晶闸管通态电流额定中LZR参数的确定

本文从晶闸管器件的平均功耗角度出发,找出了一重要参数LZR,即与各种电流波形相对应的稳态热阻,并给出了确定该参数的计算机程序。使得工程技术人员只要知道晶闸管器件的平均功耗,便可确定相应的元件结温升及电流额定值,具有很高的实用价值。这对于元件结温测试及任意电流波形下元件全面积与非全面积开通时通态电流额定,具有重要意义。     

实用晶闸管状态辨识软硬件设计

针对应用于高压领域的半控型器件晶闸管容易出现短路故障的情况,根据晶闸管短路故障的特征提出了一种新型、实用的适用于高压环境的晶闸管模块击穿状态辨识原理及软硬件设计方案。本方案用光纤取得信号,隔离高压,用施密特触发器对信号处理,用单片机对晶闸管进行状态识别。文中分析了对信号的识别方法和抗干扰原理。该原理安全,有效,易于实现。对于保护半控型器件晶闸管及保障电力系统的安全运行具有重要的意义,这种原理和实现方案具有良好的灵活性和广泛的应用性。     

Giant magnetoresistance in organic spin-valves

A spin valve is a layered structure of magnetic and non-magnetic (spacer) materials whose electrical resistance depends on the spin state of electrons passing through the device and so can be controlled by an external magnetic field. The discoveries of giant magnetoresistance and tunnelling magnetoresistance in metallic spin valves have revolutionized applications such as magnetic recording and memory, and launched the new field of spin electronics--'spintronics'. Intense research efforts are now devoted to extending these spin-dependent effects to semiconductor materials. But while there have been noteworthy advances in spin injection and detection using inorganic semiconductors, spin-valve devices with semiconducting spacers have not yet been demonstrated. pi-conjugated organic semiconductors may offer a promising alternative approach to semiconductor spintronics, by virtue of their relatively strong electron-phonon coupling and large spin coherence. Here we report the injection, transport and detection of spin-polarized carriers using an organic semiconductor as the spacer layer in a spin-valve structure, yielding low-temperature giant magnetoresistance effects as large as 40 per cent.     

特种交流电机转子的非线性机电耦联双重共振

通过对交流电机转子的非线性机电耦联双得共振研究，建立了统一的非线性机电耦联数学模型。结果发现，当电机有三相不对称运行时，转子的固有频率发生分裂现象。用能时法求得非线性方程双重共振的数值解，进而对交流大电机及细长型种电机减振设计提出改进措施，交流电机振动实验台的实验结果与理论结果基本吻合。     

电流源型半桥式晶闸管感应加热电源的分析与设计

为满足中低频（0．15～10kHz）大功率感应加热和熔炼的要求,该文提出了一种电流源型半桥式晶闸管逆变器。探讨了其独特的双电流源电路结构的优势,比较了不同负载电流状态下的电路工作状态,通过数学计算得出直／交流等效电阻间的关系和输出功率比与频率比的关系曲线。通过功率输出特性分析可知,电路工作于负载电流连续状态且工作频率趋向理想状态时最适合大功率输出和功率调节。给出了选取电路参数的经典方法。根据该方法设计了一台样机,通过实验验证了理论分析及参数选取方法的正确性。     

场控晶闸管及其设计

本文描述了新型晶闸管FCT的结构和工作原理。介绍了四种不同场控晶闸管的设计考虑。指出,为了获得性能优良的FCT,必须采用隐埋栅与平面栅相结合的方法。文中还将场控晶闸管与普通晶闸管相比较,表明场控晶闸管具有电压高、电流大、速度快、高di/dt、高dv/dt和压降低等优点,因此必将在电力系统中得到广泛应用。     

Spin-torque diode effect in magnetic tunnel junctions

There is currently much interest in the development of 'spintronic' devices, in which harnessing the spins of electrons (rather than just their charges) is anticipated to provide new functionalities that go beyond those possible with conventional electronic devices. One widely studied example of an effect that has its roots in the electron's spin degree of freedom is the torque exerted by a spin-polarized electric current on the spin moment of a nanometre-scale magnet. This torque causes the magnetic moment to rotate at potentially useful frequencies. Here we report a very different phenomenon that is also based on the interplay between spin dynamics and spin-dependent transport, and which arises from unusual diode behaviour. We show that the application of a small radio-frequency alternating current to a nanometre-scale magnetic tunnel junction can generate a measurable direct-current (d.c.) voltage across the device when the frequency is resonant with the spin oscillations that arise from the spin-torque effect: at resonance (which can be tuned by an external magnetic field), the structure exhibits different resistance states depending on the direction of the current. This behaviour is markedly different from that of a conventional semiconductor diode, and could form the basis of a nanometre-scale radio-frequency detector in telecommunication circuits.     

Negative intrinsic resistivity of an individual domain wall in epitaxial (Ga,Mn)As microdevices

Magnetic domains, and the boundaries that separate them (domain walls, DWs), play a central role in the science of magnetism. Understanding and controlling domains is important for many technological applications in spintronics, and may lead to new devices. Although theoretical efforts have elucidated several mechanisms underlying the resistance of a single DW, various experiments report conflicting results, even for the overall sign of the DW resistance. The question of whether an individual DW gives rise to an increase or decrease of the resistance therefore remains open. Here we report an approach to DW studies in a class of ferromagnetic semiconductors (as opposed to metals) that offer promise for spintronics. These experiments involve microdevices patterned from monocrystalline (Ga,Mn)As epitaxial layers. The giant planar Hall effect that we previously observed in this material enables direct, real-time observation of the propagation of an individual magnetic DW along multiprobe devices. We apply steady and pulsed magnetic fields, to trap and carefully position an individual DW within each separate device studied. This protocol reproducibly enables high-resolution magnetoresistance measurements across an individual wall. We consistently observe negative intrinsic DW resistance that scales with channel width. This appears to originate from sizeable quantum corrections to the magnetoresistance.     

A novel high-efficiency crystal/polymer composite material for nonlinear optics

FOR practical applications in optoelectronic devices, nonlinear optical materials should ideally combine appropriate optical properties (that is, a nonlinear response to an electric field, characterized by second-harmonic generation) with the mechanical properties, such as strength and rigidity, required for ease of processibility. As reported here, we have developed a new class of material that combines these attributes, by growing aligned crystals of an optically nonlinear organic compound in a transparent polymer matrix. The host conveys desirable mechanical characteristics to the otherwise fragile organic crystals. The composites are transparent and non-scattering, with a refractive index that can be varied by modification of the polymer host. Given, in addition, the high chemical stability of these materials, we believe that they will have an important part to play in the development of optoelectronic devices.     

晶闸管电路分岔、混沌行为研究

对包含晶闸管这一双稳负阻器件非线性电路交流响应的研究发现，在一定的工作条件下，电路出现倍周期分岔和混沌以及间歇混沌现象．对实验结果进行了理论验证和分析，从而建立了简洁的理论模型，较好地模拟了实验结果     

用于计算机辅助设计的晶闸管模型

本文讨论了用于功率电子电路的晶闸管模型的建立方法。给出了一个适用于计算机辅助设计的非线性集中参数的晶闸管等效电路模型。 模型的建立是基于对器件内部载流子运动的物理过程进行模拟,分析了器件的少数载流子注入;空间电荷区内部载流子的产生与复合;雪崩倍增效应;基区宽度调制效应及电荷存贮效应。将反映这些物理过程的数学公式用非线性电路元件表示,组成了由非线性电阻、电容及受控电流源所构成的晶闸管模型。 利用这个模型可以分析晶闸管开关过程的动态非线性特性。     

电机软启动的智能控制

随着国民经济的飞速发展,科学技术的日新月异,智能控制系统得到了广泛的应用。电动机软启动器己逐渐替代传统降压启动方式,本文介绍了三相交流异步电动机的几种传统启动方式及新型电子软启动器的工作原理与运行特点,设计了一种以单片机系统为核心,双向可控硅作为调压元件的异步电动机软启动器、接口电路。电路主要由控制及显示、同步和触发三部分组成。应用此系统起动电机时,可以使启动电流从零线性上升至设定值,实现平稳起动,对电动机无冲击,提高供电可靠性。     

Chemically tailorable colloidal particles from infinite coordination polymers

Micrometre- and nanometre-sized particles play important roles in many applications, including catalysis, optics, biosensing and data storage. Organic particles are usually prepared through polymerization of suitable monomers or precipitation methods. In the case of inorganic materials, particle fabrication tends to involve the reduction of a metal salt, or the controlled mixing of salt solutions supplying a metal cation and an elemental anion (for example, S2-, Se2-, O2-), respectively; in some instances, these methods even afford direct control over the shape of the particles produced. Another class of materials are metal-organic coordination polymers, which are based on metal ions coordinated by polydentate organic ligands and explored for potential use in catalysis, gas storage, nonlinear optics and molecular recognition and separations. In a subset of these materials, the use of organometallic complexes as ligands (so-called metalloligands) provides an additional level of tailorability, but these materials have so far not yet been fashioned into nano- or microparticles. Here we show that simple addition of an initiation solvent to a precursor solution of metal ions and metalloligands results in the spontaneous and fully reversible formation of a new class of metal-metalloligand particles. We observe initial formation of particles with diameters of a few hundred nanometres, which then coalesce and anneal into uniform and smooth microparticles. The ease with which these particles can be fabricated, and the ability to tailor their chemical and physical properties through the choice of metal and organic ligand used, should facilitate investigations of their scope for practical applications.     

Coexistence of ferromagnetism and metallic conductivity in a molecule-based layered compound

Crystal engineering--the planning and construction of crystalline supramolecular architectures from modular building blocks--permits the rational design of functional molecular materials that exhibit technologically useful behaviour such as conductivity and superconductivity, ferromagnetism and nonlinear optical properties. Because the presence of two cooperative properties in the same crystal lattice might result in new physical phenomena and novel applications, a particularly attractive goal is the design of molecular materials with two properties that are difficult or impossible to combine in a conventional inorganic solid with a continuous lattice. A promising strategy for creating this type of 'bi-functionality' targets hybrid organic/inorganic crystals comprising two functional sub-lattices exhibiting distinct properties. In this way, the organic pi-electron donor bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF) and its derivatives, which form the basis of most known molecular conductors and superconductors, have been combined with molecular magnetic anions, yielding predominantly materials with conventional semiconducting or conducting properties, but also systems that are both superconducting and paramagnetic. But interesting bulk magnetic properties fail to develop, owing to the discrete nature of the inorganic anions. Another strategy for achieving cooperative magnetism involves insertion of functional bulky cations into a polymeric magnetic anion, such as the bimetallic oxalato complex [MnIICrIII(C2O4)3]-, but only insoluble powders have been obtained in most cases. Here we report the synthesis of single crystals formed by infinite sheets of this magnetic coordination polymer interleaved with layers of conducting BEDT-TTF cations, and show that this molecule-based compound displays ferromagnetism and metallic conductivity.     

直接矩阵变换法求解变电站地网的接地电阻

在变电站地网接地电阻的数值计算中，一般处理过程是先求出每个单元的泄漏电流，由此得出总的泄漏电流，进而得到地网接地电阻。本文提出了一种新的计算方法，通过矩阵变换直接求取接地电阻，不必先求单元泄漏电流，从而节省了计算时间，并提高了计算精度，这种方法对均匀土壤及不均匀土壤均适用。     

The giant electromechanical response in ferroelectric relaxors as a critical phenomenon

The direct conversion of electrical energy to mechanical work by a material is relevant to a number of applications. This is illustrated by ferroelectric 'relaxors' such as Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-PbTiO(3) (PMN-PT; refs 5, 6): these materials exhibit a giant electromechanical (piezoelectric) response that is finding use in ultrasonic and medical applications, as well as in telecommunications. The origins of this effect are, however, still unclear. Here we show that the giant electromechanical response in PMN-PT (and potentially other ferroelectric relaxors) is the manifestation of critical points that define a line in the phase diagram of this system. Specifically, in the electric-field-temperature-composition phase diagram of PMN-PT (the composition being varied by changing the PT concentration), a first-order paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition terminates in a line of critical points where the piezoelectric coefficient is maximum. Above this line, supercritical evolution is observed. On approaching the critical point, both the energy cost and the electric field necessary to induce ferroelectric polarization rotations decrease significantly, thus explaining the giant electromechanical response of these relaxors.     

电流型逆变器变频调速系统的全数字化控制

本文讨论用单片微型计算机控制电流型逆变器变频调速系统,实现全数字化控制的方案.三片单片机分别实现电压与电流反馈环中的数字PID调节器,晶闸管变流器的脉冲触发电路,以及非线性函数发生器和脉冲环形分配器.采用这种全数字化的微机控制后,提高了系统的可靠性并简化了系统结构.     

Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects

Adiponectin (also known as 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein; Acrp30) is a hormone secreted by adipocytes that acts as an antidiabetic and anti-atherogenic adipokine. Levels of adiponectin in the blood are decreased under conditions of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Administration of adiponectin causes glucose-lowering effects and ameliorates insulin resistance in mice. Conversely, adiponectin-deficient mice exhibit insulin resistance and diabetes. This insulin-sensitizing effect of adiponectin seems to be mediated by an increase in fatty-acid oxidation through activation of AMP kinase and PPAR-alpha. Here we report the cloning of complementary DNAs encoding adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) by expression cloning. AdipoR1 is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle, whereas AdipoR2 is predominantly expressed in the liver. These two adiponectin receptors are predicted to contain seven transmembrane domains, but to be structurally and functionally distinct from G-protein-coupled receptors. Expression of AdipoR1/R2 or suppression of AdipoR1/R2 expression by small-interfering RNA supports our conclusion that they serve as receptors for globular and full-length adiponectin, and that they mediate increased AMP kinase and PPAR-alpha ligand activities, as well as fatty-acid oxidation and glucose uptake by adiponectin.     

Microstructure and corrosion resistance of Fe/Mo composite amorphous coatings prepared by air plasma spraying

Fe/Mo composite coatings were prepared by air plasma spraying (APS) using Fe-based and Mo-based amorphous and nanocrystalline mixed powders. Microstructural studies show that the composite coatings present a layered structure with low porosity due to adding the self-bonded Mo-based alloy. Corrosion behaviors of the composite coatings, the Fe-based coatings and the Mo-based coatings were investigated by electrochemical measurements and salt spray tests. Electrochemical results show that the composite coatings exhibit a lower polarization current density and higher corrosion potentials than the Fe-based coating when tested in 3.5wt% NaCl solutions, indicating superior corrosion resistance compared with the Fe-based coating. Also with the increase in addition of the Mo-based alloy, a raised corrosion resistance, inferred by an increase in corrosion potential and a decrease in polarization current density, can be found. The results of salt spray tests again show that the corrosion resistance is enhanced by adding the Mo-based alloy, which helps to reduce the porosity of the composite coatings and enhance the stability of the passive films.     

新型电流型变频调速装置：GTO‘S应用之三

研制采用 1支 GTO’S和 6支SCR组成的1种新型变频调速装置。用来控制逆变器中的SCR 换向时刻,并在交流输出端并联3个电容器,其作用是为了提供换向条件,吸收过电压尖峰和减少输出电流的谐波。用变频调速装置拖动2 kW感应电动机,测定电动机的电压和电流波形。通过与普通电流型变频调速装置的电机电压和电流波形相比较,该装置适用于风机或泵类负载的交流调速装置。