北京市门头沟区2003-2014年植被初级生产力时空变化

采用CASA模型和30 m分辨率Landsat数据生成了门头沟区2003—2014年的植被净初级生产力(NPP)产品,分析了门头沟区NPP的空间分异特征,基于MODIS年NPP产品分析了门头沟区2003—2014年NPP的年际变化特征,基于MODIS植被总初级生产力(GPP)时间序列数据分析了门头沟区典型年份的年内GPP变化特征.结果表明:2003—2014年门头沟区NPP受地形及人为因素影响,低值区主要沿河流谷地及东部河流出山口处分布,在整体区域上呈现四周高、中间低的特征;自2005年以来年际NPP总体平稳,没有明显的增加或减少趋势;GPP年内波动明显,5—9月GPP/NPP的差异对不同年份间GPP/NPP差异的贡献最大.     

Ocean primary productivity estimation of China Sea by remote sensing

Ocean primary productivity is a key parameter in the research of globalcarbon cycle, ocean biological resources, and in evaluation of the feature and quality of ocean biological environment. Traditional shipboard measurement which is costly and time-consuming is impossible to obtain the spatial and temporal information on primary productivity on a large scale in a short period of time. Satellite remote sensing is an effective strategy to acquire the ocean information in near real time. Here we propose a model special for China Sea based on the concept of primary productivity using in situ primary productivity and environmental data from 1984 to 1990, and discuss every modeling parameter which can be retrieved by remote sensing in detail. The reliability of this model is tested by in situ data, and the comparison of other primary productivity models is made. We also analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of China Sea primary productivity in 2000. From our analysis the satellite remote sensing data have been proved very useful for ocean primary productivity study.     

Decline of the marine ecosystem caused by a reduction in the Atlantic overturning circulation

Reorganizations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation were associated with large and abrupt climatic changes in the North Atlantic region during the last glacial period. Projections with climate models suggest that similar reorganizations may also occur in response to anthropogenic global warming. Here I use ensemble simulations with a coupled climate-ecosystem model of intermediate complexity to investigate the possible consequences of such disturbances to the marine ecosystem. In the simulations, a disruption of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation leads to a collapse of the North Atlantic plankton stocks to less than half of their initial biomass, owing to rapid shoaling of winter mixed layers and their associated separation from the deep ocean nutrient reservoir. Globally integrated export production declines by more than 20 per cent owing to reduced upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water and gradual depletion of upper ocean nutrient concentrations. These model results are consistent with the available high-resolution palaeorecord, and suggest that global ocean productivity is sensitive to changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.     

空心薄壁墩水化热温度效应研究

采用热-结构耦合分析的方法对水化热引起的空心薄壁墩的温度效应进行分析,计算中考虑了混凝土弹性模量随龄期的变化.利用ANSYS软件模拟178m高墩施工进程中的水化热温度效应,得到空心墩墩底实体段、墩身、以及节段接缝处的温度和应力随时间的变化规律,结果表明与一般大体积混凝土的温度效应不同,空心薄壁混凝土结构由于水化热引起的温度升高不超过40℃,但温度应力比较大,最大温度应力达到6MPa,值得设计施工人员认真对待.     

食物"上火"与水分子氢键的关系研究

研究了花生在不同温度下失去自由水和结合水的情况，发现在有水的条件下，花生失去的自由水和结合水都可以恢复。同时还对烘炒食物引起“上火”的现象作了初步探讨。     

Ecosystem-level patterns of primary productivity and herbivory in terrestrial habitats

Ecosystems are structurally organized as food webs within which energy is transmitted between trophic levels and dissipated into the environment. Energy flow between two trophic levels is given by the amount of production at the lower level and by the proportion of production that is consumed, assimilated and respired at the higher level. Considerable evidence indicates that food-web structure varies predictably in different habitats, but much less is known about quantitative relationships among food web fluxes. Many of the energetic properties of herbivores in African game parks are associated with rainfall and, by inference, with net primary productivity. Respiratory costs per unit production at the consumer trophic level are higher for homeotherms than for heterotherms. Plant secondary chemicals affect herbivore dietary choices and the allocation of plant resources to those chemicals varies with resource availability. How these phenomena are translated into ecosystem fluxes is unknown. We present evidence that herbivore biomass, consumption and productivity are closely correlated with plant productivity, suggesting that the latter is a principal integrator and indicator of functional processes in food webs.     

电缆热老化寿命的预测研究

利用热分析技术,对电缆绝缘材料的热老化寿命进行了研究,得到了电缆绝缘材料的热老化寿命的计算公式。在不同载流量下,对电缆绝缘材料热老化寿命进行了比较,给出了电缆热老化寿命与载流量的函数关系,为电流致热型电缆火灾的防治提供了基础数据。     

大宁河回水区初级生产力的季节变化

2009年6月6～11日(水华期)和2010年1月18～22 日(枯水期)对三峡支流大宁河回水区进行了初级生产力及相关环境因子的研究,分析了初级生产力的季节变化及影响因素.结果表明:水温、DO饱和率、SPC(电导率)、pH和TUR(浊度)在不同水文期差异显著.水华期的初级生产力和叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量显著大于枯水期...     

Load reduction sintering for increasing productivity and decreasing fuel consumption

The technical and economical indexes and the physical properties of load reduction sintering processes with the supporting stands of installation at different height levels (300, 350, and 400 mm) in a sintering bed were studied under the same conditions of raw material, bed height, and sintering parameters. Sintering pot tests with different bed heights and fuel ratios of the mixture with or without supporting stands were performed to decrease the fuel consumption. The airflow rate through the sintering bed was measured with an anemoscope fixed on the bed surface to reveal the effects of supporting stands. The utilization of load reduction sintering can improve the permeability of the sintering bed, and the airflow rate through the sintering bed is increased. When the stand height is half of the sintering bed, the productivity increases by 27.9%, and the drum index slightly decreases. Keeping at the same productivity level with normal sintering, the utilization of load reduction sintering can decrease the solid fuel consumption by 9.2%.     

Energy savings and CO2 emission reduction by using geothermal heat pumps

The renewable energy will play significant role in the world primary energy consumption in the future. Geothermal energy is immense with 5000 EJ/yr of technical potential; however, its utilization has been limited to areas with special geological conditions. Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) are one of the fastest growing applications of renewable energy in the world with annual increases of 10% and much faster in China. Its main advantage is that it uses normal ground or groundwater temperatures (between about 5 and 30℃), which are available in all countries of the world and make geothermal more attractive and practicable. With high Coefficient of Performance (COP) up to 6, GHPs make efficiency of primary energy more than 240% with assumed a 40% of electricity generation efficiency, which means energy savings and CO2 emission reduction. In this paper geothermal and GHP technology is introduced and the energy savings and CO2 emission reduction by GHPs are analyzed.     

锌还原法制备多晶硅过程影响硅产率的因素分析

对锌还原法过程中影响硅产率的因素进行研究.分析了当反应达到平衡,在0.1、0.3和0.6 MPa以及进料配比xZn/xSiCl4为2、4和8时,气相平衡组分分布与温度的关系.讨论了硅产率随温度、压强及xZn/xSiCl4的变化情况.结果表明,低温、一定压力和高xZn/xSiCl4对锌还原过程有利.确定了影响硅产率的主要副反应.最后得到锌还原法的最佳操作条件为温度控制在1 200 K左右、0.2 MPa及进料配比xZn/xSiCl4=4,在此条件下硅的理论产率可为90.3%.     

中国东北地区植被NPP模拟与时空变化分析

利用北方生态过程模型(BEPS)模拟我国东北地区2003-2012年间植被生产力,以森林、 草地通量站点和区域森林样地生产力调查数据两个尺度验证了模型精度,并对其植被净初级生产力（NPP）的时空变化特征及影响因素进行了分析. 结果表明：在站点上,森林的总初级生产力（GPP）与站点观测值的决定系数（R²）为0.94,均方根误差(RMSE)为1.53g·(m²·d)^-1,草地植被的R²与RMSE分别为0.79和0.59g·(m²·d)^{-1;区域森林生产力调查数据处理结果与模拟的森林NPP的决定系数R2=0.84,RMSE=42.73g·(m2·a)-1;研究区域NPP值呈现东北部高西南部低,由东北向西南方向逐级递减的分布格局;10年来,林地NPP增长最为明显,农田增长缓慢,灌木增减不明显,而草地呈弱下降趋势. 温度和太阳辐射是影响东北NPP变化的主要因素,森林干扰是引发局部剧烈变化的重要驱动因素.}     

鄱阳湖区地表干旱与城市表面热岛的关系研究

立足于鄱阳湖区干旱与城市化两大环境问题,应用1995年～2016年间10个时相的Landsat5 TM 和Landsat8 OLI/TIRS遥感影像数据,采用TVDI干旱监测指数和归一化城市热岛的计算方法,利用空间统计和相关性统计分析方法,分区探讨环鄱阳湖区9个区县周边郊区地表干旱状态对城市热岛效应的影响.研究表明：1) 旱地及裸地区域的TVDI指数对干旱具有明显的指示作用.2) 研究区内热岛强度受季节影响较大,夏、秋两季热岛强度较强,冬季较弱,城市面积的扩展与归一化热岛强度无明显关系.3) 干旱与热岛强度呈现明显的正相关.     

西北地区自然植被净第一性生产力的空间分布

植物净第一性生产力与全球碳平衡和碳扰动、全球土地利用变化、全球气候变化和粮食安全等有密切关系,成为表征陆地生态过程的关键参数.以西北地区211个气象站降水和/>0℃积温的30年观测数据为基础,以GIS为技术支撑,利用统计方程实现两大环境变量的空间化.联系植物生理生态学特点及水热平衡关系的综合模型对自然植被的净第一性生产力现状进行估算,结果表明西北地区NPP分布在0.51～8.00 t/(hm2.a).其中:森林草原或草原NPP分布在4.68-8.00 t/(hm2-a);干草原NPP分布在2.18～4.68 t/(hm2.a);半荒漠、荒漠、沙漠或戈壁NPP分布在0.51～2.18 t/(hm2.a).     

原发性肝癌化疗栓塞严重并发症原因分析

目的：探讨肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）严重并发症原因。方法：选择原发性肝癌456例,行734次介入治疗,观察疗效并记录并发症。结果：发生严重并发症24例,发生率为5.4%,并发症包括上消化道大出血13例、肝癌破裂出血4例、肺梗死4例、截瘫2例、急性肝肾功能衰竭1例;死亡19例,死亡4.1%;总体1、2、3、4、5年生存率分别为47.1%、38.5%、9.7%、3.1%、1.6%,最长1例存活8年3个月。结论：TACE是中晚期肝癌有效的治疗方法,但在行介入时应严格掌握适应证,熟悉病理状态下肝血管短路走向,熟练应用介入操作技术,减少严重并发症发生。     

结合冠层密度的森林净初级生产力遥感估测

【目的】 森林冠层密度与林分年龄、植被生长状况有关,在区域森林净初级生产力遥感估测中,结合森林冠层密度以期提高估测精度。【方法】 以广东省韶关市为研究对象,选用2017年Landsat-8 OLI影像、2017年357块森林资源连续清查固定样地数据为主要信息源,分别采用随机森林、多元线性回归、人工神经网络和K最近邻分类法等4种模型,结合森林冠层密度制图器(FCD)进行区域森林净初级生产力特征变量的选取、参数建模、模型精度评价和森林净初级生产力空间制图。【结果】 特征变量中,红光波段(B4)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、比值植被指数(RVI)、叶面积指数(LAI)、缨帽变换土壤植被因子、纹理特征和地形特征在森林净初级生产力反演中有重要作用。将森林冠层密度因子加入反演模型后,4种遥感估测模型精度均有大幅度提高。对4种遥感估测模型进行性能比较,随机森林模型精度最高,其次是多元线性回归模型、人工神经网络模型,K-最近邻分类模型精度最低。研究区内森林净初级生产力平均值为10.689 t/(hm²·a),高森林净初级生产力 [≥18 t/(hm²·a)]林分面积仅占研究区的19.61%,主要分布在海拔较高的西北部。【结论】 结合冠层密度进行森林净初级生产力的建模,可有效提高模型估测精度。     

镁还原罐内强化换热研究

通过分析传统球团料在还原罐内的温度分布,提出了以改进布料方式缩短硅热法炼镁还原周期的必要性.研发了一种新型炼镁料块,运用FLUENT软件对料块的传热过程进行数值模拟,分别研究了料块的高度、外缘高度、内孔直径、上下面直径、凹槽直径和凹槽个数对料块传热过程和镁产量的影响.发现当料块的高度为100 mm、外缘高度为50 mm、内径为100 mm、上下面直径为200 mm、凹槽直径为50 mm和凹槽个数为8个时,单炉镁产量最高为318 kg.h-1,较传统球团料提高43.9%,吨镁煤气消耗量降低了30.5%.通过实验得出料块内部的温度分布与数值模拟的结果一致,说明数值模拟的模型是可靠的.     

放牧和刈割对草原地下净生产力和根系周转的影响

放牧作为一种人类活动的干扰因子,主要通过动物的采食、践踏及其排泄物的输入对草原生态系统产生影响.放牧直接作用于草原生态系统的地上部分和土壤,从而改变草原生态系统的物质生产和碳分配,进而影响到地下净生产力和根系周转.本文综述了放牧及刈割对地下生物量、地下净生产力、碳分配和根系周转的影响,得到如下结论:北方干旱、半干旱草原在重度放牧下,地下净生产力、地下生物量会显著下降,地下碳分配减少.放牧也通常会加快根系周转.研究不同放牧方式(羊单牧、牛单牧、牛羊混牧和无牧)对根系周转的影响,发现牛单牧条件下细根的年周转率最高.文章也对今后根系生态学的研究方向提出建议和展望.     

Poleward heat transport by the atmospheric heat engine

The atmospheric heat transport on Earth from the Equator to the poles is largely carried out by the mid-latitude storms. However, there is no satisfactory theory to describe this fundamental feature of the Earth's climate. Previous studies have characterized the poleward heat transport as a diffusion by eddies of specified horizontal length and velocity scales, but there is little agreement as to what those scales should be. Here we propose instead to regard the baroclinic zone--the zone of strong temperature gradients and active eddies--as a heat engine which generates eddy kinetic energy by transporting heat from a warmer to a colder region. This view leads to a new velocity scale, which we have tested along with previously proposed length and velocity scales, using numerical climate simulations in which the eddy properties have been varied by changing forcing and boundary conditions. The experiments show that the eddy velocity varies in accordance with the new scale, while the size of the eddies varies with the well-known Rhines beta-scale. Our results not only give new insight into atmospheric eddy heat transport, but also allow simple estimates of the intensities of mid-latitude storms, which have hitherto only been possible with expensive general circulation models.     

Comprehensive analysis of the impact of climatic changes on Chinese terrestrial net primary productivity

Recent climatic changes have affected terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP). This paper presents an investigation of the impact of climatic changes on Chinese terrestrial vegetation NPP by analyzing 18 years’ (1982 to 1999) climatic data and satellite observations of vegetation activity. Results indicate that climatic changes in China have eased some critical climatic constraint on plant growth. (1) From 1982 to 1999, modeled NPP increased by 1.42%·a-1 in water-limited regions of Northwest China, 1.46%·a-1 in temperature-limited regions of Northeast China and Tibet Plateau, and 0.99%·a-1 in radia- tion-limited regions of South China and East China. (2) NPP increased by 24.2%, i.e. 0.76 petagram of carbon (Pg C) over 18 years in China. Changes in climate (with constant vegetation) directly contrib- uted nearly 11.5% (0.36 Pg C). Changes in vegetation (with constant climate) contributed 12.4% (0.40 Pg C), possibly as a result of climate-vegetation feedbacks, changes in land use, and growth stimula- tion from other mechanisms. (3) Globally, NPP declined during all three major El Ni-o events (1982 to 1983, 1987 to 1988, and 1997 to 1998) between 1982 and 2000, but Chinese vegetation productivity re- sponded differently to them because of the monsoon dynamics. In the first three events (1982 to 1983, 1987 to 1988, and 1992), Chinese vegetation NPP declined, while in the later two events (1993, 1997 to 1998) increasing obviously.