转动双星系统的星风和角动量损失及演化

在转动双星系统非对称旋转椭球体模型下提出了各向异性的星风损失和角动量损失,数值模拟分析了转动双星系统的星风损失和角动量损失的分布,以及转动双星系统的演化,并给出相关结论。     

密近双星的Roche势的计算

文章对密近双星的Roche势进行分析,并计算出3个内、外拉格朗日点及其相应的Roche势.根据Roche势对密近双星进行分类,这对于探寻3类密近双星的演化联系起重要作用.当子星充满内(或外)临界等势面必定会发生质量和角动量的转移或损失,从而引起质量和角动量在两子星间的重新分布并最终导致双星并合.Roche势的计算对于密近双星的观测、分析和研究具有重要意义.     

Ba星系统的星风吸积及污染因子

用整个系统的角动量守恒条件代替切向动量守恒条件,且δr ≠ 0,考虑轨道偏心率的高次项,推导了星风吸积质量及轨道参量变化方程.在此基础上计算了 Ba星系统在星风吸积过程中吸积的物质量和轨道参量的变化,并讨论了影响Ba星污染因子的 因素.     

The magnetic nature of disk accretion onto black holes

Although disk accretion onto compact objects-white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes-is central to much of high-energy astrophysics, the mechanisms that enable this process have remained observationally difficult to determine. Accretion disks must transfer angular momentum in order for matter to travel radially inward onto the compact object. Internal viscosity from magnetic processes and disk winds can both in principle transfer angular momentum, but hitherto we lacked evidence that either occurs. Here we report that an X-ray-absorbing wind discovered in an observation of the stellar-mass black hole binary GRO J1655 - 40 (ref. 6) must be powered by a magnetic process that can also drive accretion through the disk. Detailed spectral analysis and modelling of the wind shows that it can only be powered by pressure generated by magnetic viscosity internal to the disk or magnetocentrifugal forces. This result demonstrates that disk accretion onto black holes is a fundamentally magnetic process.     

Hot Jupiters from secular planet-planet interactions

About 25 per cent of 'hot Jupiters' (extrasolar Jovian-mass planets with close-in orbits) are actually orbiting counter to the spin direction of the star. Perturbations from a distant binary star companion can produce high inclinations, but cannot explain orbits that are retrograde with respect to the total angular momentum of the system. Such orbits in a stellar context can be produced through secular (that is, long term) perturbations in hierarchical triple-star systems. Here we report a similar analysis of planetary bodies, including both octupole-order effects and tidal friction, and find that we can produce hot Jupiters in orbits that are retrograde with respect to the total angular momentum. With distant stellar mass perturbers, such an outcome is not possible. With planetary perturbers, the inner orbit's angular momentum component parallel to the total angular momentum need not be constant. In fact, as we show here, it can even change sign, leading to a retrograde orbit. A brief excursion to very high eccentricity during the chaotic evolution of the inner orbit allows planet-star tidal interactions to rapidly circularize that orbit, decoupling the planets and forming a retrograde hot Jupiter.     

三轴椭球体模型中星风物质损失率的分布

采用三轴椭球体模型和理论计算,数值模拟并分析了子星的星风物质损失率分布。结果表明三轴椭球体模型下受有效重力加速度和不透明度的影响,子星的星风物质损失率分布是非均匀的,在该分布和子星形变的共同影响下角动量损失率的分布也是非均匀的。     

A test of general relativity from the three-dimensional orbital geometry of a binary pulsar.

Binary pulsars provide an excellent system for testing general relativity because of their intrinsic rotational stability and the precision with which radio observations can be used to determine their orbital dynamics. Measurements of the rate of orbital decay of two pulsars have been shown to be consistent with the emission of gravitational waves as predicted by general relativity, but independent verification was not possible. Such verification can in principle be obtained by determining the orbital inclination in a binary pulsar system using only classical geometrical constraints. This would permit a measurement of the expected retardation of the pulse signal arising from the general relativistic curvature of space-time in the vicinity of the companion object (the 'Shapiro delay'). Here we report high-precision radio observations of the binary millisecond pulsar PSR J0437-4715, which establish the three-dimensional structure of its orbit. We see the Shapiro delay predicted by general relativity, and we determine the mass of the neutron star and its white dwarf companion. The determination of such masses is necessary in order to understand the origin and evolution of neutron stars.     

A massive binary black-hole system in OJ 287 and a test of general relativity

Tests of Einstein's general theory of relativity have mostly been carried out in weak gravitational fields where the space-time curvature effects are first-order deviations from Newton's theory. Binary pulsars provide a means of probing the strong gravitational field around a neutron star, but strong-field effects may be best tested in systems containing black holes. Here we report such a test in a close binary system of two candidate black holes in the quasar OJ 287. This quasar shows quasi-periodic optical outbursts at 12-year intervals, with two outburst peaks per interval. The latest outburst occurred in September 2007, within a day of the time predicted by the binary black-hole model and general relativity. The observations confirm the binary nature of the system and also provide evidence for the loss of orbital energy in agreement (within 10 per cent) with the emission of gravitational waves from the system. In the absence of gravitational wave emission the outburst would have happened 20 days later.     

The rotating wind of the quasar PG 1700+518

It is now widely accepted that most galaxies undergo an active phase, during which a central super-massive black hole generates vast radiant luminosities through the gravitational accretion of gas. Winds launched from a rotating accretion disk surrounding the black hole are thought to play a critical role, allowing the disk to shed angular momentum that would otherwise inhibit accretion. Such winds are capable of depositing large amounts of mechanical energy in the host galaxy and its environs, profoundly affecting its formation and evolution, and perhaps regulating the formation of large-scale cosmological structures in the early Universe. Although there are good theoretical grounds for believing that outflows from active galactic nuclei originate as disk winds, observational verification has proven elusive. Here we show that structures observed in polarized light across the broad Halpha emission line in the quasar PG 1700+518 originate close to the accretion disk in an electron scattering wind. The wind has large rotational motions (approximately 4,000 km s(-1)), providing direct observational evidence that outflows from active galactic nuclei are launched from the disks. Moreover, the wind rises nearly vertically from the disk, favouring launch mechanisms that impart an initial acceleration perpendicular to the disk plane.     

涡旋光束的轨道角动量双缝干涉实验研究

利用计算机全息振幅二元光栅对基模高斯光束进行衍射,实验产生不同阶次拉盖尔-高斯（Laguerre-Gaussian,LG）涡旋光束,用得到的不同阶的LG光束进行双缝干涉实验,根据采集到的干涉条纹扭曲方向及条纹扭曲程度实现涡旋光束轨道角动量的测量,通过调整实验光学系统,分析了LG光束轨道角动量的测量精度.结果表明,基模高斯光束束宽与全息光栅尺寸的合理选择会影响到生成的涡旋光束质量.在确定基模高斯光束束宽的情况下,双缝间距与光束束宽的比例为1：1.5时,双缝对生成的LG光束干涉条纹扭曲效果明显,LG光束轨道角动量测量误差最小.     

钱德勒极移的激发机制研究

根据宋晓东等的地球内核差异旋转研究成果,提出“月球轨道运动改变地球各圈层角动量”的物理模型。太阳系星球（尤其是木星）在轨道运行过程中对月球的摄动会影响月球的轨道运动,月球轨道运动会改变地球各圈层角动量,在形成地核差异旋转的同时,也使地球液核远月半球的角动量与近月半球的角动量存在巨大落差,造成地轴的晃动,激发地球的钱德勒极移。     

光阑对暗中空涡旋光束轨道角动量的影响

基于推广的复高斯函数展开法,分析了具有轨道角动量的拉盖尔-高斯(Laguerre-Gaussian,LG)光束通过含光阑光学系统传输的解析公式,理论推导了空心LG光束在柱坐标系下光子轨道角动量密度函数及其态矢.对1阶LG涡旋光束通过光阑后的光场分布情况进行了数值分析,在两种典型含光阑系统物理模型下分析了遮拦比对不同波长LG光束传输特性的影响,研究了LG光束通过光学系统后的相位分布及轨道角动量密度变化.结果表明,光阑系统遮拦比对LG涡旋光束通过光阑后的传输特性的影响因光束波长不同而异,遮拦比对光束轨道角动量密度影响较大,对光束束径及光轨道角动量影响不明显.研究结果可为在空间光通信中利用涡旋光束光子轨道角动量编码信息提供理论依据.     

动量表象下的Lorentz变换生成元

在动量表象下对非零质量带自旋粒子的角动量算符和推动矢量算符也即Lorentz变换生成元进行了讨论，得到了它们轨道和自旋两部分分拆的新的表达式。     

A debris disk around an isolated young neutron star

Pulsars are rotating, magnetized neutron stars that are born in supernova explosions following the collapse of the cores of massive stars. If some of the explosion ejecta fails to escape, it may fall back onto the neutron star or it may possess sufficient angular momentum to form a disk. Such 'fallback' is both a general prediction of current supernova models and, if the material pushes the neutron star over its stability limit, a possible mode of black hole formation. Fallback disks could dramatically affect the early evolution of pulsars, yet there are few observational constraints on whether significant fallback occurs or even the actual existence of such disks. Here we report the discovery of mid-infrared emission from a cool disk around an isolated young X-ray pulsar. The disk does not power the pulsar's X-ray emission but is passively illuminated by these X-rays. The estimated mass of the disk is of the order of 10 Earth masses, and its lifetime (> or = 10(6) years) significantly exceeds the spin-down age of the pulsar, supporting a supernova fallback origin. The disk resembles protoplanetary disks seen around ordinary young stars, suggesting the possibility of planet formation around young neutron stars.     

引力波的基本场方程与假性能动张量

导出适用各种背景时空的引力波基本场方程,定义了引力波的假性能张量并阐述了它与引力场的赝能动张量的区别,还对射电脉冲双星能否验证“引力辐射”的争论进行了研究。     

Formation of Kuiper-belt binaries by dynamical friction and three-body encounters

The Kuiper belt is a disk of icy bodies that orbit the Sun beyond Neptune; the largest known members are Pluto and its companion Charon. A few per cent of Kuiper-belt bodies have recently been found to be binaries with wide separations and mass ratios of the order of unity. Collisions were too infrequent to account for the observed number of binaries, implying that these binaries formed through collisionless interactions mediated by gravity. These interactions are likely to have been most effective during the period of runaway accretion, early in the Solar System's history. Here we show that a transient binary forms when two large bodies penetrate one another's Hill sphere (the region where their mutual forces are larger than the tidal force of the Sun). The loss of energy needed to stabilize the binary orbit can then occur either through dynamical friction from surrounding small bodies, or through the gravitational scattering of a third large body. Our estimates slightly favour the former mechanism. We predict that five per cent of Kuiper-belt objects are binaries with apparent separations greater than 0.2 arcsec, and that most are in tighter binaries or systems of higher multiplicity.     

基于Landau-Lifshitz表述的双极化态柱面引力波的能量问题

根据引力场能量动量的Landau-Lifshitz表述,求出了笛卡尔坐标系中的双极化态柱面引力波能量动量密度及角动量的具体形式;结果表明:采用笛卡尔坐标系可以合理地描述双极化态柱面引力波。     

有自旋——轨道耦合本征值问题的解

本文从一般角动量的耦合理论出发，严格求解了有自旋——轨道耦合的本征值问题．并得到钠的价电子轨道贯穿率大的结论．     

一种提高信息传输密度的新方法研究

推导了具有轨道角动量的拉盖尔-高斯光束的产生和检测方法,并在此基础上搭建了一个实验系统,利用不同轨道角动量量子数的拉盖尔-高斯光束作为相互正交的信息传输通道,验证了提高信息传输密度的可能性。还构成了模分复用技术的概念。实验表明,其传输通道间的影响比较小,合理地选择通道个数和小孔光阑的直径可以在降低互扰的同时成倍地提高信息传输密度。     

非整数和非半整数角动量量子数

研究了二维螺旋管场中的带电粒子的角动量，严格解出了带电粒子轨道角动量量子数．同时讨论了带电粒子的统计性质：是螺旋管场中的带电粒子本身成为任意子，而不是螺旋管与带电粒子的复合体．