carried out by using the rod deflection method to study the effects of various operating parameters on the flow field in slab continuous casting (CC) molds with narrow widths for the production of automobile exposed panels. Reasonable agreement between the calculated results and measured subsurface velocities of liquid steel was obtained under different operating parameters of the CC process. The simulation results reveal that the flow field in the horizontal plane located 50 mm from the meniscus can be used as the characteristic flow field to optimize the flow field of molten steel in the mold. Increases in casting speed can increase the subsurface velocity of molten steel and shift the position of the vortex core downward in the downward circulation zone. The flow field of liquid steel in a 1040 mm-wide slab CC mold can be improved by an Ar gas flow rate of 7 L·min?1 and casting speed of 1.7 m·min?1. Under the present experimental conditions, the double-roll flow pattern is generally stable at a submerged entry nozzle immersion depth of 170 mm.     

电渣重熔脱硫技术研究进展

Electroslag remelting (ESR) gives a combination of liquid metal refining and solidification structure control. One of the typical aspects of liquid metal refining during ESR for the advanced steel and alloy production is desulfurization. It involves two patterns, i.e., slag–metal reaction and gas–slag reaction (gasifying desulfurization). In this paper, the advances in desulfurization practices of ESR are reviewed. The effects of processing parameters, including the initial sulfur level of consumable electrode, remelting atmosphere, deoxidation schemes of ESR, slag composition, melting rate, and electrical parameters on the desulfurization in ESR are assessed. The interrelation between desulfurization and sulfide inclusion evolution during ESR is discussed, and advancements in the production of sulfur-bearing steel at a high-sulfur level during ESR are described. The remaining challenges for future work are also proposed.     

Mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al2O3?Na2O system during high-temperature sintering

The mineral transition and formation mechanism of calcium aluminate compounds in CaO?Al₂O₃?Na₂O system during the high-temperature sintering process were systematically investigated using DSC?TG, XRD, SEM?EDS, FTIR, and Raman spectra, and the crystal structure of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was also simulated by Material Studio software. The results indicated that the minerals formed during the sintering process included Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀, CaO·Al₂O₃, and 12CaO·7Al₂O₃, and the content of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ could reach 92wt% when sintered at 1200°C for 30 min. The main formation stage of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ occurred at temperatures from 970 to 1100°C, and the content could reach 82wt% when the reaction temperature increased to 1100°C. The crystal system of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was tetragonal, and the cells preferred to grow along crystal planes (110) and (210). The formation of Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀ was an exothermic reaction that followed a secondary reaction model, and its activation energy was 223.97 kJ/mol.     

含细夹层的分矿充填层中流动特性的可视化

Ore particles, especially fine interlayers, commonly segregate in heap stacking, leading to undesirable flow paths and changeable flow velocity fields of packed beds. Computed tomography (CT), COMSOL Multiphysics, and MATLAB were utilized to quantify pore structures and visualize flow behavior inside packed beds with segregated fine interlayers. The formation of fine interlayers was accompanied with the segregation of particles in packed beds. Fine particles reached the upper position of the packed beds during stacking. CT revealed that the average porosity of fine interlayers (24.21%) was significantly lower than that of the heap packed by coarse ores (37.42%), which directly affected the formation of flow paths. Specifically, the potential flow paths in the internal regions of fine interlayers were undeveloped. Fluid flowed and bypassed the fine interlayers and along the sides of the packed beds. Flow velocity also indicated that the flow paths easily gathered in the pore throat where flow velocity (1.8 × 10?5 m/s) suddenly increased. Fluid stagnant regions with a flow velocity lower than 0.2 × 10?5 m/s appeared in flow paths with a large diameter.     

几何机器人的研究与发展

 阐述了几何机器人的基本概念、数学构型、力学机制、工程应用、艺术设计及哲学思考。以几何机器人的科学研究为基础,提出以几何机器人为载体的MSEAP 研究与教育理念,即将数学、科学、工程、艺术和哲学融合于几何机器人的学习、研究以及应用,旨在修养形成数学家的逻辑思维、科学家的创新精神、工程师的实践能力、艺术家的美学视野、哲学家的普世情怀。     

生物多样性的评估仍是一项艰巨的工作

根据现有的资料对中国和世界动物的种数作了一个初步的比较，无脊椎动的某些门类在中国有多少种目前还不清楚，如：鄂咽动物门Gnathostomula，腹毛动物门Gastrotricha，线形动物门Nematomorpha（部分），有爪动物门Onychophora和心鳃动物门Pterobranchia，此外，下列一些动物门类或其中的部分分类单元，在我国有关物种资源的知识也很贫乏，尚需要作进一步的深入研究，如：海绵动物门Porifera，中生动物门Metazoa,线虫动物门Nematoda，棘头动物门Acanthocephala，益虫动物门Echiura，须腕动物门Pogonophora，软体动物门Mollusca（部分），腕足动物门Branchiopoda，内肛动物门Entoprocta,缓步动物门Tardigrada,五口动物门Pentastoma,节肢动物门Arthropoda(部分）和肠鳃动物门Enteropneusta,本文还对受胁动物的状况进行了讨论，无疑地，森林的破坏和动物资源的过度开发是威胁物种多样性的主要因素，此外，水的污染和富营养化使许多动物，尤其是淡水无脊椎动物面临灭绝的危险，过去数十年间，我国的动物学工作者在分类学研究和野生动物的保护方面，尤其是对珍稀种，特有种和重要的经济种的保护方面作出了巨大的努力，但是，像我国这样一个多样性大国，尚有大量的物种有待调查研究和编目，在1996年IUCN（世界自然保护联盟）出版的《世界物种红色名录》中，中国只有5种无脊椎动物被列为受胁物种，仅占世界受胁物总的总数（1891种）的0．26％，占美国物种总数（594种）类，蛭类和涡虫类这样一些类群竞争没有列出一种是受胁的种类，像珊瑚的这样重要的类群没有列出一种灭绝种，仅仅列出2个易危种，由此，作者在文中强调指出，在物种多样性的调查，编目和红皮书的编写方面，今后的的重点应放到无脊椎动物这一个在生物多样性中占优势类群方面来。     

基于文献计量分析的流域山水林田湖草生命共同体研究进展与展望

生态文明建设的深入实施,推动山水林田湖草生命共同体研究进入一个崭新的发展阶段.采用VOSviewer、CiteSpace 5.1 R8软件分析及文献归纳方法,识别了山水林田湖草、生态清洁小流域的研究热点,梳理了山水林田湖草生命共同体研究,主要内容包括系统治理、生态保护修复、土地整治以及流域生命共同体研究的发展特征.在此基础上,从理论层面、研究内容、研究尺度、数据支撑4个方面指出未来流域山水林田湖草生命共同体的研究热点.     

贵州葫芦科、桔梗科等六个科药用植物资源的研究

通过野外调查、标本采集、分类学研究及资料考证,对贵州列当科、车前科、忍冬科、川续断科、葫芦科、桔梗科药用植物资源的种类、地理分布及拉丁学名等进行考证和调查研究。结果发现贵州现有列当科药用植物5种,车前科4种,忍冬科46种8变种2亚种1变型,川续断科3种,葫芦科51种7变种,桔梗科33种3变种2亚种,其中1种为贵州地理分布新记录属和种,6种为贵州地理分布新记录种,27种1变种1亚种1变型为贵州药用新资源。     

现实的困惑:权利冲突--权利冲突的成因、形式与化解之管见

权利冲突是指在权利的行使中出现两种合法性、正当性权利，要实现一种权利就要排除或减损另一种权利的实现。社会资源有限性、社会习惯、法律体系、权利的位阶不确定性是权利冲突的的原因。通过合作交换、平等、公平、价值衡量和利益衡量来化解权利冲突。在现实生活中，有些权利冲突是由于滥用权利所造成的，实际上。对公民权利的保障与限制存在着对立统一关系。     

海德格尔后期对主体中心论的批判与后现代转向

后期海德格尔批判了现代主义主体中心论形而上学人道主义,认为一切人道主义都是形而上学的;这种主客二分的形而上学离开了物道、天道,人道主义成了虚无主义,导致了世界的各种危机;现代主义形而上学的主要问题在于对存在的遗忘;对存在的遗忘就不能处理好人道、世道、物道、天道之间的关系;要超越主体中心论形而上学就要首先恢复人的原本含义,正确看待人在世界中的位置,把人看作是天、地、神、人四元之一,平等地对待世界的各种存在者,按四元要素的整体统一关联原则出发进行筑造和栖居,从而拯救世界,达到天、地、神、人和谐诗意栖居的理想状态。海德格尔对人道主义的批判具有积极意义,同时在逻辑上出现了悖论,否定了人的主观能动性,世界就可能回到蛮荒之原始状态。     

仁爱、道爱、兼爱－儒、道、墨爱观比较

儒、道、墨三家之爱作为共同效忠于先秦社会的哲学流派,在人性基础,修养方式,政治思想,爱的最高境界方面存在共同点,然从其各自特性上,不难发现三家之爱在立足点,群已关系,爱的方式,最终目的,意识导向又有其独立之外。无论在理论上还是在实践上,三家之爱都突显了各自的价值。     

腮腺非上皮性良性肿瘤的多层螺旋CT表现

探讨了多层螺旋CT(MSCT)对腮腺非上皮性良性肿瘤的诊断价值.回顾性分析了12例经病理证实的腮腺非上皮性良性肿瘤患者的CT资料,其中3例行增强扫描.研究的12个病例中,神经鞘瘤1例,神经纤维瘤、囊肿、鳃裂囊肿和淋巴管瘸各2例,血管淋巴管瘤、血管畸形和脂肪瘤各1例.其中,9例肿瘤位于腮腺浅叶;7例形态规则.5例形态不规则;9例与正常腮腺组织分界清楚,3例分界不清;8例密度均匀,4例密度不均;增强后2例不均匀强化,1例(脂肪瘤)未强化.结果显示.腮腺非上皮性良性肿瘤的MSCT表现出一定的特征性,多表现为位于腮腺浅叶,形态规则,边界清楚;脉管性病变形态多不规则.边界不清楚;颈部均无异常肿大淋巴结.MSCT在其诊断和鉴别诊断中有重要的作用.     

基于QFD的工程机械维修性设计要求分析

 维修性设计是工程机械研究阶段必须开展的一项重要工程活动,而维修性设计要求的提出与确定又是后续各项维修性工作的前提与基础。简要介绍了质量功能展开(QFD)方法,重点论述了质量屋(HoQ)的基本构成;探讨了基于QFD的工程机械维修性设计要求分析过程,主要包括提出客户维修需求、确定维修需求权重、提出维修性设计指标、构造设计指标关系矩阵、构造设计指标——维修需求关系矩阵和得出维修性设计指标权重矩阵6个步骤。最后,通过运用该方法对某型推土机维修性设计要求进行了分析,得出了其维修性设计指标重要度排序依次为拆装性、模块化、标准化、简易化、可达性和易识别性。结果表明,引入QFD方法对工程机械维修性设计要求进行分析,在分析过程中将定性分析与定量研究有机结合起来,能够解决工程机械维修性设计要求分析过程中的复杂性与不确定性问题,并得出对维修性设计要求的有效评价,具有很高的实用价值。     

江苏淮安汉族人头面部形态特征的年龄变化

在江苏淮安地区的城市和乡村调查了汉族732例(男为370例,女为362例)成人的38项头面部体质指标,计算了13项头面部体质指数,统计了指数分型情况,对江苏汉族头面部形态特征的年龄变化进行了初步分析.结果显示:(1)头宽、额最小宽、眼内角间宽、眼外角间宽、唇高、耳上头高、红唇厚度这7项指标值与年龄呈负相关.(2)上唇皮肤部高度、容貌耳长、容貌耳宽、面颊皮褶这4项指标与年龄呈正相关.(3)随年龄增长,江苏汉族上眼睑有皱褶率增加,有内眦褶率明显下降,眼裂变窄,眼色变浅,上唇皮肤部高度低型率下降而高型率上升,上红唇厚度的薄型率明显增加,鼻翼宽的中等型率下降而宽阔型率上升.(4)随年龄增长,头面高指数值增加,头长宽指数、头长高指数、口指数、颧额宽指数、额顶宽指数值下降.